《经济学人》常用词汇
《经济学人》常用词汇总结
1、Absolute advantage 绝对优势
2、Adverse choice 逆向选择
3、Alternative cost 选择成本
4、Arc elasticity of demand 需求的弧弹性
5、Asymmetric information 非对称的信息
6、Average cost 平均成本
7、Average fixed cost 平均固定成本
8、Average product 平均产品
9、Average variable cost 平均可变成本
10、Beta 投资的β
11、Bond yield 债券收益
12、Break-even chart 收支平衡图
13、Budget line 预算线
14、Bunding 捆绑销售
15、Capital 资本
16、Capital gain 资本收益
17、Capitalism 资本主义
18、Cardinal utility 基数效应
19、Cartel 卡特尔
20、Cobb-Douglas production function 科布-道格拉斯生产函数
21、Collision 勾结
22、Comparative advantage 比较优势
23、Complements 互补品
24、Constant-cost industry 成本不变行业
25、Constant returns to scale 规模收益不变
26、Consumer surplus 消费者剩余
27、Contestable market 可竞争市场
28、Contract curve 契约曲线
29、Corner solution 角点解
30、Cross elasticity of demand 需求的交叉弹性
31、Deadweight loss of monopoly垄断的无谓损失
32、Deadweight loss of monopsony 买方垄断的无谓损失
33、Decreasing-cost industry 成本递减行业
34、Decreasing return to scale 规模收益递减
35、Demand curve 需求曲线
36、Demand curve of loanable funds 可贷资金的需求曲线
37、Discount rate 贴现率
38、Diversifiable risk 可分散风险
39、Dominant firm 主导厂商
40、Dominant strategy 优势策略
41、Duopoly 双头垄断
42、Economic efficiency 经济效率
43、Economic profit 经济利润
44、Economic region of production 生产的经济区域
45、Economic resource 经济资源
46、Economies of scope 围经济
47、Efficient markets hypothesis 有效市场假说
48、Endowment position 财富状况
49、Engel curve 恩格尔曲线
50、Equilibrium 均衡
51、Excess capacity 过剩生产能力
52、Expansion path 扩路径
53、Expected monetary vale期望货币价值
54、Expected profit 预期利润
55、Expected value of perfect information
56、Explicit costs 显成本
57、External diseconomy 外部不经济
58、External economy 外部经济
59、First-mover advantages 先动优势
60、Fixed cost 固定成本
61、Fixed input 不变投入品
62、General equilibrium analysis 一般均衡分析
63、Giffen’s paradox 吉芬反论
64、Implicit cost 隐成本
65、Income-compensated demand curve 收入补偿的需求曲线
66、Income-consumption curve 收入-消费曲线
67、Income effect 收入效应
68、Income elasticity of demand 需求的收入弹性
69、Increasing-cost industry成本递增的产业
70、Increasing returns to scale 规模收益递增
71、Indifference curve 无差异曲线
72、Inferior good 劣质商品
73、Innovation 创新
74、Input 投入品
75、Interest rate 利率
76、Intermediate good 中间品
77、Internal rate of return 部收益率
78、Investment 投资
79、Investment demand curve 投资需求曲线
80、Isocost curve 等成本曲线
81、Isoprofit curve 等利润曲线
82、Isoquant 等产量曲线
83、Isorevenue line 等收益线
84、Kinked demand curve 折弯的需求曲线
85、Labor 劳动
86、Land 土地
87、Law of diminishing marginal returns 边际收益递减率
88、Lerner index 勒纳指数
89、Learning curve 学习曲线
90、Limit pricing 限制性定价
91、Long run 长期
92、Marginal cost 边际成本
93、Marginal cost pricing 边际成本定价
94、Marginal expenditure curve 边际支出曲线
95、Marginal product 边际产品
96、Marginal rate of product transformation 边际产品转换率
97、Marginal rate of substitution 边际替代率
98、Marginal revenue 边际收益
99、Marginal revenue product 边际收益产品
100、Marginal utility 边际效用
101、Market 市场
102、Market demand curve 市场需求曲线
103、Market period 市场周期
104、.Market structure 市场结构
105、Market supply schedule 市场供给表
106、Markup pricing加成定价
107、Maximin strategy 最大最小策略
108、Microeconomics 微观经济学
109、Minmum efficient size of plant 工厂的最小有效规模110、Model模型
111、Money income 货币收入
112、Monopolistic competition 垄断竞争
113、Monopoly 垄断
114、Monopsony 买方垄断
115、Moral hazard 道德风险
116、Multinational firm 跨国公司
117、Multiplant monopoly 多厂垄断
118、Multiproduct firm 多产品厂商
119、Mutual fund 共同基金
120、Nash equilibrium 纳什均衡
121、Natural monopoly 自然垄断
122、Net-Present-Value Rule 净现值规则
123、Nondiversifiable risk 不可分散的风险
124、Nonprice competition 非价格竞争
125、Normal goods 正常商品
126、Oligopoly寡头垄断
127、Oligopsony 买方寡头垄断
128、Opportunity cost 机会成本
129、Optimal input combination 最优投入品组合
130、Ordinal utility 序数效用
131、Pareto criterion 帕累托标准
132、Partial equilibrium analysis 局部均衡分析
133、Pecuniary benefits 货币收益
134、Perfect Competition 完全竞争
135、Perpetuity 不可兑换的公司债券
136、Predatory pricing 掠夺性定价
137、Present value 现值
138、Price ceiling 最高限价
139、Pric-consumption curve 价格-消费曲线
140、Price discrimination 价格歧视
141、Price elastic 富有价格弹性
142、Price elasticity of demand 需求的价格弹性
143、Price elasticity of supply 供给的价格弹性
144、Price floor 最低限价
145、Price inelastic缺乏价格弹性
146、Price leader 价格领导者
147、Price system 价格系统
148、Principal-agent problem 委托-代理问题
149、Prisoner`s dilemma 囚犯困境
150、Private cost 私人成本
151、Probability 概率
152、Producer surplus 生产者剩余
153、Production possibilities curve 生产可能性曲线154、Production function 生产函数
156、Profit 利润
157、Public good 公共物品
158、Quasi-rent 准租金
159、Quota 配额
160、Ray 射线
161、Reaction curve 反应曲线
162、Real benefits 真实收益
163、Rent 租金
164、Ridge lines 脊线
165、Risk 风险
166、Risk averter 风险厌恶者
167、Risk lover 风险爱好者
168、Risk neutral 风险中性
169、Saving 储蓄
170、Second-degree Price discrimination 二级价格歧视171、Selling expenses 销售费用
172、Short run 短期
173、Social cost 社会成本
174、Static efficiency 静态效率
175、Strategic move 策略举措
176、Substitutes 替代品
177、Substitution effect 替代效应
178、Supply curve 供给曲线
179、Supply curve of loanable funds 可贷资金的供给曲线
180、Target return 目标收益
181、Tariff 关税
182、Technological changes 技术进步
183、Technology 技术
184、Third-degree price discrimination 三级价格歧视
185、Tit for tat 针锋相对
186、Total cost 总成本
187、Total cost function 总成本函数
188、Total cost 总固定成本
189、Total revenue 总收益
190、Total surplus 总剩余
191、Total utility 总效用
