《经济学人》常用词汇

《经济学人》常用词汇
《经济学人》常用词汇

《经济学人》常用词汇总结

1、Absolute advantage 绝对优势

2、Adverse choice 逆向选择

3、Alternative cost 选择成本

4、Arc elasticity of demand 需求的弧弹性

5、Asymmetric information 非对称的信息

6、Average cost 平均成本

7、Average fixed cost 平均固定成本

8、Average product 平均产品

9、Average variable cost 平均可变成本

10、Beta 投资的β

11、Bond yield 债券收益

12、Break-even chart 收支平衡图

13、Budget line 预算线

14、Bunding 捆绑销售

15、Capital 资本

16、Capital gain 资本收益

17、Capitalism 资本主义

18、Cardinal utility 基数效应

19、Cartel 卡特尔

20、Cobb-Douglas production function 科布-道格拉斯生产函数

21、Collision 勾结

22、Comparative advantage 比较优势

23、Complements 互补品

24、Constant-cost industry 成本不变行业

25、Constant returns to scale 规模收益不变

26、Consumer surplus 消费者剩余

27、Contestable market 可竞争市场

28、Contract curve 契约曲线

29、Corner solution 角点解

30、Cross elasticity of demand 需求的交叉弹性

31、Deadweight loss of monopoly垄断的无谓损失

32、Deadweight loss of monopsony 买方垄断的无谓损失

33、Decreasing-cost industry 成本递减行业

34、Decreasing return to scale 规模收益递减

35、Demand curve 需求曲线

36、Demand curve of loanable funds 可贷资金的需求曲线

37、Discount rate 贴现率

38、Diversifiable risk 可分散风险

39、Dominant firm 主导厂商

40、Dominant strategy 优势策略

41、Duopoly 双头垄断

42、Economic efficiency 经济效率

43、Economic profit 经济利润

44、Economic region of production 生产的经济区域

45、Economic resource 经济资源

46、Economies of scope 围经济

47、Efficient markets hypothesis 有效市场假说

48、Endowment position 财富状况

49、Engel curve 恩格尔曲线

50、Equilibrium 均衡

51、Excess capacity 过剩生产能力

52、Expansion path 扩路径

53、Expected monetary vale期望货币价值

54、Expected profit 预期利润

55、Expected value of perfect information

56、Explicit costs 显成本

57、External diseconomy 外部不经济

58、External economy 外部经济

59、First-mover advantages 先动优势

60、Fixed cost 固定成本

61、Fixed input 不变投入品

62、General equilibrium analysis 一般均衡分析

63、Giffen’s paradox 吉芬反论

64、Implicit cost 隐成本

65、Income-compensated demand curve 收入补偿的需求曲线

66、Income-consumption curve 收入-消费曲线

67、Income effect 收入效应

68、Income elasticity of demand 需求的收入弹性

69、Increasing-cost industry成本递增的产业

70、Increasing returns to scale 规模收益递增

71、Indifference curve 无差异曲线

72、Inferior good 劣质商品

73、Innovation 创新

74、Input 投入品

75、Interest rate 利率

76、Intermediate good 中间品

77、Internal rate of return 部收益率

78、Investment 投资

79、Investment demand curve 投资需求曲线

80、Isocost curve 等成本曲线

81、Isoprofit curve 等利润曲线

82、Isoquant 等产量曲线

83、Isorevenue line 等收益线

84、Kinked demand curve 折弯的需求曲线

85、Labor 劳动

86、Land 土地

87、Law of diminishing marginal returns 边际收益递减率

88、Lerner index 勒纳指数

89、Learning curve 学习曲线

90、Limit pricing 限制性定价

91、Long run 长期

92、Marginal cost 边际成本

93、Marginal cost pricing 边际成本定价

94、Marginal expenditure curve 边际支出曲线

95、Marginal product 边际产品

96、Marginal rate of product transformation 边际产品转换率

97、Marginal rate of substitution 边际替代率

98、Marginal revenue 边际收益

99、Marginal revenue product 边际收益产品

100、Marginal utility 边际效用

101、Market 市场

102、Market demand curve 市场需求曲线

103、Market period 市场周期

104、.Market structure 市场结构

105、Market supply schedule 市场供给表

106、Markup pricing加成定价

107、Maximin strategy 最大最小策略

108、Microeconomics 微观经济学

109、Minmum efficient size of plant 工厂的最小有效规模110、Model模型

111、Money income 货币收入

112、Monopolistic competition 垄断竞争

113、Monopoly 垄断

114、Monopsony 买方垄断

115、Moral hazard 道德风险

116、Multinational firm 跨国公司

117、Multiplant monopoly 多厂垄断

118、Multiproduct firm 多产品厂商

119、Mutual fund 共同基金

120、Nash equilibrium 纳什均衡

121、Natural monopoly 自然垄断

122、Net-Present-Value Rule 净现值规则

123、Nondiversifiable risk 不可分散的风险

124、Nonprice competition 非价格竞争

125、Normal goods 正常商品

126、Oligopoly寡头垄断

127、Oligopsony 买方寡头垄断

128、Opportunity cost 机会成本

129、Optimal input combination 最优投入品组合

130、Ordinal utility 序数效用

131、Pareto criterion 帕累托标准

132、Partial equilibrium analysis 局部均衡分析

133、Pecuniary benefits 货币收益

134、Perfect Competition 完全竞争

135、Perpetuity 不可兑换的公司债券

136、Predatory pricing 掠夺性定价

137、Present value 现值

138、Price ceiling 最高限价

139、Pric-consumption curve 价格-消费曲线

140、Price discrimination 价格歧视

141、Price elastic 富有价格弹性

142、Price elasticity of demand 需求的价格弹性

143、Price elasticity of supply 供给的价格弹性

144、Price floor 最低限价

145、Price inelastic缺乏价格弹性

146、Price leader 价格领导者

147、Price system 价格系统

148、Principal-agent problem 委托-代理问题

149、Prisoner`s dilemma 囚犯困境

150、Private cost 私人成本

151、Probability 概率

152、Producer surplus 生产者剩余

153、Production possibilities curve 生产可能性曲线154、Production function 生产函数

156、Profit 利润

157、Public good 公共物品

158、Quasi-rent 准租金

159、Quota 配额

160、Ray 射线

161、Reaction curve 反应曲线

162、Real benefits 真实收益

163、Rent 租金

164、Ridge lines 脊线

165、Risk 风险

166、Risk averter 风险厌恶者

167、Risk lover 风险爱好者

168、Risk neutral 风险中性

169、Saving 储蓄

170、Second-degree Price discrimination 二级价格歧视171、Selling expenses 销售费用

172、Short run 短期

173、Social cost 社会成本

174、Static efficiency 静态效率

175、Strategic move 策略举措

176、Substitutes 替代品

177、Substitution effect 替代效应

178、Supply curve 供给曲线

179、Supply curve of loanable funds 可贷资金的供给曲线

