哈工程-机械设计基础读书报告-3D打印技术

3D打印技术读书报告

姓名：**

班级：201103**

学号：20110******

专业：轮机工程

课程名称：机械制造基础

摘要

3D打印技术，是以计算机三维设计模型为蓝本，通过软件分层离散和数控成型系统，利用激光束、热熔喷嘴等方式将金属粉末、陶瓷粉末、塑料、细胞组织等特殊材料进行逐层堆积黏结，最终叠加成型，制造出实体产品。与传统制造业通过模具、车铣等机械加工方式对原材料进行定型、切削以最终生产成品不同，3D打印将三维实体变为若干个二维平面，通过对材料处理并逐层叠加进行生产，大大降低了制造的复杂度。这种数字化制造模式不需要复杂的工艺、不需要庞大的机床、不需要众多的人力，直接从计算机图形数据中便可生成任何形状的零件，使生产制造得以向更广的生产人群范围延伸。

引言

3D打印是添加剂制造技术的一种形式，在添加剂制造技术中三维对象通过连续的物理层创建出来的。3D打印机相对于其他的添加剂制造技术而言，具有速度快，价格便宜，高易用性等优点。3D打印机就是可以“打印”出真实3D物体的一种设备，功能上与激光成型技术一样，采用分层加工、迭加成形，即通过逐层增加材料来生成3D实体，与传统的去除材料加工技术完全不同。称之为“打印机”是参照了其技术原理，因为分层加工的过程与喷墨打印十分相似。

1背景

最近几年，中国航空工业捷报频传，先进战斗机，舰载机，运输机接踵而出，其中最为

引人关注的是，在2013年全球3D打印热潮中，以北航和西工大两个科研主体带动，沈飞、成飞、西飞等数家航空制造企业为主体，成为全球第二个能够在实际应用中利用3D打印技

术制造飞机零件的国家。

3D打印技术相对传统制造技术来讲的确是一次重大的技术革命，用“颠覆”传统制造技术来形容也不过分，能够解决传统制造所不能解决的技术难题，能够为传统制造业的创新发展注入新鲜动力。但是，传统制造业经过了数千年的积累和发展，已经在生产工艺、生产技术、材料等方面非常成熟，并形成了配套完善、功能齐全、社会各界广泛认可的产业基础。

从3D打印的技术原理来看，我们设计师设计的任何复杂的，高难度的，传统制造方式不能生产的产品，利用3D打印技术都可以轻松地打印出来。但是，传统制造业所擅长的批量化规模化生产、精益化生产，恰恰是3D打印技术的短腿。比较来看，3D打印技术擅长的解决个性化、复杂化、高难度的生产技术，而传统制造业则擅长的是批量化和规模化。彼此之间优劣态势正好形成互补关系，而不是谁替代谁的问题。因此，3D打印技术本身不是要取代传统制造业，也不能取代传统制造业。

2技术的来源及发展

2.1起源

3D打印技术的核心制造思想最早起源于19世纪末的美国，到20世纪80年代后期3D打印技术发展成熟并被广泛应用。[1]3D打印是科技融合体模型中最新的高“维度”的体现之一。

据报道，美国科学家发明了一种可打印出三维效果的打印机，并已将其成功推向市场。普通打印机能打印一些报告等平面纸张资料。而这种最新发明的打印机，它不仅使立体物品的造价降低，且激发了人们的想象力。未来3D打印机的应用将会更加广泛。

在此之前，三维打印机数量很少，大多集中在“科学怪人”和电子产品爱好者手中。他们主要用来打印像珠宝、玩具、工具、厨房用品之类的东西。甚至有汽车专家打印出了汽车零部件，然后根据塑料模型去订制真正市面上买不到的零部件。

2.2发展过程

3D打印源自100多年前美国研究的照相雕塑和地貌成形技术，上世纪80年代已有雏形，其学名为“快速成型”。它的最早的3d打印机

原理是：把数据和原料放进3D打印机中，机器会按照程序把产品一层层造出来。打印出的产品，可以即时使用。

在20世纪80年代中期，SLS被在美国德州大学奥斯汀分校的卡尔Deckard博士开发出来并获得专利，项目由DARPA赞助的。1979年，类似过程由RF Housholder得到专利，但没有被商业化。