192、Total variable cost 总可变成本
193、Trading possibilities curve 贸易可能性曲线
194、Transaction cost 交易成本门
195、Transferable emissions permits 可转让的排放许可证
196、Two-part tariff 双重收费
197、Tying 搭售
198、Unitary elasticity 单位弹性
199、Utility 效用
200、Utility of possibility curve 效用可能性曲线
201、Value of marginal product 边际产品价值
202、Variable cost 可变成本
203、Variable input 可变投入品
204、von Neumann-Morgenstern utility function ?纽曼--摩根斯坦效用函数204、Winners curse 赢者的诅咒
205、Ability-to-pay principle(of taxation)(税收的)支付能力原则206、Absolute advantage(in international trade)(国际贸易中的)绝对优势
207、Accelerator principle 加速原理
208、Actual,cycical and structual budget 实际预算、周期预算和结构预算
209、Adaptive expectations 适用性预期
210、Adjustable peg 可调整钉住
211、Administered(or inflexible)prices 管理(或非浮动)价格
212、Adverse selection 逆向选择
213、Aggregate demand 总需求
214、Aggregate demand(AD)curve 总需求曲线
215、Aggregate supply 总供给
216、Aggregate suppy(AS) curve 总供给曲线
217、Allocative efficiency 配置效率
218、Antitrust legislation 反托拉斯法
219、Appreciation(of a currency)(通货)升值
220、Appropriable 可分拨
221、Arbitrage 套利
222、Asset 资产
223、Asset demand for money 货币的资产需求
224、Automatic(or built-in)stabilizers 自动(或在)稳定器
225、Average cost 平均成本
226、verage cost curve,long-run( LRAC或 LAC)长期平均成本曲线227、Average cost curve, short-run( SRAC或 SAC)短期平均成本曲线228、Average fixed cost 平均固定成本
229、Average product 平均产品
230、Average propensity to consume 平均消费倾向
231、Average revenue 平均收益
232、Average variable cost 平均可变成本
233、Balance of international payment 国际收支平衡表
234、Balance of trade 贸易余额
235、Balance of current account经常项目余额
236、Balance sheet 资产负债表
237、Balanced budget 平衡预算
238、Bank,commercial 商业银行
239、Bank money 银行货币
240、bank reserves 银行准备会
241、进入壁垒Barriers to entry
242、Barter 易货贸易
243、Benefit principle(of taxation)(税收的)受益原则
244、Bond 债券
245、Break-even point(in macroeconomics)(宏观经济学中的)收支相抵点246、Bretton woods System 布雷顿森林体系
247、Broad money 广义货币
248、Budget 预算
249、Budget,balanced 平衡预算
250、Budget constraint 预算约束
251、Budget deficit 预算赤字
252、Budget,government 政府预算
253、Budget line 预算线
254、Budget surplus 预算盈余
255、Built-in stabilizers 在稳定器见自动稳定器(automatic stabilizers)256、Business cycles 商业周期
257、C+I,C+I+G,or C+I+G+X schedule C+I,C+I+G或 C+I+G+X表258、Capital(capital goods,capital equipment)资本(资本商品,资本设备)259、Capital consumption allowance 资本消耗补偿见折旧(depreciation)
260、Capital deepening 资本深化
261、Capital gains 资本利得
262、Capital markets 资本市场
263、Capital-output ratio 资本-产出比率
264、Capital widening 资本广化
265、Capitalism 资本主义
266、Cardinal utility 基数效用
267、Cartel 卡特尔
268、Central bank 中央银行
269、Change in demand vs.change in quantity demanded 需求变化与需求量的变化
270、Change in supply vs.supply in quantity 供给变动与供给且的变动271、Checking account(or bank money)支票(或银行货币)
272、Chicago School of Economics (经济学)芝加哥学派
273、Classical approach 古典理论
274、Classical economics 古典经济学
275、Classical theories(in macroeconomics)(宏观经济学中的)古典理论276、Clearing market 市场出清
277、Closed economy 封闭经济见开放经济(open economy)
278、Coase theorem 科斯定理
279、Collective bargaining 集体谈判
280、Collusion 勾结
281、Collusive oligopoly 寡头勾结垄断
282、Command economy 指令经济
283、Commodity money 商品货币
284、Common stock 普通股票
285、Communism 共产主义
286、Comparative advantage(in international trade)(国际贸易中的)比较优势
287、Compensating differentials 补偿性(工资)差异
288、Competition,imperfect 不完全竞争
289、Competion,perfect 完全竞争
290、Competitve equilibrium 竞争均衡
291、Competitive market 竞争性市场
292、Complements 互补品
293、Compound interest 复利
294、Concentration ratio 集中度
295、Conglomerate 混合联合企业
296、Conglomerate merger 混合兼并见兼并(merger)
297、Constant returns to scale 规模报酬不变见规模报酬(returns to scale)
298、Consumer price index 消费者价格指数(CPI)
299、Consumer surplus 消费者剩余
300、Consumption 消费
301、Consumption function 消费函数
302、Consumption-possibility line消费可能线见预算线(budget line)303、Cooperative equilibrium 合作性均衡
304、Corporate income tax 公司所得税
305、Corporation 公司
306、Correlation 相关
307、Cost,average 平均成本
308、Cost,average fixed 平均固定成本
309、Cost,average variable 平均可变成本
310、Cost,fixed 固定成本
311、Cost,marginal 边际成本
312、Cost,minimum 最低成本
313、Cost-push inflation 成本推动的通货膨胀
314、Cost,total 总成本
315、Cost,variable 可变成本
316、Crawling(or sliding)peg 爬行(滑动)钉住
317、Credit 信贷
318、Cross elasticity of demand 需求的交叉弹性
319、Crowding-out hypothesis 挤出(效应)假说
320、Currency 通货
321、Currency appreciation(or depreciation )通货升值(或贬值)322、Current account 经常见贸易余额(balance of trade)
323、Cyclical budget 周期预算
324、Cyclical unemployment 周期性失业
325、Deadweight loss 净损失
326、Debit 借方
327、Decreasing returns to scale 规模报酬递减
328、Deficit spending 赤字性支出
329、Deflating(of economic data)(经济数据)紧缩
330、Deflation 通货紧缩
331、Demand curve(or demand schedule)需求曲线(或需求表)
332、Demand for money 货币需求
333、Demand-pull inflation 需求拉动型通货膨胀
334、Demography 人口学
335、Depreciation(of an asset)(资产)折旧
336、Depreciation(of a currency)(通货)贬值
337、Depression 萧条
338、Derived demand 派生需求
339、Devaluation 降值
340、Developing country 发展中国家见欠发达国家(less developed country)
341、Differentiated products 差异产品
342、Diminishing marginal utility,law of 边际效用递减规律
343、Diminishing returns,law of 收益递减规律
344、Direct taxes 直接税
345、Discount rate 贴现率
346、Discounting(of future income)(未来收人)折现
347、Discrimination 歧视
348、Disequilibrium 非均衡
349、Disinflation 反通货膨胀