180、Target return 目标收益

181、Tariff 关税

182、Technological changes 技术进步

183、Technology 技术

184、Third-degree price discrimination 三级价格歧视

185、Tit for tat 针锋相对

186、Total cost 总成本

187、Total cost function 总成本函数

188、Total cost 总固定成本

189、Total revenue 总收益

190、Total surplus 总剩余

191、Total utility 总效用

192、Total variable cost 总可变成本

193、Trading possibilities curve 贸易可能性曲线

194、Transaction cost 交易成本门

195、Transferable emissions permits 可转让的排放许可证

196、Two-part tariff 双重收费

197、Tying 搭售

198、Unitary elasticity 单位弹性

199、Utility 效用

200、Utility of possibility curve 效用可能性曲线

201、Value of marginal product 边际产品价值

202、Variable cost 可变成本

203、Variable input 可变投入品

204、von Neumann-Morgenstern utility function ?纽曼--摩根斯坦效用函数204、Winners curse 赢者的诅咒

205、Ability-to-pay principle(of taxation)(税收的)支付能力原则206、Absolute advantage(in international trade)(国际贸易中的)绝对优势

207、Accelerator principle 加速原理

208、Actual,cycical and structual budget 实际预算、周期预算和结构预算

209、Adaptive expectations 适用性预期

210、Adjustable peg 可调整钉住

211、Administered(or inflexible)prices 管理(或非浮动)价格

212、Adverse selection 逆向选择

213、Aggregate demand 总需求

214、Aggregate demand(AD)curve 总需求曲线

215、Aggregate supply 总供给

216、Aggregate suppy(AS) curve 总供给曲线

217、Allocative efficiency 配置效率

218、Antitrust legislation 反托拉斯法

219、Appreciation(of a currency)(通货)升值

220、Appropriable 可分拨

221、Arbitrage 套利

222、Asset 资产

223、Asset demand for money 货币的资产需求

224、Automatic(or built-in)stabilizers 自动(或在)稳定器

225、Average cost 平均成本

226、verage cost curve,long-run( LRAC或 LAC)长期平均成本曲线227、Average cost curve, short-run( SRAC或 SAC)短期平均成本曲线228、Average fixed cost 平均固定成本

229、Average product 平均产品

230、Average propensity to consume 平均消费倾向

231、Average revenue 平均收益

232、Average variable cost 平均可变成本

233、Balance of international payment 国际收支平衡表

234、Balance of trade 贸易余额

235、Balance of current account经常项目余额

236、Balance sheet 资产负债表

237、Balanced budget 平衡预算

238、Bank,commercial 商业银行

239、Bank money 银行货币

240、bank reserves 银行准备会

241、进入壁垒Barriers to entry

242、Barter 易货贸易

243、Benefit principle(of taxation)(税收的)受益原则

244、Bond 债券

245、Break-even point(in macroeconomics)(宏观经济学中的)收支相抵点246、Bretton woods System 布雷顿森林体系

247、Broad money 广义货币

248、Budget 预算

249、Budget,balanced 平衡预算

250、Budget constraint 预算约束

251、Budget deficit 预算赤字

252、Budget,government 政府预算

253、Budget line 预算线

254、Budget surplus 预算盈余

255、Built-in stabilizers 在稳定器见自动稳定器(automatic stabilizers)256、Business cycles 商业周期

257、C+I,C+I+G,or C+I+G+X schedule C+I,C+I+G或 C+I+G+X表258、Capital(capital goods,capital equipment)资本(资本商品,资本设备)259、Capital consumption allowance 资本消耗补偿见折旧(depreciation)

260、Capital deepening 资本深化

261、Capital gains 资本利得

262、Capital markets 资本市场

263、Capital-output ratio 资本-产出比率

264、Capital widening 资本广化

265、Capitalism 资本主义

266、Cardinal utility 基数效用

267、Cartel 卡特尔

268、Central bank 中央银行

269、Change in demand vs.change in quantity demanded 需求变化与需求量的变化

270、Change in supply vs.supply in quantity 供给变动与供给且的变动271、Checking account(or bank money)支票(或银行货币)

272、Chicago School of Economics (经济学)芝加哥学派

273、Classical approach 古典理论

274、Classical economics 古典经济学

275、Classical theories(in macroeconomics)(宏观经济学中的)古典理论276、Clearing market 市场出清

277、Closed economy 封闭经济见开放经济(open economy)

278、Coase theorem 科斯定理

279、Collective bargaining 集体谈判

280、Collusion 勾结

281、Collusive oligopoly 寡头勾结垄断

282、Command economy 指令经济

283、Commodity money 商品货币

284、Common stock 普通股票

285、Communism 共产主义

286、Comparative advantage(in international trade)(国际贸易中的)比较优势

287、Compensating differentials 补偿性(工资)差异

288、Competition,imperfect 不完全竞争

289、Competion,perfect 完全竞争

290、Competitve equilibrium 竞争均衡

291、Competitive market 竞争性市场

292、Complements 互补品

293、Compound interest 复利

294、Concentration ratio 集中度

295、Conglomerate 混合联合企业

296、Conglomerate merger 混合兼并见兼并(merger)

297、Constant returns to scale 规模报酬不变见规模报酬(returns to scale)

298、Consumer price index 消费者价格指数(CPI)

299、Consumer surplus 消费者剩余

300、Consumption 消费

301、Consumption function 消费函数

302、Consumption-possibility line消费可能线见预算线(budget line)303、Cooperative equilibrium 合作性均衡

304、Corporate income tax 公司所得税

305、Corporation 公司

306、Correlation 相关

307、Cost,average 平均成本

308、Cost,average fixed 平均固定成本

309、Cost,average variable 平均可变成本

310、Cost,fixed 固定成本

311、Cost,marginal 边际成本

312、Cost,minimum 最低成本

313、Cost-push inflation 成本推动的通货膨胀

314、Cost,total 总成本

315、Cost,variable 可变成本

316、Crawling(or sliding)peg 爬行(滑动)钉住

317、Credit 信贷

318、Cross elasticity of demand 需求的交叉弹性

319、Crowding-out hypothesis 挤出(效应)假说

320、Currency 通货

321、Currency appreciation(or depreciation )通货升值(或贬值)322、Current account 经常见贸易余额(balance of trade)

323、Cyclical budget 周期预算

324、Cyclical unemployment 周期性失业

325、Deadweight loss 净损失

326、Debit 借方

327、Decreasing returns to scale 规模报酬递减

328、Deficit spending 赤字性支出

329、Deflating(of economic data)(经济数据)紧缩

330、Deflation 通货紧缩

331、Demand curve(or demand schedule)需求曲线(或需求表)

