2018届高考英语第二轮知识点复习学案(概要写作)
第一讲概要写作
(对应学生用书第94页)
一、记叙文的概要写作
对记叙文进行概括时，要抓住原文的人物、事件、结果三大要素。有些记叙文的结尾有一个点题句，表达深刻内涵或故事带给人们的启示，在写摘要时也需把故事寓意表达出来。
(一)记叙文摘要的写法——要素串联法
1．寻词摘句，确定要素
记叙文通常包含时间(when)、地点(where)、人物(who)、事件(what)、起因(why)、经过(how)等六大要素。在阅读时要圈定这些要素。
2．整合信息，串联要素
列出上述要素和关键词后，需要对其进行整合，把所圈定的要素按一定的逻辑顺序，在整合时要有所取舍，对于有助于揭示主题的主要信息，应该全部概括；而对于主题之外的内容要毫不吝啬地舍弃。
3．认真审题，注意表达
表达时要注意以下三点：
(1)确定人称：如果原文是第一人称，在转述时一般要改为第三人称。
(2)确定时态：记叙文以一般过去时为主。若记叙文中有作者从中得到的“启示”或“意义”等，一般用一般现在时表达。
(3)确定词数与句数：摘要要求是“以约30个单词概括”，从近两年高考阅卷的实际来看，满分作文概括的词数在26～38个单词之间。
受词数限制，概括部分一般用1～3句表达，以用2句最佳，句子过多，要么内容累赘，要么句式过于简单，均会影响表达效果。
(二)记叙文摘要的常用句式
1．The writer mainly tells us...
2．The author shares his experiences ...
3．From the passage，we know that ...
4．In the passage ...
(三)典题示例
阅读下面短文，然后以约30个词概括其内容要点。
After graduating from college，I decided to try for a job at a radio station，and then I would become a sports announcer.I went to Chicago and knocked on the door of every station，but got turned down every time.
Seeing I was disappointed，my mother said，“Everything happens for the best.If you keep on trying，one day something good will happen.You'll realize that it wouldn't have happened if not for that previous disappointment.”
In one studio，a kind lady told me that big stations couldn't risk hiring an inexperienced person.“Go to small towns to find a small station that will give you a chance，” she suggested.
So I tried WOC Radio in Davenport，Iowa.The program director，Peter MacArthur，told me they had already hired an announcer.So I was refused.As I left his office，I asked aloud，“How can a fellow get to be a sports announcer if he can't get a job in a radio station？”
Suddenly MacArthur asked，“What did you say about sports? Do you know anything about football？” Then he let me stand before a microphone and asked me to broadcast an imaginary game.
The program director was satisfied with me and I became a sports announcer the next day.Whenever I faced disappointment，my mother's words would come to my mind. [点拨]
1．这是一篇记叙文，概括前需找出：
(1)谁？(the writer/author)
(2)干了什么事？(failed lots of times in looking for a job)
(3)结果如何？(felt very disappointed)
(4)经验教训(his mother inspired him to keep on, and he succeeded at last) 2．然后用自己的话将上述要点表达出来，便是本文概要。
Summary：
While looking for a job，the author suffered one failure after another，which made him feel very disappointed.It was his mother's encouraging words that inspired him to go on trying until he succeeded.
二、议论文的概要写作
议论文体的阅读材料，在写概要前，应该紧抓住议论文的文体特点、文章结构和三要素，准确捕捉材料的内容要点。议论文的结构形式有“总分”、“总分总”、“分总”或“并列”等。文章的三要素是：论点、论证、论据。而三要素中最重要的应是论点，因此，准确把握文章的论点就显得非常重要了。文章的论点往往在文章的首段或尾段，偶尔也在文章的中间。在段落中往往又在首句或尾句，但学生还应特别注意段落中表转折或因果的连词，因为这些词往往会引出文章的论点。
(一)议论文摘要的写法——主题概括法
1．找出关键词和主题句
任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫作关键词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。一般地说，关键词通常是名词、动词或形容词。
议论文通常用来讲明道理、议论是非、提出观点和看法。作者先正面或反面提出论点，然后用事实论证论点，最后以重申论点或提出建议的方式得出结论。议论文的主题句通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句。
2．根据关键词和主题句进行概括
根据圈定的关键词和主题句进行改写，用相应的同义词进行替换或进行句型转换，千万不能原封不动地抄写原文。变换表达的三种常见方法：
(1)正话反说或反话正说法
You will not succeed.＝You will fail.
You can't be too careful when driving.＝You should be careful when driving.