350、Disposable income 可支配收入(DI)
351、Disposable personal income 个人可支配收入
352、Dissaving 负储蓄
354、Division of labor 劳动分工
355、Dominant equilibrium 占优均衡见占优战略(dominant strategy)356、Dominant strategy 占优战略
357、Downward-sloping demand,law of 需求向下倾斜规律
358、Duopoly 双头垄断
359、Duopoly price war 双头垄断价格战
360、Easy-money policy 宽松的货币政策
361、Econometrics 经济计量学
362、Economic goods 经济物品
363、Economic growth 经济增长
364、Economic reguation 经济管制
365、Economic rent 经济租金见"经济租金"(rent, economic)
366、Economic surplus 经济剩余
367、Economics of information 信息经济学
368、Economies of scale 规模经济
369、Economies of scope 广度经济
370、Effective tax rate 有效税率
371、Efficiency 效率
372、Efficiency-wage theory 有效工资理论
373、Efficient market 有效市场
374、Elasticity 弹性
375、Employed 就业者参见"失业"(unemployment)
376、Equal-cost line 等成本线
377、Equal-product curve(or isoquant)等产量线
378、Equilibrium 均衡
379、Equilibrum(for a business firm)厂商均衡
380、Equilibrium(for the individual consumer)单个消费者的均衡
381、Equilibrium,competitive 竞争均衡见竟争均衡(competitive equilibrium)
382、Equilibrium,general 一般均衡见一般均衡分析(general-equilibrium analysis)
383、Equilibrium,macroeconomic 宏观经济均衡
384、Equimarginal principle 等边际法则
385、Exchange rate 汇率见外汇汇率(foreign exchange rate)
386、Exchange-rate system 汇率制度
387、Excise tax vs.sales tax 消费税和销售税
388、Exclusion principle 排他原则
389、Exogenous vs.induced variables 外生变量和引致变量
390、Expectations 预期
391、Expenditure multiplier 支出乘数参见乘数(multiplier)
392、Exports 出口
393、External diseconomies 外部不经济
394、External economies 外部经济
395、External variables 外部变量同外生变量(exogenous variables)396、Externalities 外部性
397、Factors of production 生产要素
398、Fallacy of composition 合成谬误
399、Federal Reserve System 联邦储备系统
美国的中央银行(centra bank)
400、Fiat money 法定货币
没有在价值(intrinsic value)
401、Final goods 最终产品
402、Financial economics 金融经济学
403、Financial intermediary 金融中介
404、Firm(business firm)厂商
405、Fiscal-monetary mix 财政-货币政策组合
406、Fiscal policy 财政政策
407、Fiscal cost 固定成本见固定成本(cost,fixed)
408、Fixed exchange rate 固定汇率见外汇汇率(foreign exchangs rate)409、Flexible exchange rates 弹性汇率制
410、Floating exchange rates 浮动汇率制见弹性汇率制(flexible
exchange rates)
411、Flow vs. stock 流量与存量
412、Foreign exchange 外汇
413、Foreign exchange market 外汇市场
414、Foreign exchange rate 外汇汇率
415、Fourfirm concentration rate 四企业集中度见集中度(concentration ratio)
416、Fractional-reserve banking 部分准备金
417、Free goods 免费品
不属于经济品(economic goods)
418、Free trade 自由贸易
419、Frictional unemployment 磨擦性失业
420、Full employment 充分就业
421、Gains from trade 贸易利得
422、Galloping inflation 急剧的通货膨胀见通货膨胀(inflation)423、Game theory 博弈论
424、General-equilibrium analysis 一般均衡分析
425、GDP deflator GDP紧缩指数
426、GDP gap GDP缺口
427、GNP 国民生产总值见国民生产总值(gloss national product)428、Gold standard 全本位制
429、Government debt 政府债务
430、Goverment expenditure multiplier 政府支出乘数
431、Graduated income tax 累进所得税见个人所得税(income tax,personal)
432、Gresham`s Law 格雷欣法则
433、Gross domestic product,nominal(or nominal GDP)名义国生产总值(或名义GDP)
434、Gross domestic product,real 实际国生产总值(实际GDP)
435、Gross national product,nominal 名义国民生产总值(或名义GNP)436、Gross national product,real 实际国民生产总值(实际GNP)
437、Growth accounting 增长核算
438、Hedging 套期保值
439、High-powered money 高能货币见基础货币(monetary base)
440、Horizontal equity vs.vertical equity 横向平等与纵向平等
441、Horizontal integration 横向整合见纵向整合与横向整合(integration, vertical vs.horizontal)
442、Horizontal merger 横向兼井见兼并(merger)
443、Human capital 人力资本
444、Hyperinflation 恶性通货膨胀见通货膨胀(inflation)
445、Imperfect competition 不完全竞争见不完全竞争(competition,imperfect)
446、Imperfect competitor 不完全竞争者
447、Implicit-cost elements 隐性成本要素
显性货币成本(explicit money costs)
448、Imports 进口见出口(exports)
449、Inappropriability 不可分拨性见不可分拨(inappropriable)450、Inappropriable 不可分拨
451、Incidence(or tax incidence)归宿,或税赋归宿
452、Income 收入
453、Income effect(of a price change)(价格变动的)收入效应
454、Income elasticity of demand 需求的收入弹性
455、Income statement 收益表
456、Income tax,negative 负所得税见负所得税(egative income tax)457、Income tax,personal 个人所得税
458、Income velocity of money 货币的收入周转率
459、Incomes policy 收入政策
460、Increasing returns to scale 递增的规模报酬见规模报酬(returns to scale)
461、Independent goods 独立品
462、Indexing(or indexation)指数化
463、Indifference curve 无差异曲线
464、indifference map 无差异曲线图
465、Indirect taxes 间接税见直接税(direct taxes)
466、Induced variables 引致变量
467、Industry 产业
468、Inertial rate of inflation 惯性通货膨胀率
469、Infant industry 幼稚产业
470、Inferior goods 低档品或劣等品
471、Inflation(or inflation rate)通货膨胀(或通货膨胀率)
472、Inflation targeting 通货膨胀目标
473、Innovation 创新
474、Inputs 投入
475、Insurance 保险
476、Integration,vertical vs.horizontal 纵向整合和横向整合
477、Intellectual property rights 知识产权
478、Interest 利息
479、Interest rate 利率
480、Intermediate goods 中间产品
481、International monetary system(also International financial system)国际货币制度(国际金融体系)
482、Intervention 干预
483、Intrinsic value(of money)(货币的)在价值
484、Invention 发明
485、Investment 投资
487、Invisible hand 看不见的手
488、Involuntarily unemployed 非自愿失业见失业(unemployment)489、Iron law of wages 工资铁律
490、Isoquant 等产量见等产量曲线(equal product curve)
491、Keynesian economics 凯恩斯经济学
492、Keynesian school 凯恩斯学派见凯恩斯主义经济学(Keynesian economics)
493、Labor force 劳动力
494、Labor-force participstion rate 劳动力参与率
495、Labor productivity 劳动生产率见生产率(productivity)