332、Demand for money 货币需求

333、Demand-pull inflation 需求拉动型通货膨胀

334、Demography 人口学

335、Depreciation(of an asset)(资产)折旧

336、Depreciation(of a currency)(通货)贬值

337、Depression 萧条

338、Derived demand 派生需求

339、Devaluation 降值

340、Developing country 发展中国家见欠发达国家(less developed country)

341、Differentiated products 差异产品

342、Diminishing marginal utility,law of 边际效用递减规律

343、Diminishing returns,law of 收益递减规律

344、Direct taxes 直接税

345、Discount rate 贴现率

346、Discounting(of future income)(未来收人)折现

347、Discrimination 歧视

348、Disequilibrium 非均衡

349、Disinflation 反通货膨胀

350、Disposable income 可支配收入(DI)

351、Disposable personal income 个人可支配收入

352、Dissaving 负储蓄

354、Division of labor 劳动分工

355、Dominant equilibrium 占优均衡见占优战略(dominant strategy)356、Dominant strategy 占优战略

357、Downward-sloping demand,law of 需求向下倾斜规律

358、Duopoly 双头垄断

359、Duopoly price war 双头垄断价格战

360、Easy-money policy 宽松的货币政策

361、Econometrics 经济计量学

362、Economic goods 经济物品

363、Economic growth 经济增长

364、Economic reguation 经济管制

365、Economic rent 经济租金见"经济租金"(rent, economic)

366、Economic surplus 经济剩余

367、Economics of information 信息经济学

368、Economies of scale 规模经济

369、Economies of scope 广度经济

370、Effective tax rate 有效税率

371、Efficiency 效率

372、Efficiency-wage theory 有效工资理论

373、Efficient market 有效市场

374、Elasticity 弹性

375、Employed 就业者参见"失业"(unemployment)

376、Equal-cost line 等成本线

377、Equal-product curve(or isoquant)等产量线

378、Equilibrium 均衡

379、Equilibrum(for a business firm)厂商均衡

380、Equilibrium(for the individual consumer)单个消费者的均衡

381、Equilibrium,competitive 竞争均衡见竟争均衡(competitive equilibrium)

382、Equilibrium,general 一般均衡见一般均衡分析(general-equilibrium analysis)

383、Equilibrium,macroeconomic 宏观经济均衡

384、Equimarginal principle 等边际法则

385、Exchange rate 汇率见外汇汇率(foreign exchange rate)

386、Exchange-rate system 汇率制度

387、Excise tax vs.sales tax 消费税和销售税

388、Exclusion principle 排他原则

389、Exogenous vs.induced variables 外生变量和引致变量

390、Expectations 预期

391、Expenditure multiplier 支出乘数参见乘数(multiplier)

392、Exports 出口

393、External diseconomies 外部不经济

394、External economies 外部经济

395、External variables 外部变量同外生变量(exogenous variables)396、Externalities 外部性

397、Factors of production 生产要素

398、Fallacy of composition 合成谬误

399、Federal Reserve System 联邦储备系统

美国的中央银行(centra bank)

400、Fiat money 法定货币

没有在价值(intrinsic value)

401、Final goods 最终产品

402、Financial economics 金融经济学

403、Financial intermediary 金融中介

404、Firm(business firm)厂商

405、Fiscal-monetary mix 财政-货币政策组合

406、Fiscal policy 财政政策

407、Fiscal cost 固定成本见固定成本(cost,fixed)

408、Fixed exchange rate 固定汇率见外汇汇率(foreign exchangs rate)409、Flexible exchange rates 弹性汇率制

410、Floating exchange rates 浮动汇率制见弹性汇率制(flexible

exchange rates)

411、Flow vs. stock 流量与存量

412、Foreign exchange 外汇

413、Foreign exchange market 外汇市场

414、Foreign exchange rate 外汇汇率

415、Fourfirm concentration rate 四企业集中度见集中度(concentration ratio)

416、Fractional-reserve banking 部分准备金

417、Free goods 免费品

不属于经济品(economic goods)

418、Free trade 自由贸易

419、Frictional unemployment 磨擦性失业

420、Full employment 充分就业

421、Gains from trade 贸易利得

422、Galloping inflation 急剧的通货膨胀见通货膨胀(inflation)423、Game theory 博弈论

424、General-equilibrium analysis 一般均衡分析

425、GDP deflator GDP紧缩指数

426、GDP gap GDP缺口

427、GNP 国民生产总值见国民生产总值(gloss national product)428、Gold standard 全本位制

429、Government debt 政府债务

430、Goverment expenditure multiplier 政府支出乘数

431、Graduated income tax 累进所得税见个人所得税(income tax,personal)

432、Gresham`s Law 格雷欣法则

433、Gross domestic product,nominal(or nominal GDP)名义国生产总值(或名义GDP)

434、Gross domestic product,real 实际国生产总值(实际GDP)

435、Gross national product,nominal 名义国民生产总值(或名义GNP)436、Gross national product,real 实际国民生产总值(实际GNP)

437、Growth accounting 增长核算

438、Hedging 套期保值

439、High-powered money 高能货币见基础货币(monetary base)

440、Horizontal equity vs.vertical equity 横向平等与纵向平等

441、Horizontal integration 横向整合见纵向整合与横向整合(integration, vertical vs.horizontal)

442、Horizontal merger 横向兼井见兼并(merger)

443、Human capital 人力资本

444、Hyperinflation 恶性通货膨胀见通货膨胀(inflation)

445、Imperfect competition 不完全竞争见不完全竞争(competition,imperfect)

446、Imperfect competitor 不完全竞争者

447、Implicit-cost elements 隐性成本要素

显性货币成本(explicit money costs)

448、Imports 进口见出口(exports)

449、Inappropriability 不可分拨性见不可分拨(inappropriable)450、Inappropriable 不可分拨

451、Incidence(or tax incidence)归宿,或税赋归宿

452、Income 收入

453、Income effect(of a price change)(价格变动的)收入效应

454、Income elasticity of demand 需求的收入弹性

455、Income statement 收益表

456、Income tax,negative 负所得税见负所得税(egative income tax)457、Income tax,personal 个人所得税

458、Income velocity of money 货币的收入周转率

459、Incomes policy 收入政策

460、Increasing returns to scale 递增的规模报酬见规模报酬(returns to scale)

461、Independent goods 独立品

462、Indexing(or indexation)指数化

463、Indifference curve 无差异曲线

464、indifference map 无差异曲线图

465、Indirect taxes 间接税见直接税(direct taxes)

466、Induced variables 引致变量

467、Industry 产业

468、Inertial rate of inflation 惯性通货膨胀率

469、Infant industry 幼稚产业

470、Inferior goods 低档品或劣等品

471、Inflation(or inflation rate)通货膨胀(或通货膨胀率)