1995年，麻省理工创造了“三维打印”一词，当时的毕业生Jim Bredt 和Tim Anderson修改了喷墨打印机方案，变为把约束溶剂挤压到粉末床的解决方案，而不是把墨水挤压在纸张上的方案。

说到3D打印，就不得不提3D打印机：

3D打印机又称三维打印机，是一种累积制造技术，通过打印一层层的粘合材料来制造三维的物体。现阶段三维打印机被用来制造样品。2003年以来三维打印机的销售逐渐扩大，价格也开始下降。

该技术可用于珠宝，鞋类，工业设计，建筑，工程和施工（AEC），汽车，航空航天，牙科和医疗产业，教育，地理信息系统，土木工程，和许多其他领域。

3D打印技术发展史：

1984年3D打印机诞生

Charles Hull,3D System联合创始人，发明了“快速成型”技术——一个立体物品可以被3D数字建模。

1992年快速成型零部件

世界上第一个快速成型机器由3D System公司制造。这个部件看起来像一个由固体蜂蜜一层层叠加起来的东西，虽然不完美，但却证明了：高度复杂的零件，可以在一夜之内被3D打印出来。

1999年再生器官

世界上第一个实验室培养的器官植入人体，一个年轻人接受了用3D合成的膀胱。这项技术开启了再生器官——的探索之路。这些器官用患者自己的细胞制成，基本没有排斥反应的风险。

2002年第一个正常运转的3D肾

Wake Forest研究所的科学家在一个动物体内模拟制造了一个3D打印的肾脏：能够过滤血液、稀释尿液。

2005年3D打印开源实验室

Bath大学的Adrain Bowyer博士创办了RepRap实验室，一个制造3D打印机的开源实验室。RepRap的愿景是，让制造变得民主化，让制造欲的人们可以用低廉的价格自己造东西。

2006年实现多种材料3D打印

3D打印机制造商和材料供应商Objet，创造了一台能打印多种材料的3D打印机，允许单一物体内同时使用不同密度的材料共同打印。

2008年第一台可“打印自己”的3D打印机

RepRap实验室推出了"达尔文"，第一台可以打印自己几乎每一个部件的3D 打印机，允许使用者打印出更多物品分享给朋友。

2009年从细胞到血管

生物打印创新者Organovo，用Gabor Forgacs博士的器官打印技术和一台3D生物打印机，打印出第一条血管。

2011年第一架3D打印的飞机

Southampton大学的工程师设计和制造了世界上第一架3D打印飞机。这台无人驾驶机花费了5000英镑、7天时间制造。3D打印让机翼呈现流畅的椭圆形，有助于提高空气动力效率，最大程度地减少了阻力。

2012年首家3D打印店

MakerBot在纽约曼哈顿开出了第一家3D打印店。在店里，你可以了解3D 打印的工作原理，带走打印好的产品。

3技术原理

它其实是以一种数字模型文件为基础，运用粉末状金属或塑料等可粘合材料，通过逐层打印的方式来构造物体的技术。由于在3D打印机原理中把复杂的三维制造转化为一系列二维制造的叠加，因而可以在不用模具和工具的条件下生成几乎任意复杂的零部件，极大地提高了生产效率和制造柔性。首先得通过计算机辅助设计（CAD）或计算机动画建模软件建模，再将建成的三维模型“切片”成逐层的截面数据，并把这些信息传送到3D打印机上，3D打印机会把这些切片堆叠起来，直到一个固态物体成型。

至于怎么堆叠这些“切片”，方式有很多种，小型3D打印机最为常用的就是用液态材料沉积成型，这个有点类似喷墨打印机，只不过喷头喷出的不是墨水而是热塑性塑料或共晶系统金属等可迅速固化的材料，工作方式如下图所示：