496、Labor supply 劳动供给
497、Labor theory of value 劳动价值论
498、Laissez-faire("leave us along")自由放任(“别来管我”)
499、Land 土地
500、Least-cost rule(of production)(生产的)最低成本法则
501、Legal tender 法定清偿物
502、Less developed country(LDC)欠发达国家
503、Liabilities 负债
504、Libertarianism 自由放任主义
505、Limited Liability 有限责任
506、Long run 长期
507、Long-run aggregate supply schedule 长期总供给表
508、Lorenz curve 洛伦茨曲线
509、Lowest sustainable rate of unemployment(or LSUR)最低可持续失业率
510、Lump-of-labor fallacy 劳动合成谬误
511、M1、 M2参见货币供应(money supply)。
512、Macroeconomics 宏观经济学见微观经济学,microeconomics)513、Malthusian theory of population growth 马尔萨斯人口增长理论
514、Managed exchange rate 管理汇率制
515、Marginal cost 边际成本参见成本边际(cost,marginal)
516、Marginal principle 边际原则
517、Marginal Product(MP)边际产品
518、Marginal product theory of distribution 分配的边际产品理论
519、Marginal propensity of consume(MPC)边际消费倾向
520、Marginal propensity to import(MPm)边际进口倾向
521、Marginal propensity to save(MPS)边际储蓄倾向
522、Margina revenue(MR)边际收益
523、Marginal revenue product(of an input),( MRP)(一种投入的)边际收益产品
524、Marginal tax rate 边际税率
525、Marginal utility(MU)边际效用
526、Market 市场
527、Market economy 市场经济
528、Market equilibrium 市场均衡
529、Market failure 市场不灵
530、Market power 市场权力
531、Market share 市场份额
532、Markup pricing 加成定价制
533、Marxism 马克思主义
534、Mean 均值
535、Median 中位数
536、Mercantilism 重商主义
537、Merchandise trade balance 商品贸易余额参见贸易余额(trade balance)
538、Merger 兼并
539、Microeconomics 微观经济学
540、Minimum cost 最低成本参见成本最低(cost,minimum)
541、Mixed economy 混合经济
542、Model 模型
543、Moderate inflation 温和的通货膨胀见通货膨胀(inflation)544、Momentary run 瞬期
545、Monetarism 货币主义
546、Monetary base 货币基础
547、Monetary economy 货币经济
548、Monetary policy 货币政策
549、Monetary rule 货币规则
550、Monetary transmission mechanism 货币传导机制
551、Monetary union 货币联盟
552、Money 货币
553、Money demand schedule 货币需求表
554、Money funds 货币资金
555、Money market 货币市场
556、Money supply 货币供应
557、Money-supply effect 货币供给效应
558、Money-supply multiplier货币供给乘数
559、Money,velocity of 货币周转率见货币周转率(velocity of money)560、Monopolistic competition 垄断竞争
561、Monopoly 垄断
562、Monopsony 买方垄断
563、Moral hazard 道德危险
564、MPC见边际消费倾向
565、MPS见边际储蓄倾向
566、Multiplier 乘数
567、Multiplier model 乘数模型
568、Nash equilibrium 纳什均衡
569、National debt 国家债务
570、National income and product accounting( NIPA)国民收入和生产571、National savings rate 国民储蓄率
572、Natural monopoly 自然垄断
573、Near money "准货币"
574、Negative income tax 负所得税
575、Neoclassical model of growth 新古典增长模型
576、Net domestic product(NDP)国净产出
577、Net economic wefare(NEW)净经济福利
578、Net exports 净出口
579、Net foreign investment 净国外投资
580、Net investment 净投资
581、Net national product NNP国民生产净
582、Net worth 净值
583、New classical macroeconomics 新古典宏观经济学
584、NNP 见国民生产净值
585、Nominal GDP 名义国生产总值见名义国生产总值(goss domestic product,nominal)
586、Nominal GNP 名义国民生产总值见名义国民生产总值(gross national product,nominal)
587、Nomlnal(or money)interest rate 名义(或货币)利率
588、Noncooperative equilibrium非合作均衡见纳什均衡(Nash equilibrium)
589、Nonrenewable resources 不可更新资
591、Not in the labor force 不属于劳动力
592、NOW(Negotiable order of withdrawal)account 可转让支付命令活期存款
593、Okun's law 奥肯法则
594、Oligopoly 寡头
595、Open economy 开放经济
596、Open-economy multiplier开放经济乘数
597、Open-market operations 公开市场业务
598、Opportunity cost 机会成本
599、Ordinal utility 序数效用
600、Other things constant 其他因素不变
601、Outputs 产出
602、Paradox of thrift 节约体论
603、Paradox of value 价值悖论
604、Pareto efficiency(or Pareto optimality)帕累托效率(或帕累托最优)
见配置效率(allocative effciency)。
605、Partial-equilibrium analysis 局部均衡分析
606、Partnership 合伙制
607、Patent 专利
608、Payoff table 支付矩阵
609、Payoffs 支付见支付矩阵(payoff table)。
610、Perfect competition 完全竞争参见完全竞争(competition,perfect) 611、Personal income 个人收入
612、Personal saving 个人储蓄
613、Personal savings rate 个人储蓄率
614、Phillips curve 菲利普斯曲线
615、Policy ineffectiveness theorem 政策无效性定理
616、Portfolio theory 投资组合理论
617、Positive economics 实证经济学参见规经济学与实证经济学(normative vs. positive economics)。
618、Post hoc fallacy 后此谬误
619、Potential GDP 潜在GDP
620、Potential output 潜在产出与潜在GDP(potential GDP)同义621、Poverty 贫困
622、PPF 生产可能性边界(production-possibility frontier)
623、Present value(of an asset)(资产的)现值
624、Price-elastic demand 有价格弹性的需求(或有弹性的需求)
625、Price-elasticity of demand 需求的价格弹性
626、Price elasticity of supply供给的价格弹性
627、Price flexibility 价格灵活性
628、Price index 价格指数
629、Price-inelastic demand 无价格弹性的需求(或无弹性的需求)
630、Private goods 私人品见公共品(public goods)
631、Producer price index 生产者价格指数
632、Product,average 平均产品见平均产品(average product)
633、Product differentiation 产品差别
634、Product,marginal 边际产品见边际产品(Marginal product)
635、Production function 生产函数
636、Production-possibility frontier(PPF) 生产可能性边界
637、Productivity 生产率
638、Productivity growth 生产率增长
639、Productivity of capital,net 净资本生产率参见收益率(rate of return)
640、Productivity slowdown 生产率减速
641、Profit 利润
642、Profit-and-loss statement 损益表报告书
643、Progressive,proportional,and regressive taxes 累进税、比例税和累退税
644、Property rights 产权
645、Proportional tax 比例税
646、Proprietorship individual 个人业主制企业
647、Protectionism 保护主义
648、Public choice 公共选择
649、Public debt 公共债务见政府债务(government debt)
650、Public good 公共品
652、Quantity demanded 需求见需求变化(change in demand)与需求量变化(change in quantity demanded)