472、Inflation targeting 通货膨胀目标

473、Innovation 创新

474、Inputs 投入

475、Insurance 保险

476、Integration,vertical vs.horizontal 纵向整合和横向整合

477、Intellectual property rights 知识产权

478、Interest 利息

479、Interest rate 利率

480、Intermediate goods 中间产品

481、International monetary system(also International financial system)国际货币制度(国际金融体系)

482、Intervention 干预

483、Intrinsic value(of money)(货币的)在价值

484、Invention 发明

485、Investment 投资

487、Invisible hand 看不见的手

488、Involuntarily unemployed 非自愿失业见失业(unemployment)489、Iron law of wages 工资铁律

490、Isoquant 等产量见等产量曲线(equal product curve)

491、Keynesian economics 凯恩斯经济学

492、Keynesian school 凯恩斯学派见凯恩斯主义经济学(Keynesian economics)

493、Labor force 劳动力

494、Labor-force participstion rate 劳动力参与率

495、Labor productivity 劳动生产率见生产率(productivity)

496、Labor supply 劳动供给

497、Labor theory of value 劳动价值论

498、Laissez-faire("leave us along")自由放任(“别来管我”)

499、Land 土地

500、Least-cost rule(of production)(生产的)最低成本法则

501、Legal tender 法定清偿物

502、Less developed country(LDC)欠发达国家

503、Liabilities 负债

504、Libertarianism 自由放任主义

505、Limited Liability 有限责任

506、Long run 长期

507、Long-run aggregate supply schedule 长期总供给表

508、Lorenz curve 洛伦茨曲线

509、Lowest sustainable rate of unemployment(or LSUR)最低可持续失业率

510、Lump-of-labor fallacy 劳动合成谬误

511、M1、 M2参见货币供应(money supply)。

512、Macroeconomics 宏观经济学见微观经济学,microeconomics)513、Malthusian theory of population growth 马尔萨斯人口增长理论

514、Managed exchange rate 管理汇率制

515、Marginal cost 边际成本参见成本边际(cost,marginal)

516、Marginal principle 边际原则

517、Marginal Product(MP)边际产品

518、Marginal product theory of distribution 分配的边际产品理论

519、Marginal propensity of consume(MPC)边际消费倾向

520、Marginal propensity to import(MPm)边际进口倾向

521、Marginal propensity to save(MPS)边际储蓄倾向

522、Margina revenue(MR)边际收益

523、Marginal revenue product(of an input),( MRP)(一种投入的)边际收益产品

524、Marginal tax rate 边际税率

525、Marginal utility(MU)边际效用

526、Market 市场

527、Market economy 市场经济

528、Market equilibrium 市场均衡

529、Market failure 市场不灵

530、Market power 市场权力

531、Market share 市场份额

532、Markup pricing 加成定价制

533、Marxism 马克思主义

534、Mean 均值

535、Median 中位数

536、Mercantilism 重商主义

537、Merchandise trade balance 商品贸易余额参见贸易余额(trade balance)

538、Merger 兼并

539、Microeconomics 微观经济学

540、Minimum cost 最低成本参见成本最低(cost,minimum)

541、Mixed economy 混合经济

542、Model 模型

543、Moderate inflation 温和的通货膨胀见通货膨胀(inflation)544、Momentary run 瞬期

545、Monetarism 货币主义

546、Monetary base 货币基础

547、Monetary economy 货币经济

548、Monetary policy 货币政策

549、Monetary rule 货币规则

550、Monetary transmission mechanism 货币传导机制

551、Monetary union 货币联盟

552、Money 货币

553、Money demand schedule 货币需求表

554、Money funds 货币资金

555、Money market 货币市场

556、Money supply 货币供应

557、Money-supply effect 货币供给效应

558、Money-supply multiplier货币供给乘数

559、Money,velocity of 货币周转率见货币周转率(velocity of money)560、Monopolistic competition 垄断竞争

561、Monopoly 垄断

562、Monopsony 买方垄断

563、Moral hazard 道德危险

564、MPC见边际消费倾向

565、MPS见边际储蓄倾向

566、Multiplier 乘数

567、Multiplier model 乘数模型

568、Nash equilibrium 纳什均衡

569、National debt 国家债务

570、National income and product accounting( NIPA)国民收入和生产571、National savings rate 国民储蓄率

572、Natural monopoly 自然垄断

573、Near money "准货币"

574、Negative income tax 负所得税

575、Neoclassical model of growth 新古典增长模型

576、Net domestic product(NDP)国净产出

577、Net economic wefare(NEW)净经济福利

578、Net exports 净出口

579、Net foreign investment 净国外投资

580、Net investment 净投资

581、Net national product NNP国民生产净

582、Net worth 净值

583、New classical macroeconomics 新古典宏观经济学

584、NNP 见国民生产净值

585、Nominal GDP 名义国生产总值见名义国生产总值(goss domestic product,nominal)

586、Nominal GNP 名义国民生产总值见名义国民生产总值(gross national product,nominal)

587、Nomlnal(or money)interest rate 名义(或货币)利率

588、Noncooperative equilibrium非合作均衡见纳什均衡(Nash equilibrium)

589、Nonrenewable resources 不可更新资

591、Not in the labor force 不属于劳动力

592、NOW(Negotiable order of withdrawal)account 可转让支付命令活期存款

593、Okun's law 奥肯法则

594、Oligopoly 寡头

595、Open economy 开放经济

596、Open-economy multiplier开放经济乘数

597、Open-market operations 公开市场业务

598、Opportunity cost 机会成本

599、Ordinal utility 序数效用

600、Other things constant 其他因素不变

601、Outputs 产出

602、Paradox of thrift 节约体论

603、Paradox of value 价值悖论

604、Pareto efficiency(or Pareto optimality)帕累托效率(或帕累托最优)

见配置效率(allocative effciency)。

605、Partial-equilibrium analysis 局部均衡分析

606、Partnership 合伙制

607、Patent 专利

608、Payoff table 支付矩阵

609、Payoffs 支付见支付矩阵(payoff table)。

610、Perfect competition 完全竞争参见完全竞争(competition,perfect) 611、Personal income 个人收入

612、Personal saving 个人储蓄

613、Personal savings rate 个人储蓄率

614、Phillips curve 菲利普斯曲线

615、Policy ineffectiveness theorem 政策无效性定理

616、Portfolio theory 投资组合理论

617、Positive economics 实证经济学参见规经济学与实证经济学(normative vs. positive economics)。

618、Post hoc fallacy 后此谬误

619、Potential GDP 潜在GDP

620、Potential output 潜在产出与潜在GDP(potential GDP)同义621、Poverty 贫困

622、PPF 生产可能性边界(production-possibility frontier)

