在关于移民的辩论中

在关于移民的辩论中，反对者经常争论说美国的工作应当提供给美国人，外来移民是经济的负担。然而一些数字表明，近期移民实际上是目前这个国家经济繁荣的一个原因。

In the debate on immigration, opponents often argue that United States should be available to Americans, immigration is a burden on the economy. But some figures suggest that recent immigrants are actually currently a cause of economic prosperity in this country.

objector

我们曾祖时代的移民耳中充斥着同样的凌辱之词：他们永远同化不了，他们永远学不会英语，他们抢夺别人的饭碗。

Our great-grandparents immigration in the age of ear is flooded with the same words of abuse: they can't always assimilate, they never learn English, they are snatching others ' rice bowls.

专家认为，尽管移民使美国经济在总体上受益，但低技能、教育水平在高中以下的本国工人蒙受了损失，因为他们被迫和移民竞争工作，工资也因此而下降。有些专家说，大量移民，尤其是非法移民涌入美国，在教育、医疗和其他社会服务方面为州政府和地方政府带来了财政负担。

Experts believe that despite immigration to United States economic benefit in General, but low level of skills, education in the high school national workers suffered a loss because they are forced to work and immigration competition, wages also declined as a result. Some experts say that large numbers of immigrants, especially illegal immigrants into United States, in the areas of education, health and other social services for financial burdens on State and local governments.

assentor

这些新来的移民远非耗费财富的慈善救济对象，他们正在对当前的经济繁荣做出贡献。拉美人的音像店，埃塞俄比亚人的餐馆，越南人的珠宝店，生意兴旺，既雇佣移民，也雇佣土生土长的美国人。不错，通常移民来到我们的海岸时，几乎一文不名，但由于他们选择了精打细算以节省每一分钱，最后他们往往在短时间内就拥有了自己的住房或生意。

These new immigrants are far from wealth-consuming charity, they are contributing to the current economic prosperity. Latino video stores, Ethiopian restaurant, Viet Nam people's jewelry store, business is booming, employment immigration, employment of native Americans. Well, usually when migrants came to our shores, almost penniless, but because they choose to pinch pennies to save every penny, within a short time they would often have their own homes or businesses.

但那些为美国人创造就业机会的高级技术人才并不是我们经济繁荣的唯一贡献者。即使技术水平较低的移民也通过从事大多数美国人不愿做的工作—如打扫办公室、餐馆烹饪和食品杂货店收款—为我们的经济和生活做出贡献。反过来，他们购买房子、衣服和食品杂货也是为经济出力。

But those who create jobs for Americans in the high technology talent is not the sole contributor to the prosperity of our economies. Even lower-skilled immigrants is through

the work of the majority of Americans don't want to do-like clean the Office, restaurant cuisine and grocery receipts-contribute to our economy and our lives. In turn, they buy houses, clothes and groceries are also contributing to the economy.

在劳动力市场上，移民通常从事那些需求量很大、而劳动力供应很小的行业。对于产值高达三百多亿美元的美国农业来说，这些移民提供的廉价劳动力至关重要。On the labour market, migrants often perform those in great demand, and perhaps a small industry. For output value up to more than 30 billion dollars of United States agriculture, these immigrants provide cheap labour is essential.

一些经济学家认为，移民进入美国，为美国经济提供了一支比较灵活的劳动力大军，从而使美国各行业在提供相对廉价的产品和服务的同时得以持续增长。纽约时报的文章说，移民劳动人数快速增长，对美国经济产生了深远的影响，一方面使技术要求不高的工种的工资保持在低水平，另一方面，也使很多美国公司可以扩大生产规模。

Some economists believe that immigrants who enter the United States, for the United States economy provides a more flexible workforce, allowing United States industries while providing relatively cheap products and services to continue to grow. New York Times article said that labor and rapid growth in the number of migrants, the United States economy has had a profound effect, on the one hand the technical requirements of jobs with high wages to remain at a low level, on the other hand, many United States companies can expand the scale of production.

另外，随着移民人数的不断增加，美国社会对外来移民的排斥心理也逐渐缓和。经济学家说，美国社会对移民的看法之所以改变，是因为经济繁荣和低失业率降低了公众的不安全感。In addition, as the number of immigrants continues to increase, United States society resistant to foreign immigrants also are easing. Economists say the United States community views on immigration had changed, because of economic prosperity and low unemployment rate have reduced the public's insecurity.