653、Quantity equation of exchange 交易数量方程
654、Quantity supplied 供给量
655、Quantity theory of money 货币数量理论
656、Quota 配额
657、Random-walk theory(of stock market prices)(股市价格的)随机行走理论见有效市场理论(efficient-market theory)
658、Rate of inflation 通货膨胀率见通货膨胀(inflation)
659、Rate of return(or return)on capital 资本收益率(或资本收益)660、Rational-expectations hypothgsis 理性预期假说
661、Rational-expectations macroeconomics 理性预期宏观经济学
662、Real-business-cycle theory 真实商业周期理论
663、Real GDP 实际GDP 见实际的国总产值(gross domestic product,real)
664、Real interest rate 实际利率
665、Real wages 实际工资
666、Recession 衰退
667、Regressive tax 累退税参见累进税、比例税和累退税(progressive,proportional,and regressive taxes)
经济学人精读
中文导读 外资风投:黯然离场? 上世纪90年代开始,“copy to China”风潮涌起,外资在中国这块赚钱的风水宝地如鱼得水。 如今,中国市场的魅力依然吸引着众多外资入局,但他们日子并不好过。 中国本土孵化器遍地开花、本土企业不断崛起,对外资风投形成了强有力的挤压。 当下中国科技大爆发、政策逐渐健全,“copy from China”的时代已经开启。未来,外资还会青睐中国市场吗? less where that came from 与文章最后一句呼应,改用习语More Where that Came from:A greater number of similar things can be pro-vided in the future 陆续有来 skittish adj.not very serious and with ideas and feelings that keep changing 轻浮的;易变的;反复无常的 venture capitalist n.someone who makes money by investing in high risk projects 风险投资者 demo (=demostration)n.an act of showing or explaining how sth works or is done 示范;示范表演;演示 Y Combinator 美国著名创业孵化器,Y Combinator 扶持初创企业并为其提供创业指南 startup n.a small business that has recently been started by someone 新创办的小公司 vie (with sb)(for sth)与某人争夺某物SYN contend with sb for sth high-profile adj.receiving or involving a lot of attention and discus-sion on television,in newspapers,etc.经常出镜/见报的;高姿态的 accelerator a company that helps new companies get started by giving them such things as office space,legal help and marketing services in exchange for payment 企业加速器/孵化器SYN incubator the like of sb/sth (also sb’s/sth’s like )something similar to someone or a particular person or thing,or of equal importance or value 像某人(物)一样的人/物SYN equivalent ,match Dropbox 一款网络文件同步工具,提供在线存储服务,类似于百度云pull out of to move away from sth or stop being involved in it 脱离,退出 nurture v.to help sb/sth to develop and be successful 扶持;帮助;支持SYN foster It’s important to nurture a good working relationship.维持良好的工作关系非常重要。 localised adj.地方化的,本土化的incarnation n.化身,代表 in the context of 在?情况下;在?背景下 rift a serious disagreement between people that stops their relation- ship from continuing 分裂;分歧;严重不和SYN rupture ominous suggesting that sth bad is going to happen in the future 预兆的;恶兆的;不吉利的SYN foreboding By China,For China,Of China 建于中国、为了中国、属于中国,陆奇加入YC 时提的条件 arm a section of a large organization that deals with one particular activity 分部;职能部门 at odds with to be different from sth,when the two things should be the same (与?)有差异,相矛盾SYN conflict with venture capital money that is invested in a new company to help it develop,which may involve a lot of risk 风险资本(投入新公司的资金,风险很大) red-hot adj.new,exciting and of great interest to people 热门的,火爆的SYN sizzling operation n.a business organization;a company 商业机构;公司 Sand Hill Road 沙山路,硅谷一个普通地名,被称为“西海岸华尔街”,上百家声名如雷贯耳的风险投资公司在这里汇集,与华尔街不同,这里以投资高新技术产业为主 heavyweight n.a very important person,organization or thing that influences others 有影响力的人(或组织、事物)covet v.to want sth very much,especially sth that belongs to sb else 渴望;贪求(尤指别人的东西);觊觎 exchange n.a building where business people met in the past to buy and sell a particular type of goods 交易所 Investing in Chinese technology Less where that came from Homegrown rivals and skittish American investors are making life harder for foreign venture capitalists in China T HE FIRST “demo day”in Beijing last November of Y Combinator (YC)hosted two dozen local startups vying for the attention of high-profile investors.It marked the entrance into China of Silicon Valley’s most famous accelerator ,which has helped launch the likes of Airbnb and Dropbox .Then,days later,YC abruptly announced it was pulling out of the country. In a statement YC said that it was returning,under a new boss,to in- vesting in startups from its Californian base.Its Chinese startups will be nurtured by MiraclePlus,YC China’s new,fully localised incarna- tion .Yet in the context of a deepening Sino-American rift ,the retreat looks ominous .“Under the current global environment,to realise our mission—By China,For China,Of China —we must have the ability to master our own destiny,”wrote MiraclePlus in a social-media post,citing Lu Qi,its boss,whom YC had hired to set up its Chinese arm in 2018.(Mr Lu declined to be interviewed for this article.) At first glance,YC’s fate seems at odds with the broader health of foreign venture capital (VC)in China,with its red-hot tech indus-try.The Chinese operations of Sand Hill Road heavyweights such as Lightspeed Venture Partners and Sequoia Capital—whose fifth Chinese growth-stage fund raised $1.8bn,twice as much as its last—are thriv-ing.Chinese founders have coveted attention from foreign funds,seen as the best route to listing on American exchanges and keener than Chinese counterparts to back ideas that take longer to make money.
