27037自考英语语言学概论考试大纲
27037 英语语言学概论大纲
第一章语言
1、领会：语言的功能；
2、掌握：语言的定义和性质。
第二章语言学
1、掌握：语言学的研究范围，语言学研究的科学程序，语言学的分支（语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学）的研究对象。
2、熟练掌握：语言与言语、语言能力与语言运用、共时与历时、言语与书面语、语言行为潜势与实际语言行为、横组合与纵聚合、言语交际与非言语交际、传统语法与现代语言学等区别性概念。
第三章语音学
1、领会：发音器官的名称和位置、协同发音与国际语音表。
2、掌握：语音学及其分支的定义。
3、熟练掌握：英语辅音和元音的描述与分类以及语音特征。
第四章音位学
（三）考核知识点和考核要求
1、领会：语音学和音位学的区别。
2、掌握：鉴别音位的原则、区别性特征、音位规则、超切分特征、严式音标和宽式音标等。
3、熟练掌握：音位学的重要概念（音位、音子、音位变体、最小对立体、分布类型等）。
第五章形态学
1、领会：形态学的研究范围。
2、掌握：语素的定义以及几组重要概念之间的关系或区别（包括词根、词缀、自由语素和粘着语素之间，前缀、后缀和中缀之间，屈折词缀和派生词缀之间，词根、词干和词基之间，语素、语子和语素变体之间，空语子和零语子之间）。
3、熟练掌握：直接成分分析方法以及构词法。
第六章句法学
1、领会：句法学的定义、成分关系与依存关系的区别、以及结构歧义现象。
2、熟练掌握：语法与词法和句法之间的联系、三种句法关系（横组合关系、纵聚合关系、等级关系）、分析句法关系的几种方法（直接成分分析、标记法直接成分分析、短语标记法、方括标记法）、表层结构与深层结构的区别、生成句子深层结构的短语结构规则、以及将深层结构转化为表层结构的转化规则。
第七章语义学
1、领会：语义学的定义、语义学的分支、有关意义的理论、语义学的一些重要概念（reference, denotation, referent, sense, extension, intension, concept）以及述位结构理论。
2、掌握：意义的类型、意义的要素、成分分析理论、语义场理论、词汇关系、决定句子意义的基本因素。
（第八章——第十二章内容不做考核要求）
第十三章现代语言学流派
（三）考核知识点和考核要求
1、领会：各个语言学流派的特点。
2、掌握：每个流派的代表人物。
有关说明和实施要求
（一）关于“课程内容与考核目标”中的有关说明
在大纲的考核要求中，提出了“领会”、“掌握”、“熟练掌握”等三个能力层次的要求，它们的含义是：
1、领会：要求应考者能够记忆规定的有关知识点的主要内容，并能够林归和理解规定的有关知识点的内涵与外延，熟悉其内容要点和它们之间的区别与联系，并能根据考核的不同要求，作出正确的解释、说明和阐述。
2、掌握：要求应考者掌握有关的知识点，正确理解和记忆相关内容的原理、方法步骤等。
3、重点掌握：要求应考者必须掌握的课程中的核心内容和重要知识点。
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英美文学选读翻译（英语专业自考） 第一部分：英国文学 第一章文艺复兴时期 文艺复兴标志着一个过渡时期,即中世纪的结束和现代社会的开始。一般来说,文艺复兴时期是从十四世纪到十七世纪中叶。它从意大利兴起,伴随着绘画、雕塑和文学领域的百花齐放,而后文艺复兴浪潮席卷了整个欧洲。文艺复兴,顾名思义即重生、复苏,是由一系列历史事件激发推动的,其中包括对古希腊罗马文化的重新发现。地理天文领域的新发现,宗教改革及经济发展。因此,文艺复兴从本质上是欧洲人文主义者竭力摒弃中世纪欧洲的封建主义,推行代表新兴城市资产阶级利益的新思想,并恢复早期宗教的纯洁性,远离腐败的罗马天主教廷的一场运动。 文艺复兴浪潮影响到英国的速度比较慢,不仅因为英国远离欧洲大陆,而且还因为其国内的动荡不安。乔叟去世后的一个半世纪是英国历史上最动荡不安的时期。好战的贵族篡取了王位,使英国走上自我毁灭之路。著名的玫瑰之战就是极好的例子。后来理查三世的恐怖统治标志着内战的结束,在都铎王朝的统治下英国的民族情感又成长起来。