4．技术难点

很多人认为3D打印机的最大难点在于设备的研发，其实不然，从专业的角度来讲打印所需材料以及扫描仪的设计要远远大于3D打印机本身，因为不管是对人体还是对物体的扫描，扫描数据的准确性直接决定打印产品的质量。“这种3D打印机一定要通过扫描仪来打印物品吗？”有观众提问。工作人员表示，这是不需要的。扫描仪的研发是为了让普通人利用3D打印机打印东西时更加方便。对于掌握专业技术的人来说，可以通过AutoCAD、ProE 等软件进行建模，然后转换成STL的文件格式，储存在SD卡中。将SD卡直接插到3D打印机上就可以实现打印了。

5．当前应用

3D打印已涵盖汽车、航天航空、日常消费品、医疗、教育、建筑设计、玩具等领域，但由于打印材料的局限性，产品多停留在模型制作层面。也就是说，目前3D打印技术的优势主要是缩短设计阶段的时间，使得设计者的模型实现起来比较便利。譬如，在传统的制造业流程中，不管什么行业，设计师的图纸，需要在拆分为各个元素后，去开模，然后再组装，其弊病就是花费的周期比较长。而当设计师对模型做出调整后，相同的步骤又得重复一遍，循环往复。而有了3D打印，设计师的图纸可以快速变成实体的东西，然后开模，进行规模化大生产。3D打印技术的意义，更在于设计环节的时间成本的节约。

3D打印照相馆。只需要10分钟的3D扫描,等待几小时,就可以得到实体人像。运用3D 打印照相技术,打印人偶纪念品。

3D打印枪。前不久，一则全球首支3D打印手枪的CAD制作文件在网络上被下载了超过10万次的消息引起了人们的恐慌。据报道，手机的打印设备，是Stratasys公司的Dimension SST 型3D打印机。人们之所以恐慌，是因为按照这个道理，只需一台3D打印机就可以把枪制造出来，安全如何保障？

3D打印枪像是一个更致命的武器玩具，一个玩具一旦超出了它本身的娱乐特性，涉及到安全问题后，本身的立场也就改变了。去年，美国的科迪威尔逊，他在大学的时候就计划研究3D打印枪，在几个月后，威尔逊和他的该团队实现了这一计划，成功的研制出了取名为“解放者”的3D打印枪，并且在随后拍摄的视频来演示射击金属钉的实验。这把枪的制造成本是由一台价值8000美元的3D打印机完成的，在之后，设计者试图制作更大口径的子弹来体现这帮枪的威慑力。

“中国龙”从3D打印机中脱“影”而出。自从人类进入工业化时代，大机器的生产方式始终遵循的是模具产品的模式。然而，昨日记者在软交会现场看到，不借助任何模具，一条精雕细刻的“中国龙”竟从3D打印机中脱“影”而出。

6.总结

虽然3D打印技术现在还离个人用户挺远的，不个它未来的前景可是非常广阔的，随着科学技术的发展，3D打印机早晚会和普通打印机一样进入千家万户，届时你想到了什么好东西就可以直接用3D打印机造出来了。

参考文献

[1]3D打印技术读书报告

[2]3D打印技工作原理

[3]3D打印技术

[4]百度百科

[5]百度文库

[6]Z Corporation3D Printing Technology

Z Corporation3D Printing Technology

Fast,Affordable and Uniquely Versatile

Introduction

Originally developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT) in1993,Three-

Dimensional Printing technology(3DP.)forms the basis of Z Corporation’s prototyping process.

3DP technology creates3D physical prototypes by solidifying layers of deposited powder using a

liquid binder.By definition3DP is an extremely versatile and rapid process accommodating

geometry of varying complexity in hundreds of different applications,and supporting many types

of materials.Z Corp.pioneered the commercial use of3DP technology, developing3D printers

that leading manufacturers use to produce early concept models and product prototypes.

Utilizing3DP technology,Z Corp.has developed3D printers that operate at unprecedented

speeds,extremely low costs,and within a broad range of applications. This paper describes the

core technology and its related applications.

How does Z Corp.’s technology work?