经济学人杂志
经济学人杂志 Suga Yoshihide became Japan’s 99th prime minister. He won the leadership of the Liberal Democratic Party with 377 votes of a possible535, following Abe Shinzo’s resignation due to ill health in August. Mr. Suga, who served as Mr. Abe’s chief cabinet secretary, has promised continuity. But his background and stated priorities suggest a narrower focus on the economy。 菅义伟成为日本第99届首相。在安倍晋三八月份由于生病离职之后,他赢得了自由民主党535票中377票,从而获得领导权。菅义伟先生(曾经作为安倍晋三的内阁官房长官)承诺继续安倍的政策。但是他的背景和陈述出来的施政的优先权显示他对经济的聚焦将会减弱。 Thailand became the first South-East Asian country to lose tourism restrictions introduced during the pandemic. Visitors who agree to a14-day quarantine and a minimum stay will be allowed to enter. Malaysia’s prime minister, by contrast, said he would tighten controls at borders. Singapore will give all adult residents vouchers worth S$100 ($73) to spend on local hotels and sights.
《经济学人》科技类文章整合
Autism? 自闭症 Why it's not “Rain Woman”? 为什么它不是“雨女” Women have fewer cognitive disorders than men do because their bodies are better at ignoring the mutations which cause them? 与男性相比,患有认知障碍的女性较少,因为她们自身的身体能更好的忽略导致认知障碍的基因突变 AUTISM is a strange condition. Sometimes its symptoms of “social blindness”(an inability to read or comprehend the emotions of others) occur alone. This is dubbed high-functioning autism, or Asperger's syndrome. Though their fellow men and women may regard them as a bit odd, high-functioning autists are often successful (sometimes very successful) members of society. On other occasions, though, autism manifests as part of a range of cognitive problems. Then, the condition is debilitating. What is common to those on all parts of the so-called autistic spectrum is that they are more often men than women —so much more often that one school of thought suggests autism is an extreme manifestation of what it means, mentally, to be male. Boys are four times more likely to be diagnosed with autism than girls are. For high-functioning autism, the ratio is seven to one.?
TheEconomist《经济学人》常用
1、绝对优势(Absolute advantage) 如果一个国家用一单位资源生产的某种产品比另一个国家多,那么,这个国家在这种产品的生产上与另一国相比就具有绝对优势。 2、逆向选择(Adverse choice) 在此状况下,保险公司发现它们的客户中有太大的一部分来自高风险群体。 3、选择成本(Alternative cost) 如果以最好的另一种方式使用的某种资源,它所能生产的价值就是选择成本,也可以称之为机会成本。 4、需求的弧弹性(Arc elasticity of demand) 如果P1和Q1分别是价格和需求量的初始值,P2 和Q2 为第二组值,那么,弧弹性就等于 -(Q1-Q2)(P1+P2)/(P1-P2)(Q1+Q2) 5、非对称的信息(Asymmetric information) 在某些市场中,每个参与者拥有的信息并不相同。例如,在旧车市场上,有关旧车质量的信息,卖者通常要比潜在的买者知道得多。 6、平均成本(Average cost) 平均成本是总成本除以产量。也称为平均总成本。 7、平均固定成本( Average fixed cost) 平均固定成本是总固定成本除以产量。 8、平均产品(Average product) 平均产品是总产量除以投入品的数量。 9、平均可变成本(Average variable cost) 平均可变成本是总可变成本除以产量。 10、投资的β(Beta) β度量的是与投资相联的不可分散的风险。对于一种股票而言,它表示所有现行股票的收益发生变化时,一种股票的收益会如何敏感地变化。11、债券收益(Bond yield) 债券收益是债券所获得的利率。 12、收支平衡图(Break-even chart) 收支平衡图表示一种产品所出售的总数量改变时总收 益和总成本是如何变化的。收支平衡点是为避免损失而 必须卖出的最小数量。 13、预算线(Budget line) 预算线表示消费者所能购买的商品X和商品Y的数量的 全部组合。它的斜率等于商品X的价格除以商品Y的价 格再乘以一1。 14、捆绑销售(Bundling) 捆绑销售指这样一种市场营销手段,出售两种产品的厂 商,要求购买其中一种产品的客户,也要购买另一种产 品。 15、资本(Capital) 资本是指用于生产、销售及商品和服务分配的设备、厂 房、存货、原材料和其他非人力生产资源。 16、资本收益(Capital gain) 资本收益是指人们卖出股票(或其他资产)时所获得的 超过原来为它支付的那一部分。 17、资本主义(Capitalism) 资本主义是一种市场体系,它依赖价格体系去解决基本 的经济问题:生产什么?如何生产?怎样分配?经济增 长率应为多少? 18、基数效用(Cardinal utility) 基数效用是指像个人的体重或身高那样在基数的意义 上可以度量的效用(它意味着效用之间的差别,即边际 效用,是有意义的)。序数效用与它相反,它只在序数 的层面上才有意义。 19、卡特尔(Cartel) 卡特尔是指厂商之间为了合谋而签订公开和正式协议 这样一种市场结构形态。 20、科布一道格拉斯生产函数(Cobb-Douglas production function) 科布一道格拉斯生产函数是指这样的生产函数 Q=AL"IK"2 Mi3。式中,Q为产量;L为劳动的数量;K为资本的数 量;M为原材料的数量;A,31,12,23均为常数。 21、勾结(Collision) 勾结是指一个厂商和同业内其他的厂商签订有关价格、 产量和其他事宜的协议。 22、比较优势(Comparative advantage) 如果与生产其他商品的成本相比,一个国家生产的某种 产品的成本比另一个国家低,那么,该国就在这种商品 的生产上与另一个国家相比具有比较优势。 23、互补品(Complements) 如果X和Y是互补品,X的需求量就与Y的价格成反向 变化。 24、成本不变行业(Constant-cost industry) 成本不变的行业是指具有水平的长期供给曲线的行业, 它的扩大并不会引起投入品价格的上升或下降。 25、规模收益不变(Constant returns to scale) 如果所有投入品的数量都以相同的百分数增加,并导致 产量也以相同的百分数增加,就是规模收益不变的。 26、消费者剩余(Consumer surplus) 消费者剩余是指消费者愿意为某种商品或服务所支付 的最大数量与他实际支付的数量之差。 27、可竞争市场(Contestable market) 可竞争市场是指那种进入完全自由以及退出没有成本 的市场。可竞争市场的本质在于它们很容易受到打了就 1
经济学人科技类文章中英双语
The Brain Activity Map 绘制大脑活动地图 Hard cell 棘手的细胞 An ambitious project to map the brain is in the works. Possibly too ambitious 一个绘制大脑活动地图的宏伟计划正在准备当中,或许有些太宏伟了 NEWS of what protagonists hope will be America’s next big science project continues to dribble out. 有关其发起人心中下一个科学大工程的新闻报道层出不穷。 A leak to the New York Times, published on February 17th, let the cat out of the bag, with a report that Barack Obama’s administration is thinking of sponsoring what will be known as the Brain Activity Map. 2月17日,《纽约时报》刊登的一位线人报告终于泄露了秘密,报告称奥巴马政府正在考虑赞助将被称为“大脑活动地图”的计划。 And on March 7th several of those protagonists published a manifesto for the project in Science. 3月7日,部分发起人在《科学》杂志上发表声明证实了这一计划。 The purpose of BAM is to change the scale at which the brain is understood. “大脑活动地图”计划的目标是改变人们在认知大脑时采用的度量方法。 At the moment, neuroscience operates at two disconnected levels. 眼下,神经学的研究处在两个断开的层次。 The higher one, where the dimensions of features are measured in centimetres, has many techniques at its disposal, notably functional magnetic-res onance imaging, which measures changes in tissues’ fuel consumption. 