I can't agree with you more.＝I quite agree with you.
(2)词性转换法
The photo is of importance to me.＝The photo is important to me.
(3)句式变化法
①语态变换：
Parents should give children more praise.
→Children should be given more praise.
②简单句变复合句：
Children should be encouraged more.This will help them learn faster.
→Children should be encouraged more，which will help them learn faster.
3．整合要点，限制词数
用相应的连词对各要点进行连接，使其连贯，整合中心要点，使用形容词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语合并、简化句子，使之符合概括短文内容要点的词数(30个单词左右)。(二)议论文读写任务写作模板
第一段：From what is mentioned above，we know...
第二段：Those who are in favour of it state/claim that...Opponents of this view argue that...
第三段：I hold the view that priorities should be focused on...
(三)典题示例
阅读下面短文，然后以约30个词概括其内容要点。
Students should think now about what extracurricular activities they would like to participate in may help them deepen their physical，creative，social，political，and career interests by bringing them into communication with other like-minded people they didn't previously know.
You can join groups as a way to get support from other students.A club or group can also be a great way to meet people who are different from you.Lots of youth programs bring people together with those who are different as a way to break down the barriers between people.
Participating in extracurricular activities helps you in other ways，too.It looks good on college and job applications and shows admissions officers and employers you're well rounded and responsible.Specific activities help with specific goals.
The most basic reason for joining a club or team is that it gives you something better to do than staring at the wall，wandering the hall，or sleeping all afternoon.People who are participating are less likely to pick up bad habits，like smoking or drinking.
[点拨]
1．这篇议论文主要论述了参加课外活动的好处，一个段落说到一个好处(may help you deepen your interests，break down the barriers，helps you in other ways，are
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概要写作不是对原文的简单复述，而是在透彻理解原文的基础上，对原文进行高度的概括。注意以下几点： a.准确。准确理解原文包括对原文中每个要点及与之相关的“一些重要论据，句子的理解等。概要写作必须绝对忠实于原文，既不能遗漏任何要点，也不能随意添加内容。概要写作的时态顺应与原文的时态，顺序一致。由于概要写作是转述别人的事情或观点，所以，不管原文使用何种人称概要写作一般都要用第三人称。 b.客观。在进行概要写作时，要依据原文作者的观点，客观地转述文中的要点，不要把自己个人的观点和看法掺杂进去，不要使用“I think”和“I believe”等主观性的词句。由于概要写作不允许照抄原文中的句子，因此，可采用句型转换、同义词转化、语态互换等手法将原文中的句子进行改头换面，达到“雁过不留痕”的效果。如可用单个词汇替换具有相同语法功能的单词和词组：用determine 代替“make up ones mind”;用therefore和to等表示逻辑意义的连接词代替较长的词组“as a result”和“in order to”等。 c.简洁。由于概要写作的词数有限，所以，可以采取削“枝”去“叶”的方法来减少词数。通常的方法是去掉原文中的一些实例、冗长的说明、描述性的修饰语以及省略或简化图表，删除直接引语的对话。如果必须保留某些重要的对话，可将其改为间接引语的形式，即把对话体变为叙述体；或采用主谓缩写( we are→we're；they will→they'll)，句式省略( when he crossed the road= when crossing the road)，合并句子，使用简单句、并列句，with的复合结构，适当使用复合句等方法来进行概要写作。 d.连贯。连接词是内容概要的桥梁，它在句与句或段与段之间起铺垫的作用，能够把内容概要有机地串联起来，确保行文流畅，衔接紧凑。因此，概要写作哪怕只有一个段落，也要根据原文的层次结构，在适当的地方添加连接词，如表示顺序关系的“firstly”¨secondly"“finally”；
高考英语 二轮专题复习经典导学案
高考英语二轮专题复习经典导学案资料(八十四 每日一句 All the patriotic students taking pride in the motherland will raise their hands the moment the national flag is rising. 所有以祖国为荣的爱国学生在国旗冉冉升起的时候都会敬礼。 基础词汇强化练习 1. Boys have a stronger t________ to fight than girls. 2. She may forget to come—she’s not very r________. 3. A postman’s job is to deliver letters and p________. 4. The decision to begin r________ and opening up, was made at the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in December 1978. 5. The plane’s d________ was on schedule so we went there on time. 6. Keep healthy by making exercise a part of your daily r________. 