623、Present value(of an asset)(资产的)现值

624、Price-elastic demand 有价格弹性的需求(或有弹性的需求)

625、Price-elasticity of demand 需求的价格弹性

626、Price elasticity of supply供给的价格弹性

627、Price flexibility 价格灵活性

628、Price index 价格指数

629、Price-inelastic demand 无价格弹性的需求(或无弹性的需求)

630、Private goods 私人品见公共品(public goods)

631、Producer price index 生产者价格指数

632、Product,average 平均产品见平均产品(average product)

633、Product differentiation 产品差别

634、Product,marginal 边际产品见边际产品(Marginal product)

635、Production function 生产函数

636、Production-possibility frontier(PPF) 生产可能性边界

637、Productivity 生产率

638、Productivity growth 生产率增长

639、Productivity of capital,net 净资本生产率参见收益率(rate of return)

640、Productivity slowdown 生产率减速

641、Profit 利润

642、Profit-and-loss statement 损益表报告书

643、Progressive,proportional,and regressive taxes 累进税、比例税和累退税

644、Property rights 产权

645、Proportional tax 比例税

646、Proprietorship individual 个人业主制企业

647、Protectionism 保护主义

648、Public choice 公共选择

649、Public debt 公共债务见政府债务(government debt)

650、Public good 公共品

652、Quantity demanded 需求见需求变化(change in demand)与需求量变化(change in quantity demanded)

653、Quantity equation of exchange 交易数量方程

654、Quantity supplied 供给量

655、Quantity theory of money 货币数量理论

656、Quota 配额

657、Random-walk theory(of stock market prices)(股市价格的)随机行走理论见有效市场理论(efficient-market theory)

658、Rate of inflation 通货膨胀率见通货膨胀(inflation)

659、Rate of return(or return)on capital 资本收益率(或资本收益)660、Rational-expectations hypothgsis 理性预期假说

661、Rational-expectations macroeconomics 理性预期宏观经济学

662、Real-business-cycle theory 真实商业周期理论

663、Real GDP 实际GDP 见实际的国总产值(gross domestic product,real)

664、Real interest rate 实际利率

665、Real wages 实际工资

666、Recession 衰退

667、Regressive tax 累退税参见累进税、比例税和累退税(progressive,proportional,and regressive taxes)

经济学人精读

中文导读 外资风投:黯然离场? 上世纪90年代开始,“copy to China”风潮涌起,外资在中国这块赚钱的风水宝地如鱼得水。 如今,中国市场的魅力依然吸引着众多外资入局,但他们日子并不好过。 中国本土孵化器遍地开花、本土企业不断崛起,对外资风投形成了强有力的挤压。 当下中国科技大爆发、政策逐渐健全,“copy from China”的时代已经开启。未来,外资还会青睐中国市场吗? less where that came from 与文章最后一句呼应,改用习语More Where that Came from:A greater number of similar things can be pro-vided in the future 陆续有来 skittish adj.not very serious and with ideas and feelings that keep changing 轻浮的;易变的;反复无常的 venture capitalist n.someone who makes money by investing in high risk projects 风险投资者 demo (=demostration)n.an act of showing or explaining how sth works or is done 示范;示范表演;演示 Y Combinator 美国著名创业孵化器,Y Combinator 扶持初创企业并为其提供创业指南 startup n.a small business that has recently been started by someone 新创办的小公司 vie (with sb)(for sth)与某人争夺某物SYN contend with sb for sth high-profile adj.receiving or involving a lot of attention and discus-sion on television,in newspapers,etc.经常出镜/见报的;高姿态的 accelerator a company that helps new companies get started by giving them such things as office space,legal help and marketing services in exchange for payment 企业加速器/孵化器SYN incubator the like of sb/sth (also sb’s/sth’s like )something similar to someone or a particular person or thing,or of equal importance or value 像某人(物)一样的人/物SYN equivalent ,match Dropbox 一款网络文件同步工具,提供在线存储服务,类似于百度云pull out of to move away from sth or stop being involved in it 脱离,退出 nurture v.to help sb/sth to develop and be successful 扶持;帮助;支持SYN foster It’s important to nurture a good working relationship.维持良好的工作关系非常重要。 localised adj.地方化的,本土化的incarnation n.化身,代表 in the context of 在?情况下;在?背景下 rift a serious disagreement between people that stops their relation- ship from continuing 分裂;分歧;严重不和SYN rupture ominous suggesting that sth bad is going to happen in the future 预兆的;恶兆的;不吉利的SYN foreboding By China,For China,Of China 建于中国、为了中国、属于中国,陆奇加入YC 时提的条件 arm a section of a large organization that deals with one particular activity 分部;职能部门 at odds with to be different from sth,when the two things should be the same (与?)有差异,相矛盾SYN conflict with venture capital money that is invested in a new company to help it develop,which may involve a lot of risk 风险资本(投入新公司的资金,风险很大) red-hot adj.new,exciting and of great interest to people 热门的,火爆的SYN sizzling operation n.a business organization;a company 商业机构;公司 Sand Hill Road 沙山路,硅谷一个普通地名,被称为“西海岸华尔街”,上百家声名如雷贯耳的风险投资公司在这里汇集,与华尔街不同,这里以投资高新技术产业为主 heavyweight n.a very important person,organization or thing that influences others 有影响力的人(或组织、事物)covet v.to want sth very much,especially sth that belongs to sb else 渴望;贪求(尤指别人的东西);觊觎 exchange n.a building where business people met in the past to buy and sell a particular type of goods 交易所 Investing in Chinese technology Less where that came from Homegrown rivals and skittish American investors are making life harder for foreign venture capitalists in China T HE FIRST “demo day”in Beijing last November of Y Combinator (YC)hosted two dozen local startups vying for the attention of high-profile investors.It marked the entrance into China of Silicon Valley’s most famous accelerator ,which has helped launch the likes of Airbnb and Dropbox .Then,days later,YC abruptly announced it was pulling out of the country. In a statement YC said that it was returning,under a new boss,to in- vesting in startups from its Californian base.Its Chinese startups will be nurtured by MiraclePlus,YC China’s new,fully localised incarna- tion .Yet in the context of a deepening Sino-American rift ,the retreat looks ominous .“Under the current global environment,to realise our mission—By China,For China,Of China —we must have the ability to master our own destiny,”wrote MiraclePlus in a social-media post,citing Lu Qi,its boss,whom YC had hired to set up its Chinese arm in 2018.(Mr Lu declined to be interviewed for this article.) At first glance,YC’s fate seems at odds with the broader health of foreign venture capital (VC)in China,with its red-hot tech indus-try.The Chinese operations of Sand Hill Road heavyweights such as Lightspeed Venture Partners and Sequoia Capital—whose fifth Chinese growth-stage fund raised $1.8bn,twice as much as its last—are thriv-ing.Chinese founders have coveted attention from foreign funds,seen as the best route to listing on American exchanges and keener than Chinese counterparts to back ideas that take longer to make money.