然而直到亨利八世统治期间(1509-1547),文艺复兴的春风才吹入英国。在亨利八世的鼓励下,牛津的改革派学者和人文主义者们将古典文学引入英国。基于古典文学作品及《圣经》的教育重获生机,而十五世纪就被广泛传阅的文学作品则更加流行了。自此,英国的文艺复兴开始了。英国,尤其是英国文学进入了黄金时代。这个时期涌现出莎士比亚、斯宾塞、约翰逊、锡德尼、马洛、培根及邓恩等一大批文学巨匠。但英国的文艺复兴并未使新文学与旧时代彻底决裂,带有十四、十五世纪特点的创作态度与情感依然贯穿在人文主义与改革时代。 人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。它源于努力恢复中世纪产生的对古希腊罗马文化的尊崇。人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以"人"为中心,人是万物之灵。通过这些对古代文化崭新的研究,人文主义者不仅看到了光彩夺目的艺术启明星,还在那古典作品中寻求到了人的价值。在中世纪的社会中,个人完全隶属于封建统治,没有独立和自由可言;在中世纪的神学理论中,人与周围世界的关系仅仅是人消极适应或消极遁世,不允许追求快乐,以备死后灵魂得以超脱。然而人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到了充足的论据,来赞美人性,并开始注意到人类是光荣的生命,人自己可以不断发展,至善至美,而且人们生存的世界是属于他们的,供他们怀疑、探索以及享受。由此,人文主义者通过强调人类的尊严、强调今生今世的重要性,喊出了他们的信仰,即人类不仅有权利在今生今世美好生活,而且还有能力完善自我,创造奇迹。人文主义遍布英国思想领域的。标志是荷兰学者伊拉斯谟先后到牛津大学与剑桥大学讲授古典文化研究。托马斯·漠尔、克利斯朵夫·马洛和威廉·莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
英语语言学概论期末复习【通用】.docx
第一章绪论 1.1什么是语言 1.2语言的性质 （1）语言具有系统性（systematic） （2）语言是一个符号系统 语言符号是一种象征符号。 （3）语言符号的任意性（arbitrariness）与理据性（motivation） （4）口头性 （5）语言是人类特有的 （6）语言是用于交际的 寒暄交谈（phatic communion）马林诺夫斯基提出的，认为语言除了用于表达思想、交流感情外，还可以用语言营造一种气氛或保持社会接触。这种不用于表达思想、交流感情的语言使用，叫寒暄交谈。 1.3语言的起源 1.4语言的分类 1.4.1系属分类（Genetic Classification） 历史比较语言学通过比较各种语言在不同时期语音、词性、曲折变化、语法结构上的相同特点来建立语言族系。 将语言分为语系（family）——语族（group）——语支（branch）——语言 英语、德语属印欧语系日耳曼语族西日耳曼语支。法语属印欧语系罗曼语族中罗曼语支。 汉语属汉藏语系汉语族。 1.4.2 类型分类（Typological Classifacation） 根据词的结构类型，可分为 （1）孤立语（isolating language）又叫词根语，一个词代表一个意思，缺少形态变化，语序和虚词是表达语法意义的主要手段。汉语是典型的孤立语。 （2）粘着语（agglutinative language）简单词组成复合词，而词性和意义不变。在词根前、中、后粘贴不同的词缀实现语法功能。日语、韩语、土耳其语是典型的黏着语。 （3）屈折语（inflectional language）词形变化表语法关系的语言。英语是不太典型的屈折语。 （4）多式综合语（polysynthesis language）把主、宾和其它语法项结合到动词词干上以构成一个单独的词，但表达一个句子的意思。因纽特语是典型的多式综合语。 根据句子的语序类型，可分为SVO、SOV、OSV、OVS等 1.5语言的功能 1.5.1 一般功能 1.5.2元功能（metafunction） 1.6什么是语言学（linguistics）