7. He always d________ half of his salary in the bank in the past. 8. Henry’s problems are more p________ than phys ical. 9. G________, with repeated experiences, children begin to form mental images of the object or person. 10. My mother t_____ a leaf from the calendar every day. tendency reliable parcels reform departure routine deposited psychological gradually tears 书面表达经典句式强化记忆 250. That reminds me, ... 那提醒了我……./那让我想起了……. That reminds me, I must get some cash. 这倒提醒了我,我得取一些现金. 251. There are signs that... 有……的迹象/征兆.有迹象表明/显示……. There are signs that you have made a significant improvement. 有迹象表明你有了显著的进步. 252. There is no doubt that... 毫无疑问,……. There is no doubt that health is better than wealth. 毫无疑问,健康胜于财富. 书面表达经典朗读素材 When The Show People Come To On important festival days there will be shows in the village. Everyone looks forward to the show people's coming. The show usually starts at three in the afternoon, runs until five-thirty, and stops for a dinner break. At seven-thirty the the villagers, old and young alike, bring their hand fans and chairs to sit in front of the stage. The oldest members of the village usually watch the program until midnight. Standing and sitting in front are a constant moving crowd of children who watch everything on and off the stage. The music is always loud. People like the noise, the action, the makeup, and beautiful costumes of the show. The atmosphere of a big party makes festival days special. 经典谚语积累 Don't claim to know what you don't know. 不要不懂装懂。 高频考点拾贝
上海高考英语新题型之概要写作(Summary)
上海高考英语新题型之概要写作 澄衷高级中学孙吉 从2017年起，上海英语高考试卷的题型将面临许多调整，其中之一便是增加了概要写作（Summary writing），也有许多人将之称为“小作文”。概要写作分值占据15分，考查的是考生阅读和写作的综合能力。 概要写作所给定的语篇一般在200-250字，内容丰富多样，包含故事、时政、科普等，体裁以记叙文、说明文为主，字数一般要求在50-60字，答案尽量符合“Key points of a summary”的要求。 一．正确认识概要写作 1. Definition of summary writing（概要写作的定义） By summary, we mean a brief restatement, in your own words, of the content of a passage, an article, a chapter or a book. 2. Key points of a summary（概要写作的要点） Conciseness（简要性）：Omit unnecessary details like examples, explanations and other unimportant information. Length: 1/4-1/3 of the original text. Completeness（完整性）：To include all the main and supporting points delivered in you own words in a condensed manner. Accuracy（准确性）：To give the same attention and stress to the points as the author does. Coherence（连贯性）：Rather than an outline listed as key words and
上海高考英语各类体裁概要写作技巧-word文档
上海高考英语概要写作技巧 Rubrics for summary writing (2019-9-14) 评分标准: 1. 本题总分为15分, 其中内容10分, 语言5分。（这部分还有待最终确认，可能是5+5） 2. 评分时应注意的主要方面: 内容要点、信息呈现的连贯性和准确性。 3. 词数超过60，酌情扣分。 各档次给分要求: 内容部分 A. 能准确、全面地概括文章主旨大意，并涵盖主要信息。 B. 能准确概括文章主旨大意，但遗漏个别主要信息。 C. 能概括文章主旨大意，但遗漏部分主要信息。 D. 未能准确概括文章主旨大意，遗漏较多主要信息或留有过多细节信息。 E. 几乎不能概括文章的主旨大意，未涉及文中有意义的相关信息。 F. 完全未作答或作答与本题无关。 语言部分 A. 能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表述。 B. 能用自己的语言较连贯、正确地表述，但有个别语言错误。 C. 基本能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表述，但连贯性较差，且有少量不影响表意的语言错误。 D. 基本能用自己的语言表述，但连贯性较差，且严重语言错误较多。 E. 几乎不能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表述。 F. 完全未作答或作答与本题无关。 把握文体特点 记叙文：what who when where why how 议论文：opinion/ idea+ argument (supporting ideas / reasons) 说明文：phenomenon/ problem + reason + solution (cause and effect), introduction of an object (how it is made, how it is used, how it may change, what makes it new or significant) 新闻：a focus on the first paragraph, and the first or last sentence of the other paragraphs 样题解读 Dirt Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out. Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine.