Source Data

Z Corp.’s3D printing technology leverages3D source data,which often takes the form of

computer-aided design(CAD)models.Mechanical CAD software packages,the first applications

to create3D data,have quickly become the standard for nearly all product development

processes.Other industries such as architectural design have also embraced3D technologies

because of the overwhelming advantages they provide,including improved visualization,greater

automation,and more cost-effective reuse of3D data for a variety of critically important

applications.Due to the widespread adoption of3D-based design technologies,most industries

today already create3D design data and are capable of producing physical models with3D

printers from Z Corp.The software that drives Z Corp.’s3D printers accepts all major3D file

formats,including.stl,.wrl,.ply,and.sfx files,which leading3D software packages can export.In

addition to mainstream applications in mechanical and architectural design,3D printing has

expanded into new markets including medical,molecular,and geospatial modeling.Additional

sources of data include CT/MRI diagnostic data,protein molecule modeling database data,and

digitized3D-scan data.As designing and modeling with3D technologies has become more

pervasive,developers have created a large number of software packages tailored for use in

specific industries.A small sampling of3D software packages that are directly compatible with

Z Corp.’s3D printers appear in the table below.

SolidWorks.Maya.RapidForm.3D Studio Viz.

Pro/ENGINEER.SketchUp.Alias.Form Z.

CATIA.RasMol Raindrop GeoMagic.VectorWorks

3D Studio Max.Rhino.Inventor.Mimics

After exporting a solid file from a3D modeling package,users can open the file in ZPrint.,the

desktop interface for Z Corp.’s3D printers.The primary function of ZPrint is to cut the solid

object into digital cross sections,or layers,creating a2D image for each0.1016mm(0.004”)slice

along the z axis.In addition to sectioning the model,users can utilize ZPrint to address other

production options,such as viewing,orienting,scaling,coloring,and labeling multiple parts.

When a user decides to print the job,ZPrint software sends2D images of the cross sections to

the3D Printer via a standard network,just as other software sends images or documents to a

standard2D printer.Setup takes approximately10minutes.

Z Corporation3D Printing Technology

3D Printing

Z Corp.3D printers use standard inkjet printing

technology to create parts layer-by-layer by depositing a

liquid binder onto thin layers of powder.Instead of

feeding paper under the print heads like a2D printer,a

3D printer moves the print heads over a bed of powder

upon which it prints the cross-sectional data sent from

the ZPrint software.The Z Corp.system requires

powder to be distributed accurately and evenly across

the build platform.3D Printers accomplish this task by

using a feed piston and platform,which rises

incrementally for each layer.A roller mechanism

spreads powder fed from the feed piston onto the build platform;intentionally spreading approximately30

percent of extra powder per layer to ensure a full layer of densely packed powder on the build platform.The excess

powder falls down an overflow chute,into a container for reuse in the next build.

Once the layer of powder is spread,the inkjet print heads

print the cross-sectional area for the first,or bottom slice of the part onto the smooth layer of powder,binding the

powder together.A piston then lowers the build platform

0.1016mm(0.004”),and a new layer of powder is spread

on top.The print heads apply the data for the next cross section onto the new layer,which binds itself to the

previous layer.ZPrint repeats this process for all of the layers of the part.The3D printing process creates an

exact physical model of the geometry represented by3D

data.Process time depends on the height of the part or

parts being built.Typically,Z Corp.’s3D printers build at a vertical rate of25mm–50mm(1”–2”)per hour.

When the3D printing process completes,loose powder

surrounds and supports the part in the build chamber.

Users can remove the part from the build chamber after

the materials have had time to set,and return unprinted,

loose powder back to the feed platform for https://www.360docs.net/doc/8515026975.html,ers

then use forced air to blow the excess powder off the

printed part,a short process which takes less than10 minutes.Z Corp.technology does not require the use of

solid or attached supports during the printing process,and

all unused material is reusable.

Spread a layer of powder

Print cross section

Print a layer of powder

Z Corp.’s3D printing is fast

Z Corp.3D printing is the fastest additive technology commercially available on the market.