总结

到20世纪中叶，美国的生活水平和产品输出超过了所有国家，经济增长与几次大的移民潮相吻合。人们正逐渐形成共识，移民对本世纪经济有积极的影响。然而，一些人对此仍持怀疑态度。

To the middle of the 20th century, United States and product output exceeded the standard of living in all countries, economic growth consistent with several large waves of immigration. People are gradually formed a consensus, immigration has a positive effect on the economy in this century. However, some people are still skeptical about this.

Challenge and change culture

文化是一个非常抽象的概念，在谈论文化时，我们不可避免的需要找到各种文化的外化形式。民族众多、人口数量大、地域广阔的美国是一个移民来源多样的移民国家。随着世界各地的移民源源不断地向美国迁移，美国的文化就更难以找出具有整体代表性的外化形式出来。或许，没有统一的、多样的文化形式，正是美国文化的最突出特点。

Culture is a very abstract concept, when you talk about culture, we inevitably need to find various cultural forms of externalization. Ethnic large population size, the sheer of the United States is a source of a variety of immigrants the country. As migrants flowing across the world to the United States migration, United States culture more difficult to identify a whole cross-section of externalization. Perhaps, no uniform, diverse forms of culture, is the United States the most salient features of the culture of.

尊重多样性就是一个很重要的共同文化观念。这一点和美国人所崇尚的自由精神是密不可分的。

Respect for diversity is a very important common cultural values. This and Americans by advocating the spirit of freedom was inseparable.

外来移民的不断增多，尤其是其它文化群体移民的不断增多，对美国自由的发展产生了重大的促进作用。随着具有其它文化背景的移民越来越多的出现，美国开始逐渐意识到尊重文化多样性的重要。不同文化背景的移民的增多是促使美国自由发展、形成尊重多样性的文化观念的重要因素之一。

Ever-increasing immigration, particularly the ever-increasing immigration of other cultural groups, the United States had a significant role in promoting development of the free. As with other cultural backgrounds of immigrants more and more appeared, United States began to become aware of the importance of respect for cultural diversity. An increase in immigration from different cultures are United States free development, form the concept of respect for the cultural diversity of one of the most important factors.

这里将移民形式分为两类：个体式的移民和群体式的移民。个体式移民的发生比群体式移民更为频繁，其对于文化产生的影响也有很大不同。个体式移民往往倾向于在保留原有文化形式的基础上，更积极地融入已有的文化，但是相较于群体式移民，个体式移民的这种文化遗留相对会比较少。所以，个体式移民在短期内很难对整个文化产生重大影响。Immigration forms here fall into two categories: individual groups of migrants and immigrants. -Individual migrants occur more frequently than groups-immigrants, its cultural impact has also been a big difference. -Individual migrants tend to on the basis of maintaining the previous cultural forms, more active integration into the existing culture, but compared to the groups-immigrants, remnants of this culture of individual immigrants is relatively less. Therefore, individual immigrants in the short term it's hard to have a significant impact on the culture as a whole.

但是由于美国的个体式移民是持续的，不管是内部的移民还是外部来的移民，都很频繁且总移民数量很大，特别是形成了众多大大小小的少数族裔的聚居区（如唐人街等），所以在较长的时间内，会对文化产生深远的影响。

But because United States of individual immigrants are sustainable, whether internal migrants or immigrants outside, very frequently and the total number of migrants is very big, especially the formation of ethnic minorities in a number of large and small ghettos (such as Chinatown, etc), so in a long time, will have a profound impact on culture

最终导致了美国文化的多样化，也随之形成了尊重文化多样的观念。

Eventually led to the United States cultural diversity has also formed the concept of respect for cultural diversity.

移民的清教思想与美国的民主政治Migration of Puritan thought and United

States democracy

在美国殖民时代，清教徒是移民主体，清教主义作为一种宗教理念，扮演了殖民时代政治理论的角色。清教主义中蕴含的个人主义、理性原则、自治精神，为美国自由的民主政治提供了精神性的因素。

In the United States colonial period, pilgrims were immigrants, Puritanism as a religious concept, play the role of political theory in the colonial era. Puritanism contains principles of individualism, rational, and autonomy, United States free democracy provides spiritual factors.