2018年高考英语天津专版复习：专题一 语法知识 第一讲 含答案
第一讲动词与动词短语 考点1 熟词生义现象 1．Aquickreviewofsuccessesandfailuresattheendofyearwillhelp________y ouryearahead. (2017·江苏，30) A．shape B．switch C．stretch D．sharpen 答案 A 解析句意为：到了年底，快速回顾一下自己的成功和失败，这会有助于你为未来的一年做好规划。shape影响(某事物的发展)，符合语境。switch转换，转变；stretch变大，拉长；sharpen使变锋利，使增强。 2．Wecanachievealotwhenwelearntoletourdifferencesunite， ratherthan________us. (2016·浙江，8) A．divide B．reject C．control D．abandon 答案 A
解析句意为：当我们学会求同存异，而非对立分歧时，我们会收获颇多。divide分开，使产生分歧；reject拒绝；control控制；abandon放弃，抛弃。根据句意可知选A。 3．Shakespeare’swritingisstillpopulartoday.Ithasreally________thetestof time. (2014·安徽，34) A．failed B．stood C．taken D．conducted 答案 B 解析考查动词辨析。句意为：莎士比亚的作品现在依然流行，它真的已经经受住了时间的考验。由句意可知选B。 考点归纳 熟词生义现象在高考中屡屡出现，有时会给考生带来不小的困难。应对的措施是在日常的学习备考中对常见的词汇除了掌握其基本意义外，对其不太常用的义项也要作适当的了解；其次要对一些具有“熟词生义”的词汇作强化记忆处理，以便在应考时做到胸有成竹。如下列单词的“熟词生义”： ache渴望；address在……上写地址，演说；alone只有；appreciate意识到；blue忧伤的；count有价值；cover够……用；develop逐渐形成；draw推断出；date约会；escape被忘掉；fail使失望，衰竭；foreign不熟悉的；fresh 无经验的；ground理由；invite招致；late已故的；might力量；observe遵守，庆祝；push督促；promise预示；part分手，放弃；read写着；relate讲述；say假设；subject易遭受……的；walk遛等。
届高考英语一轮复习高效学案必修含答案解析
必修1 Unit 3 Travel journal 游记 晨读·记忆 A Hard Trip My sister was fond of traveling. Ever sincegraduating, she has been determined to organize a trip to an old temple. Since transport ing fare was expensive, she decided to use a bicycle to cycle there not caring about the disadvantage s. Her stubborn attitude was always her shortcoming. Once she made up her mind to do something, no one could persuade her to change her mind. Finally, we gave in as usual though we preferred to take a train. After we prepared everything, including the schedule, reliable weather forecast and the insurance, we began our trip. Our journey was along a river flow ing from a high altitude. Our pace was slow because the river frequently had many sharp bend s through deep valley s, where the water seemed to boil. Just as I recorded in my journal, it was really a hard journey. But we also enjoyed great view s. One night, I put my head on my pillow--a parcel of wool coats, and lay beneath the stars. When the flame in front of our cavewent out at midnight, I found the sky so beautiful! 一次辛苦的旅行 我的妹妹很喜欢旅行。自从毕业以来，她就下定决心要组织一次往一座古庙的旅行。因为交通费用昂贵，她决定骑自行车去，毫不担心其中的不利情况。顽固的态度一直都是她的缺点，一旦她下定决心要做的事，就没有人能说服她改变主意。最后，我们像往常一样让步，尽管我们更喜欢乘火车去。我们准备好了所有东西，包括时间表、可靠的天气预报，还有保险，就开始了旅程。 我们的旅程沿着一条从高海拔处流下来的河流前行。但我们的步伐很慢，因为当流经深深的峡谷时，这条河流急转弯很多，急湍的河水都似乎沸腾起来。正如我在旅行日志里记录的那样，这真是一次艰苦的旅行。但是我们也欣赏到了美丽的景色。一天晚上，我把头枕在一包羊毛衣服做的枕头上，躺在星空下，当岩洞前的火焰在午夜熄灭时，我发现夜空是如此的美丽! I.单词盘点 (n.) 日记；杂志；定期刊物 (n.) 运送；运输(vt.)运送；运输 (vt.) 更喜欢;选择某物（而不选择其他事物）→ _________(n.) 偏爱；爱好 (n.) 不利条件；不便之处 → _________(n.) 有利条件；益处；优越性(n.) 费用 (vt.&vi.)流动；流出(n.)流动；流量 (vt.) 说服；劝说 (vi.) 骑自行车(vi.) 毕业(n.) 大学毕业生 →__________(n.) 毕业；毕业典礼(adv.) 最后；终于 (n.) 时间表；进度表(vt.)为某事安排时间(adj.) 喜爱的；慈爱的；宠爱的 (n.) 缺点 (adj.) 顽固的；固执的 (vt.) 组织；成立 → __________(n.) 组织 → __________(adj.) 有组织的；有条理的