经济学人杂志

经济学人杂志 Suga Yoshihide became Japan’s 99th prime minister. He won the leadership of the Liberal Democratic Party with 377 votes of a possible535, following Abe Shinzo’s resignation due to ill health in August. Mr. Suga, who served as Mr. Abe’s chief cabinet secretary, has promised continuity. But his background and stated priorities suggest a narrower focus on the economy。 菅义伟成为日本第99届首相。在安倍晋三八月份由于生病离职之后,他赢得了自由民主党535票中377票,从而获得领导权。菅义伟先生(曾经作为安倍晋三的内阁官房长官)承诺继续安倍的政策。但是他的背景和陈述出来的施政的优先权显示他对经济的聚焦将会减弱。 Thailand became the first South-East Asian country to lose tourism restrictions introduced during the pandemic. Visitors who agree to a14-day quarantine and a minimum stay will be allowed to enter. Malaysia’s prime minister, by contrast, said he would tighten controls at borders. Singapore will give all adult residents vouchers worth S$100 ($73) to spend on local hotels and sights.

《经济学人》科技类文章整合

Autism? 自闭症 Why it's not “Rain Woman”? 为什么它不是“雨女” Women have fewer cognitive disorders than men do because their bodies are better at ignoring the mutations which cause them? 与男性相比,患有认知障碍的女性较少,因为她们自身的身体能更好的忽略导致认知障碍的基因突变 AUTISM is a strange condition. Sometimes its symptoms of “social blindness”(an inability to read or comprehend the emotions of others) occur alone. This is dubbed high-functioning autism, or Asperger's syndrome. Though their fellow men and women may regard them as a bit odd, high-functioning autists are often successful (sometimes very successful) members of society. On other occasions, though, autism manifests as part of a range of cognitive problems. Then, the condition is debilitating. What is common to those on all parts of the so-called autistic spectrum is that they are more often men than women —so much more often that one school of thought suggests autism is an extreme manifestation of what it means, mentally, to be male. Boys are four times more likely to be diagnosed with autism than girls are. For high-functioning autism, the ratio is seven to one.?

TheEconomist《经济学人》常用

1、绝对优势(Absolute advantage) 如果一个国家用一单位资源生产的某种产品比另一个国家多,那么,这个国家在这种产品的生产上与另一国相比就具有绝对优势。 2、逆向选择(Adverse choice) 在此状况下,保险公司发现它们的客户中有太大的一部分来自高风险群体。 3、选择成本(Alternative cost) 如果以最好的另一种方式使用的某种资源,它所能生产的价值就是选择成本,也可以称之为机会成本。 4、需求的弧弹性(Arc elasticity of demand) 如果P1和Q1分别是价格和需求量的初始值,P2 和Q2 为第二组值,那么,弧弹性就等于 -(Q1-Q2)(P1+P2)/(P1-P2)(Q1+Q2) 5、非对称的信息(Asymmetric information) 在某些市场中,每个参与者拥有的信息并不相同。例如,在旧车市场上,有关旧车质量的信息,卖者通常要比潜在的买者知道得多。 6、平均成本(Average cost) 平均成本是总成本除以产量。也称为平均总成本。 7、平均固定成本( Average fixed cost) 平均固定成本是总固定成本除以产量。 8、平均产品(Average product) 平均产品是总产量除以投入品的数量。 9、平均可变成本(Average variable cost) 平均可变成本是总可变成本除以产量。 10、投资的β(Beta) β度量的是与投资相联的不可分散的风险。对于一种股票而言,它表示所有现行股票的收益发生变化时,一种股票的收益会如何敏感地变化。11、债券收益(Bond yield) 债券收益是债券所获得的利率。 12、收支平衡图(Break-even chart) 收支平衡图表示一种产品所出售的总数量改变时总收 益和总成本是如何变化的。收支平衡点是为避免损失而 必须卖出的最小数量。 13、预算线(Budget line) 预算线表示消费者所能购买的商品X和商品Y的数量的 全部组合。它的斜率等于商品X的价格除以商品Y的价 格再乘以一1。 14、捆绑销售(Bundling) 捆绑销售指这样一种市场营销手段,出售两种产品的厂 商,要求购买其中一种产品的客户,也要购买另一种产 品。 15、资本(Capital) 资本是指用于生产、销售及商品和服务分配的设备、厂 房、存货、原材料和其他非人力生产资源。 16、资本收益(Capital gain) 资本收益是指人们卖出股票(或其他资产)时所获得的 超过原来为它支付的那一部分。 17、资本主义(Capitalism) 资本主义是一种市场体系,它依赖价格体系去解决基本 的经济问题:生产什么?如何生产?怎样分配?经济增 长率应为多少? 18、基数效用(Cardinal utility) 基数效用是指像个人的体重或身高那样在基数的意义 上可以度量的效用(它意味着效用之间的差别,即边际 效用,是有意义的)。序数效用与它相反,它只在序数 的层面上才有意义。 19、卡特尔(Cartel) 卡特尔是指厂商之间为了合谋而签订公开和正式协议 这样一种市场结构形态。 20、科布一道格拉斯生产函数(Cobb-Douglas production function) 科布一道格拉斯生产函数是指这样的生产函数 Q=AL"IK"2 Mi3。式中,Q为产量;L为劳动的数量;K为资本的数 量;M为原材料的数量;A,31,12,23均为常数。 21、勾结(Collision) 勾结是指一个厂商和同业内其他的厂商签订有关价格、 产量和其他事宜的协议。 22、比较优势(Comparative advantage) 如果与生产其他商品的成本相比,一个国家生产的某种 产品的成本比另一个国家低,那么,该国就在这种商品 的生产上与另一个国家相比具有比较优势。 23、互补品(Complements) 如果X和Y是互补品,X的需求量就与Y的价格成反向 变化。 24、成本不变行业(Constant-cost industry) 成本不变的行业是指具有水平的长期供给曲线的行业, 它的扩大并不会引起投入品价格的上升或下降。 25、规模收益不变(Constant returns to scale) 如果所有投入品的数量都以相同的百分数增加,并导致 产量也以相同的百分数增加,就是规模收益不变的。 26、消费者剩余(Consumer surplus) 消费者剩余是指消费者愿意为某种商品或服务所支付 的最大数量与他实际支付的数量之差。 27、可竞争市场(Contestable market) 可竞争市场是指那种进入完全自由以及退出没有成本 的市场。可竞争市场的本质在于它们很容易受到打了就 1