他们的宗教主张就成了“清教主义”。他们还要求进行制度方面的改革，要求废除“教阶制”，这就严重地触犯了既得利益者，因而受到了英国王室和英国国教的迫害。许多清教徒选择了背井离乡去寻找心中的“希望之乡”。他们中的很多人后来来到了北美这块可以保持其信仰的土地。他们团结在“清教主义”的大旗下，全力以赴地为实现自己的理想而战天斗地，不断地适应客观现实，参与、推动社会改革，在北美的物质生产和精神生产领域留下了丰硕的成果Their idea of religion became "Puritanism". They also called for institutional reforms, calls for the abolition of "teaching order" this serious breach of vested interests, had been United Kingdom Royal family and the United Kingdom State religion of persecution. Many pilgrims choose to leave their homes to look for the heart of the "village of hope". Many of them were subsequently came to North America this will keep the faith of the land. They are United in "Puritanism" flag, go all out to battle the elements to achieve their ideals, constantly adapt to reality, participation, social reform, remain in the area of material and spiritual production in North America has yielded rich results

一、美国民主政治发展基础——政教分

离

United States development of

democratic politics--the basis of

secularism

在美国，清教能够成为自由民主的保障也得益于政教分离。美国的普通民众和神职人员无一例外都认同政教分离，政教分离使得宗教能够远离政治权力带来的偏好、仇恨、激情，在美国，清教主义的思想和政教分离的思想相辅相成，互相作用。

In the United States, Puritanism is the protection of freedom and democracy also benefited from the separation of politics and religion. United States of ordinary citizens and clergy

without exception agree that the separation of politics and religion, secular religions can bring preferences away from political power, hatred, passion, in the United States, Puritanism of ideological and political thought of separation of religion and complement each other, interact.

二、美国民主政治的现实经验与模式

——地方自治

And the United States democratic

politics--the real experiences and

models of local self-government

当清教徒登录到这片土地定居后，没有任何既成的政府能够管辖他们，他们是基于共同的理想和信念结合和生活在一起。如果要履行在其他地方由政府履行的那些职责，就完全要依靠成员间的协商、自觉以及个人的主动精神。他们自己建立起自我治理的机构，独立自主地行使权力，他们自己任命行政官员，自己缔结和约和宣战，自己制定治安条例，自己为自己立法。

When the Puritans after logging on to settle in the land, there is no established government jurisdiction they, they are based on common ideals and beliefs and living together. If you want to perform in other places by the Government for the performance of those duties, entirely relying on consultation among members, conscious and individual initiative. They themselves build up self governance bodies, sovereignly exercise the power they appoint administrative officials, themselves the conclusion of a peace treaty and a declaration of war, their own security regulations are formulated, their own legislation. 三、美国民主政治的精神性因素——自

由主义

United States the spirit of democratic

politics--liberalism

移民北美大陆的新教不堪忍受本国教会统治和繁琐的国教礼仪而坚持保持自己和上帝进行直接交流的教徒，他们身上体现的是一种要求个人独立和自主的精神。自由主义使每个人都拥有一份同样的权利，这就形成了美国这样一个多元的社会。在美国社会，拥护自由即拥护多元；多元的价值观只有在自由的社会中才能繁荣，个人的自由也只有在多元的社会中才能昌盛。

Immigrant Protestant rule of intolerable national church of the North American continent and cumbersome Church etiquette and insist on maintaining their own followers in direct exchange and God, they embody is a requirement of independence and autonomy of the individual spirit. Liberalism so that everyone has the same rights, which formed the United States such a pluralistic society. In United States society, embracing freedom is embraced

diversity; plural values only in a free society can prosper, individual freedom to flourish only in a pluralistic society.

自由主义作为一种价值观念、一种文化理念，已深深地根植于美国社会和美国民众的心里，甚至可以说它已成为美国国民性的一个显著特征。

Liberalism as a concept of values, a culture has been deeply rooted in United States society and United States the hearts of the people, and can even be said that it has become the United States of nationals of a distinguishing feature.