在相对宏观的层次当中各个特征的规模用厘米来衡量,有很多技术可以使用,尤其是用来测量组织中能量消耗变动情况的核磁共振成像技术。 This lets researchers see which bits of the brain are active in particular tasks—as long as those tasks can be performed by a person lying down inside a scanner. 该技术可使研究人员找出在完成具体的任务时,大脑的哪些部分处于活跃状态。At the other end of the scale, where features are measured in microns, lots of research has been done on how individual nerve cells work, how messages are sent from one to another, and how the connections between cells strengthen and weaken as memories are formed. 而另一个度量的层次则要求用微米来测量各种特征,这一层次的研究很多都是关于单个神经细胞是如何工作的、信息在神经细胞之间是如何传递的以及当产生记忆的时候神经细胞之间的联系是如何得到加强和减弱的。 Between these two, though, all is darkness. 然而,位于这两个层次之间的研究还处于一片漆黑当中。 It is like trying to navigate America with an atlas that shows the states, the big cities and the main highways, and has a few street maps of local neighbourhoods, but displays nothing in between.
GMAT备考:《经济学人》The Economist常用词汇总结(8)完整篇.doc
GMAT备考:《经济学人》The Economist 常用词汇总结(8) 141、富有价格弹性(Price elastic) 如果需求的价格弹性大于1,那么商品的需求就是富有价格弹性。 142、需求的价格弹性(Price elasticity of demand) 需求的价格弹性是指价格变化1%导致的需求量变化的百分比(习惯上通常以正数表示)。 143、供给的价格弹性(Price elasticity of supply) 供给的价格弹性是指价格变化1%导致的供给量变化的百分比。 144、最低限价(Price floor) 最低限价是指政府对某种商品所规定的。例如,联邦农业计划规定了小麦和玉米的。 145、缺乏价格弹性(Price inelastic) 如果需求的价格弹性小于1,那么商品的需求就是缺乏价格弹性。 146、价格( Price leader) 价格是指在寡头垄断的行业中制定价格并且其他厂商愿意
跟随的厂商。 147、价格系统(Price system) 在价格系统下,商品和服务都有一个价格,在纯粹的资本主义经济中价格执行一个经济系统的基本职能(决定生产什么、怎样生产、每个人应该得到多少以及一个国家的增长率应该是多少)。 148、委托--代理问题(Principal-agent problem) 由于经理或工人可能会追求自己的目标,即便这样做会减少企业所有者的利润,从而导致了委托--代理问题。经理或工人是为所有者工作的代理人,所有者是委托人。 149、囚犯困境(Prisoner`s dilemma) 囚犯困境是指这样一种情形,此时两个人(或厂商)合作要比不合作好,但是每个人都觉得不合作符合他的利益,因此每个人的状况都要坏于如果他们合作时的境况。 150、私人成本(Private cost) 私人成本是指单个使用者为了能够使用某一资源而带来的费用。
比特币原文+译文(来自经济学人)
18Bitcoin’s future比特币的未来 Hidden flipside另一面;反面隐藏的另一面 How the crypto-currency could become the internet of money 加密货币是怎样变成互联网货币的 Mar 15th 2014 | From the print edition Bitcoin: the original 比特币的由来 1.THE father has been found in time for 及时赶上his child’s funeral. That would appear to be 似乎是,仿佛,显示为the sorry 遗憾的state of affairs 事态,状态,情况好坏in the land of Bitcoin, a crypto-currency, if recent press coverage 新闻报道is to be believed. On March 6th Newsweek新闻周刊(美国一杂志)reported that it had足迹,踪迹tracked down 追踪Satoshi Nakamoto,中本聪Bitcoin’s elusive [?'l(j)u?s?v]难以捉摸的creator. And on March 11th Mt Gox, the Japanese online exchange 交易所,交换,交流,兑换that had long dominated控制;支配;占优势;在…中占主要地位the trade in the currency before losing $490m of customers’Bitcoins at today’s prices, once more再一次,重新filed 提出for 再一次申请bankruptcy protection, this time in America. “父亲奔赴孩子的葬礼。”如果最近的新闻报道属实的话,那似乎会是比特币领域很遗憾的情况。3月6日,据《新闻周刊》报道,业已追踪到比特币发明人中本聪的踪迹,此人难以捉摸。日本的在线交易所Mt Gox长期以来一直是比特币行业的佼佼者,而如今,这一平台4.9亿客户的比特币被盗,于是,3月11日Mt Gox又在向美国申请破产保护。 2.In reality, things are rather different. Evidence证据,证明;迹象;明显is mounting 增加;爬上that Dorian Satoshi Nakamoto, whom Newsweek identified as Bitcoin’s father, is not the relevant Satoshi. More importantly, Bitcoin’s best days 得意时代;全盛时代may still be ahead of优于,超过it—if not as a fully fledged成熟的;快会飞的;羽毛丰满的currency, then as a platform for financial innovation金融创新. Much as虽然,尽管(表让步);非常像,和…几乎一样the internet is a foundation for digital services数字化服务, the technology behind Bitcoin could support a revolution革命in the way people own and pay for things. Geeks极客,专业人士of all sorts各种各样的are getting excited—including a growing number of 越来越多的venture capitalists,风险投资家,风险资本家who know a new platform when they see one. 事实上,一切都是迥然不同的。不断增加的证据表明《新闻周刊》的报道是错的,多利安-蒲伦蒂斯-中本聪(Dorian Prentice Satoshi Nakamoto)和比特币之父中本聪并不是同一个人。更重要的是,如果比特币没有作为一种完全成熟的货币,而是作为金融创新的平台,那么达到比特币的全盛时代依然任重而道远。如同互联网是数字化服务的基石一样,比特币背后的科技可以引领一场革命,而这场革命可以改变买方和卖方的交易方式。各路极客们都异常兴奋,其中不乏渐多大批风险资本家,一旦一个新平台出现,这些人就会对其了如指掌。 3.To understand the enthusiasm in this modern currency, it helps to think about a very old one. Until the early 20th century the people on Yap,[j?p]雅浦岛an island in the Pacific Ocean,太平洋used large stone disks 圆盘,磁盘(pictured) as money货币,钱,钱币for big expenses, 开支;消费;损失,代价such as a daughter’s dowry.嫁妆,陪嫁,天资Being very heavy, they were rarely 很少地;难得;罕有地moved when spent. Instead, they simply changed owners. Every
经济学人
China in Laos Busted flush How a Sino-Lao special economic zone hit the skids May 26th 2011 | BOTEN, LAOS | from the print edition ?Tweet ? Soon all this will be jungle again AT HOME and abroad, China is a byword for fast-track development, where yesterday’s paddy field is tomorrow’s factory, highway or hotel. Less noticed is that such development can just as quickly go into reverse. Golden City, in Boten, just over the border from China in tiny Laos, is a case in point. When a Hong Kong-registered company signed a 30-year, renewable lease with the Lao government in 2003 to set up a 1,640-hectare special economic zone built with mainland money and expertise, Golden City was touted as a
如何看出老板在撒谎 经济学人杂志 双语阅读 Economist How to tell when your boss is lying