经济学人科技类文章中英双语

The Brain Activity Map 绘制大脑活动地图 Hard cell 棘手的细胞 An ambitious project to map the brain is in the works. Possibly too ambitious 一个绘制大脑活动地图的宏伟计划正在准备当中,或许有些太宏伟了 NEWS of what protagonists hope will be America’s next big science project continues to dribble out. 有关其发起人心中下一个科学大工程的新闻报道层出不穷。 A leak to the New York Times, published on February 17th, let the cat out of the bag, with a report that Barack Obama’s administration is thinking of sponsoring what will be known as the Brain Activity Map. 2月17日,《纽约时报》刊登的一位线人报告终于泄露了秘密,报告称奥巴马政府正在考虑赞助将被称为“大脑活动地图”的计划。 And on March 7th several of those protagonists published a manifesto for the project in Science. 3月7日,部分发起人在《科学》杂志上发表声明证实了这一计划。 The purpose of BAM is to change the scale at which the brain is understood. “大脑活动地图”计划的目标是改变人们在认知大脑时采用的度量方法。 At the moment, neuroscience operates at two disconnected levels. 眼下,神经学的研究处在两个断开的层次。 The higher one, where the dimensions of features are measured in centimetres, has many techniques at its disposal, notably functional magnetic-res onance imaging, which measures changes in tissues’ fuel consumption. 在相对宏观的层次当中各个特征的规模用厘米来衡量,有很多技术可以使用,尤其是用来测量组织中能量消耗变动情况的核磁共振成像技术。 This lets researchers see which bits of the brain are active in particular tasks—as long as those tasks can be performed by a person lying down inside a scanner. 该技术可使研究人员找出在完成具体的任务时,大脑的哪些部分处于活跃状态。At the other end of the scale, where features are measured in microns, lots of research has been done on how individual nerve cells work, how messages are sent from one to another, and how the connections between cells strengthen and weaken as memories are formed. 而另一个度量的层次则要求用微米来测量各种特征,这一层次的研究很多都是关于单个神经细胞是如何工作的、信息在神经细胞之间是如何传递的以及当产生记忆的时候神经细胞之间的联系是如何得到加强和减弱的。 Between these two, though, all is darkness. 然而,位于这两个层次之间的研究还处于一片漆黑当中。 It is like trying to navigate America with an atlas that shows the states, the big cities and the main highways, and has a few street maps of local neighbourhoods, but displays nothing in between.

GMAT备考:《经济学人》The Economist常用词汇总结(8)完整篇.doc

GMAT备考:《经济学人》The Economist 常用词汇总结(8) 141、富有价格弹性(Price elastic) 如果需求的价格弹性大于1,那么商品的需求就是富有价格弹性。 142、需求的价格弹性(Price elasticity of demand) 需求的价格弹性是指价格变化1%导致的需求量变化的百分比(习惯上通常以正数表示)。 143、供给的价格弹性(Price elasticity of supply) 供给的价格弹性是指价格变化1%导致的供给量变化的百分比。 144、最低限价(Price floor) 最低限价是指政府对某种商品所规定的。例如,联邦农业计划规定了小麦和玉米的。 145、缺乏价格弹性(Price inelastic) 如果需求的价格弹性小于1,那么商品的需求就是缺乏价格弹性。 146、价格( Price leader) 价格是指在寡头垄断的行业中制定价格并且其他厂商愿意

跟随的厂商。 147、价格系统(Price system) 在价格系统下,商品和服务都有一个价格,在纯粹的资本主义经济中价格执行一个经济系统的基本职能(决定生产什么、怎样生产、每个人应该得到多少以及一个国家的增长率应该是多少)。 148、委托--代理问题(Principal-agent problem) 由于经理或工人可能会追求自己的目标,即便这样做会减少企业所有者的利润,从而导致了委托--代理问题。经理或工人是为所有者工作的代理人,所有者是委托人。 149、囚犯困境(Prisoner`s dilemma) 囚犯困境是指这样一种情形,此时两个人(或厂商)合作要比不合作好,但是每个人都觉得不合作符合他的利益,因此每个人的状况都要坏于如果他们合作时的境况。 150、私人成本(Private cost) 私人成本是指单个使用者为了能够使用某一资源而带来的费用。

比特币原文+译文(来自经济学人)

18Bitcoin’s future比特币的未来 Hidden flipside另一面;反面隐藏的另一面 How the crypto-currency could become the internet of money 加密货币是怎样变成互联网货币的 Mar 15th 2014 | From the print edition Bitcoin: the original 比特币的由来 1.THE father has been found in time for 及时赶上his child’s funeral. That would appear to be 似乎是,仿佛,显示为the sorry 遗憾的state of affairs 事态,状态,情况好坏in the land of Bitcoin, a crypto-currency, if recent press coverage 新闻报道is to be believed. On March 6th Newsweek新闻周刊(美国一杂志)reported that it had足迹,踪迹tracked down 追踪Satoshi Nakamoto,中本聪Bitcoin’s elusive [?'l(j)u?s?v]难以捉摸的creator. And on March 11th Mt Gox, the Japanese online exchange 交易所,交换,交流,兑换that had long dominated控制;支配;占优势;在…中占主要地位the trade in the currency before losing $490m of customers’Bitcoins at today’s prices, once more再一次,重新filed 提出for 再一次申请bankruptcy protection, this time in America. “父亲奔赴孩子的葬礼。”如果最近的新闻报道属实的话,那似乎会是比特币领域很遗憾的情况。3月6日,据《新闻周刊》报道,业已追踪到比特币发明人中本聪的踪迹,此人难以捉摸。日本的在线交易所Mt Gox长期以来一直是比特币行业的佼佼者,而如今,这一平台4.9亿客户的比特币被盗,于是,3月11日Mt Gox又在向美国申请破产保护。 2.In reality, things are rather different. Evidence证据,证明;迹象;明显is mounting 增加;爬上that Dorian Satoshi Nakamoto, whom Newsweek identified as Bitcoin’s father, is not the relevant Satoshi. More importantly, Bitcoin’s best days 得意时代;全盛时代may still be ahead of优于,超过it—if not as a fully fledged成熟的;快会飞的;羽毛丰满的currency, then as a platform for financial innovation金融创新. Much as虽然,尽管(表让步);非常像,和…几乎一样the internet is a foundation for digital services数字化服务, the technology behind Bitcoin could support a revolution革命in the way people own and pay for things. Geeks极客,专业人士of all sorts各种各样的are getting excited—including a growing number of 越来越多的venture capitalists,风险投资家,风险资本家who know a new platform when they see one. 事实上,一切都是迥然不同的。不断增加的证据表明《新闻周刊》的报道是错的,多利安-蒲伦蒂斯-中本聪(Dorian Prentice Satoshi Nakamoto)和比特币之父中本聪并不是同一个人。更重要的是,如果比特币没有作为一种完全成熟的货币,而是作为金融创新的平台,那么达到比特币的全盛时代依然任重而道远。如同互联网是数字化服务的基石一样,比特币背后的科技可以引领一场革命,而这场革命可以改变买方和卖方的交易方式。各路极客们都异常兴奋,其中不乏渐多大批风险资本家,一旦一个新平台出现,这些人就会对其了如指掌。 3.To understand the enthusiasm in this modern currency, it helps to think about a very old one. Until the early 20th century the people on Yap,[j?p]雅浦岛an island in the Pacific Ocean,太平洋used large stone disks 圆盘,磁盘(pictured) as money货币,钱,钱币for big expenses, 开支;消费;损失,代价such as a daughter’s dowry.嫁妆,陪嫁,天资Being very heavy, they were rarely 很少地;难得;罕有地moved when spent. Instead, they simply changed owners. Every