Other companies often refer to their equipment as3D printers,however these systems rely on

processes using a vector approach or single-jet technology to deposit all build material.Z Corp.

uses inkjet print heads with a resolution of600dpi(dots per inch), focuses on a drop-on-demand

approach,and manufactures the only true3D inkjet printers available. The technology allows

printing of multiple parts simultaneously,while only adding a negligible amount of time to the print

time for one part.Many people mistakenly believe that“raster is faster but vector is corrector,”

Z Corporation3D Printing Technology

but that is not always the case.In printing,especially3D printing,the accuracy of the models

depends on the ability to jet when and where required.This is a function of jet size and motion

control.Z Corp.’s precise inkjet implementation results in

high-definition,quality parts.

Also contributing to the overall speed of the3D printing process is the method used to distribute

material.Z https://www.360docs.net/doc/8515026975.html,es a spreading method for depositing more then90 percent of the material,

which is extremely efficient and fast.Z Corp.’s3D printers dispense only a small percentage of

the build material,the binder,through the print heads.Other additive prototyping technologies

deposit100percent of the build material through a nozzle,resulting in very slow print speeds and

lengthy prototyping turnaround times.

The fundamental inkjet approach is the

primary contributor to greater speed,

although there are several other reasons

why Z Corp.systems are the fastest.ZPrint

software processes data in parallel with the

printing of the part.While the3D printer

deposits the first layer,the software slices

and processes the fifth layer.Some additive

technologies process all tool paths before

the job begins.Although the processing

time may seem to be fast,it is often only a

fraction of the total time it takes to build the

part.It can actually take up to an hour to

prepare a job with multiple parts using some

additive technologies.

The ability to stack and nest parts within the

Z Corp.’s3D printers enable the stacking of

build chamber allows for more efficient use of

parts vertically because they do not require

overnight and weekend time

rigid support structures.Producing parts

with other types of additive technologies

requires structural supports along the vertical axis,limiting the ability to stack or nest parts.With

Z Corp.’s3D printers,users can utilize the entire build area and produce multiple parts with only

one set-up procedure,further reducing the total number of builds and processing time.

Z Corp.’s3D printers produce color models

Z Corp.applies the proven2D color inkjet methodology

to3D printing and produces the only3D printers with24bit,

full-color capabilities.When printing2D images from

digital files,computers convert the RGB values(Red,

Green,and Blue colors displayed on the monitor)to

CMYK colors(Cyan,Magenta,Yellow,and Black).

Typically,a2D color desktop printer will have a print

head with three of the color channels,CMY,and another

for black,https://www.360docs.net/doc/8515026975.html,ing these four inks,the printer combines

several dots in each printed pixel though the use of

ordered dither patterns to create the appearance of

thousands of colors.The same principle applies to3D

printing.Z Corp.’s3D printers use four colored binders:

cyan,magenta,yellow and clear,to print colors onto the

shell of the part.ZPrint software communicates color

information to the printer within the slice data.Full-color

3D printing produces prototypes with the same coloring as

the actual https://www.360docs.net/doc/8515026975.html,ers also use color to represent

Reebok.shoe and color

prototype

Z Corporation3D Printing Technology

analysis results directly on the model or to annotate and label design changes to further enhance

the communication value of the model.

These examples of color models show meaningful and creative applications for color3D Printing

including product labeling,topographical analysis,and production planning.

While color can be an essential communications tool,many3D software packages do not provide

a simple way to produce3D files that include color data.To address this challenge,Z Corp.

developed ZEdit.software,a Microsoft.Windows.based program that facilitates the addition of

color data to3D part files.ZEdit is a tool for part coloring,markup, labeling,and texture mapping.

Users also utilize it to map.jpeg files onto3D part geometries.ZEdit software works with files

from any of the leading3D software packages.

Z Corp.’s3D printers produce high-resolution models

Z Corp.first introduced high-resolution3D Printing(HD3DP.)in2005. The HD3DP concept is

the result of a combination of print-head technology,materials advancement,firmware,and