Economist 英汉双语阅读“经济学人”杂志 2010年8月19日 正文: Corporate psychology How to tell when your boss is lying It's not just that his lips are moving Aug 19th 2010 “ASSHOLE!” That was what Jeff Skilling, the boss of Enron, called an investor who challenged his rosy account of his firm’s financial health. Other bosses usually give less obvious clues that they are lying. Happily, a new study reveals what those clues are. David Larcker and Anastasia Zakolyukina of Stanford’s Graduate School of Business analysed the transcripts of nearly 30,000 conference calls by American chief executives and chief financial officers between 2003 and 2007. They noted each boss’s choice o f words, and how he delivered them. They drew on psychological studies that show how people speak differently when they are fibbing, testing whether these “tells” were more common during calls to discuss profits that were later “materially restated”, as th e euphemism goes. They published their findings in a paper called “Detecting Deceptive Discussions in Conference Calls”. Deceptive bosses, it transpires, tend to make more references to general knowledge (“as you know…”), and refer less to shareholder valu e (perhaps to minimise the risk of a lawsuit, the authors hypothesise). They also use fewer “non-extreme positive emotion words”. That is, instead of describing something as “good”, they call it “fantastic”. The aim is to “sound more persuasive” while talk ing horsefeathers.
0113期经济学人第一篇The digital proletariat
Free exchange 自由交易 The digital proletariat 数字无产阶级(无产阶级,不占有生产资料的阶级,这里意思我们产生数据,却无偿的交由互联网公司使用) 导读: Economists propose a radical solution to the problems posed byartificial intelligence 经济学家提出了一个彻底解决人工智能相关问题的方法。 正文: YOUhave multiple jobs, whetheryouknowitornot. 不管你有没有意识到,你身上都有多种生意。 Most begin first thing in the morning, when you pick up your phoneand begin generatingthe data thatmake up Silicon Valley’smost importantresource. 大多数生意在早晨开始,你拿起手机时就开始产生了数据。这些数据组成了硅谷最重要的资源 That, atleast, ishowwe oughtto think aboutthe role ofdata-creation in the economy, according to a fascinating new economics paper. 至少,这就是我们应该思考的:数据创造在经济里扮演怎样的角色,这是根据一篇很有吸引力的新经济文章提到的。
We are all digital labourers, helpingmake possible the fortunes generated by firms like Google andFacebook, the authors argue. 其中作者认为,我们就是所有数字的劳工,帮助像谷歌和脸书这样的公司创造财富。(fortunes命运,幸运,富有)Ifthe economy is to function properlyin the future—and ifa crisisoftechnological unemployment isto be avoided—we musttake accountofthis, and change the relationship between biginternetcompaniesand theirusers. 在未来经济运转良好的情况下,如果想要避免工业发展带来的失业危机,我们必须着眼于这件事情,并且改变大型互联网公司和他们用户之间的关系。 Artificial intelligence (AI) is getting better all the time, and stands poised totransform a host of industries, say the authors 作者说,人工智能势头一直越来越好,势必(准备)改变一大批工业。 But, in orderto learn to drive a carorrecognize a face, the algorithmsthatmake clever machines tick(滴答,拟声词,表示机器运作)mustusuallybe trained on massive amountsofdata. 但是,为了做到自动驾驶和人脸识别(主语是AI),使智能机器运作的法则必须经常用非常大量的数据进行测试。Internetfirms gather these data from users every time they click on aGoogle search result, say, orissue a command to Alexa.
经济学人
You can find bubbliness in bits of American finance, including the corporate-bond market, and some nasty nasty ['nɑ?st?] off-balance-sheet liabilities like student loans and public-sector pensions, but America does not look like a source of imminent imminent ['?m?n?nt] trouble. Britain and Japan have changed less. Abenomics has improved Japan's prospects, but government debt is still close to 250% of GDP. In Britain the combination of budget cuts and weak private investment has produced a recovery that is built on the same ingredients—particularly rising house prices—that caused the last bust. Britain is not about to fell the world economy, but growth that was based more on investment, both public and private, would be an awful lot safer. What about emerging economies, many of which have seen a big run-up in debt? China is often dubbed a Lehman-in-the-making. Since 2008 credit growth in the Middle Kingdom, now the world's second-largest economy, has exploded, and by some estimates is over 200% of GDP. China's financial system has few international connections. But, as in America in 2008, there is uncertainty about the true size of its debts and how much of them will be repaid. The danger China poses depends on the third ingredient of the Lehman conflagration [,k?nfl?'gre??(?)n] how the government behaves when trouble strikes. The country is a big net saver, the banking system is still largely deposit-funded and the government has the fiscal capacity to underwrite troubled loans. Provided it does so, the odds of a sudden collapse with global ramifications are low. From Brazil to Thailand, many of the other emerging economies that are now wobbling have also seen credit booms. The difference with China is their vulnerability to global financial flows. Today's drought in foreign capital is pushing down currencies like India's rupee and making current-account deficits harder to finance. In the 1990s that dynamic caused crises. But this time round most countries' defences are more powerful.