经济学人

China in Laos Busted flush How a Sino-Lao special economic zone hit the skids May 26th 2011 | BOTEN, LAOS | from the print edition ?Tweet ? Soon all this will be jungle again AT HOME and abroad, China is a byword for fast-track development, where yesterday’s paddy field is tomorrow’s factory, highway or hotel. Less noticed is that such development can just as quickly go into reverse. Golden City, in Boten, just over the border from China in tiny Laos, is a case in point. When a Hong Kong-registered company signed a 30-year, renewable lease with the Lao government in 2003 to set up a 1,640-hectare special economic zone built with mainland money and expertise, Golden City was touted as a

如何看出老板在撒谎 经济学人杂志 双语阅读 Economist How to tell when your boss is lying

Economist 英汉双语阅读“经济学人”杂志 2010年8月19日 正文: Corporate psychology How to tell when your boss is lying It's not just that his lips are moving Aug 19th 2010 “ASSHOLE!” That was what Jeff Skilling, the boss of Enron, called an investor who challenged his rosy account of his firm’s financial health. Other bosses usually give less obvious clues that they are lying. Happily, a new study reveals what those clues are. David Larcker and Anastasia Zakolyukina of Stanford’s Graduate School of Business analysed the transcripts of nearly 30,000 conference calls by American chief executives and chief financial officers between 2003 and 2007. They noted each boss’s choice o f words, and how he delivered them. They drew on psychological studies that show how people speak differently when they are fibbing, testing whether these “tells” were more common during calls to discuss profits that were later “materially restated”, as th e euphemism goes. They published their findings in a paper called “Detecting Deceptive Discussions in Conference Calls”. Deceptive bosses, it transpires, tend to make more references to general knowledge (“as you know…”), and refer less to shareholder valu e (perhaps to minimise the risk of a lawsuit, the authors hypothesise). They also use fewer “non-extreme positive emotion words”. That is, instead of describing something as “good”, they call it “fantastic”. The aim is to “sound more persuasive” while talk ing horsefeathers.

0113期经济学人第一篇The digital proletariat

Free exchange 自由交易 The digital proletariat 数字无产阶级(无产阶级,不占有生产资料的阶级,这里意思我们产生数据,却无偿的交由互联网公司使用) 导读: Economists propose a radical solution to the problems posed byartificial intelligence 经济学家提出了一个彻底解决人工智能相关问题的方法。 正文: YOUhave multiple jobs, whetheryouknowitornot. 不管你有没有意识到,你身上都有多种生意。 Most begin first thing in the morning, when you pick up your phoneand begin generatingthe data thatmake up Silicon Valley’smost importantresource. 大多数生意在早晨开始,你拿起手机时就开始产生了数据。这些数据组成了硅谷最重要的资源 That, atleast, ishowwe oughtto think aboutthe role ofdata-creation in the economy, according to a fascinating new economics paper. 至少,这就是我们应该思考的:数据创造在经济里扮演怎样的角色,这是根据一篇很有吸引力的新经济文章提到的。

We are all digital labourers, helpingmake possible the fortunes generated by firms like Google andFacebook, the authors argue. 其中作者认为,我们就是所有数字的劳工,帮助像谷歌和脸书这样的公司创造财富。(fortunes命运,幸运,富有)Ifthe economy is to function properlyin the future—and ifa crisisoftechnological unemployment isto be avoided—we musttake accountofthis, and change the relationship between biginternetcompaniesand theirusers. 在未来经济运转良好的情况下,如果想要避免工业发展带来的失业危机,我们必须着眼于这件事情,并且改变大型互联网公司和他们用户之间的关系。 Artificial intelligence (AI) is getting better all the time, and stands poised totransform a host of industries, say the authors 作者说,人工智能势头一直越来越好,势必(准备)改变一大批工业。 But, in orderto learn to drive a carorrecognize a face, the algorithmsthatmake clever machines tick(滴答,拟声词,表示机器运作)mustusuallybe trained on massive amountsofdata. 但是,为了做到自动驾驶和人脸识别(主语是AI),使智能机器运作的法则必须经常用非常大量的数据进行测试。Internetfirms gather these data from users every time they click on aGoogle search result, say, orissue a command to Alexa.

经济学人

You can find bubbliness in bits of American finance, including the corporate-bond market, and some nasty nasty ['nɑ?st?] off-balance-sheet liabilities like student loans and public-sector pensions, but America does not look like a source of imminent imminent ['?m?n?nt] trouble. Britain and Japan have changed less. Abenomics has improved Japan's prospects, but government debt is still close to 250% of GDP. In Britain the combination of budget cuts and weak private investment has produced a recovery that is built on the same ingredients—particularly rising house prices—that caused the last bust. Britain is not about to fell the world economy, but growth that was based more on investment, both public and private, would be an awful lot safer. What about emerging economies, many of which have seen a big run-up in debt? China is often dubbed a Lehman-in-the-making. Since 2008 credit growth in the Middle Kingdom, now the world's second-largest economy, has exploded, and by some estimates is over 200% of GDP. China's financial system has few international connections. But, as in America in 2008, there is uncertainty about the true size of its debts and how much of them will be repaid. The danger China poses depends on the third ingredient of the Lehman conflagration [,k?nfl?'gre??(?)n] how the government behaves when trouble strikes. The country is a big net saver, the banking system is still largely deposit-funded and the government has the fiscal capacity to underwrite troubled loans. Provided it does so, the odds of a sudden collapse with global ramifications are low. From Brazil to Thailand, many of the other emerging economies that are now wobbling have also seen credit booms. The difference with China is their vulnerability to global financial flows. Today's drought in foreign capital is pushing down currencies like India's rupee and making current-account deficits harder to finance. In the 1990s that dynamic caused crises. But this time round most countries' defences are more powerful.

相关文档
最新文档