原文与翻译
蒹葭苍苍，白露为霜。所谓伊人，在水一方。溯洄从之，道阻且长。
芦苇初生青青，白色露水凝结为霜。所恋的那个心上人，在水的另一边。逆着弯曲的河道(沿着曲折的水道往上岸走)寻找她，路途艰难又漫长。
溯游从之，宛在水中央。蒹葭萋萋，白露未晞。所谓伊人，在水之湄。
逆流（沿着直流的水道往上岸走）寻找她，仿佛走到水中间。芦苇初生茂盛，白色露水还没干。所恋的那个心上人，在水的那岸。
溯洄从之，道阻且跻。溯游从之，宛在水中坻。蒹葭采采，白露未已。
逆着弯曲的河道寻找她，路途艰难又坡陡。逆流寻找她，仿佛走到水中的小沙洲。芦苇初生鲜艳，白色露水还没完。
所谓伊人，在水之涘。溯洄从之，道阻且右。溯游从之，宛在水中沚。
所恋的那个心上人，在水的那头。逆着弯曲的河道寻找她，道路艰难又曲折。逆流寻找她，仿佛走到水中的沙洲。
1外文文献翻译原文及译文汇总
华北电力大学科技学院 毕业设计（论文）附件 外文文献翻译 学号：121912020115姓名：彭钰钊 所在系别：动力工程系专业班级：测控技术与仪器12K1指导教师：李冰 原文标题：Infrared Remote Control System Abstract 2016 年 4 月 19 日
红外遥控系统 摘要 红外数据通信技术是目前在世界范围内被广泛使用的一种无线连接技术，被众多的硬件和软件平台所支持。红外收发器产品具有成本低，小型化，传输速率快，点对点安全传输，不受电磁干扰等特点，可以实现信息在不同产品之间快速、方便、安全地交换与传送，在短距离无线传输方面拥有十分明显的优势。红外遥控收发系统的设计在具有很高的实用价值，目前红外收发器产品在可携式产品中的应用潜力很大。全世界约有1亿5千万台设备采用红外技术，在电子产品和工业设备、医疗设备等领域广泛使用。绝大多数笔记本电脑和手机都配置红外收发器接口。随着红外数据传输技术更加成熟、成本下降，红外收发器在短距离通讯领域必将得到更广泛的应用。 本系统的设计目的是用红外线作为传输媒质来传输用户的操作信息并由接收电路解调出原始信号，主要用到编码芯片和解码芯片对信号进行调制与解调，其中编码芯片用的是台湾生产的PT2262，解码芯片是PT2272。主要工作原理是：利用编码键盘可以为PT2262提供的输入信息，PT2262对输入的信息进行编码并加载到38KHZ的载波上并调制红外发射二极管并辐射到空间，然后再由接收系统接收到发射的信号并解调出原始信息，由PT2272对原信号进行解码以驱动相应的电路完成用户的操作要求。 关键字：红外线；编码；解码；LM386；红外收发器。 1 绪论
ASP外文翻译原文
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毕业设计外文翻译附原文
外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华
外文资料名称： Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处：Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文
应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金，洪城铱昌，宰瑾李， 刘链柱译 摘要：旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率，压降，并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50％的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积，体直径，减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法，用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词：吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子，工作场所，或其他建筑，因此，室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物，毒物，食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤，预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中，吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间，以及纸过滤器也应定期更换，由于压力下降，气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形，在粗颗粒（>2.0微米）模式为主要的外部来源，如风吹尘，海盐喷雾，火山，从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放，以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式，典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克，可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。
毕业设计外文翻译原文.
Optimum blank design of an automobile sub-frame Jong-Yop Kim a ,Naksoo Kim a,*,Man-Sung Huh b a Department of Mechanical Engineering,Sogang University,Shinsu-dong 1,Mapo-ku,Seoul 121-742,South Korea b Hwa-shin Corporation,Young-chun,Kyung-buk,770-140,South Korea Received 17July 1998 Abstract A roll-back method is proposed to predict the optimum initial blank shape in the sheet metal forming process.The method takes the difference between the ?nal deformed shape and the target contour shape into account.Based on the method,a computer program composed of a blank design module,an FE-analysis program and a mesh generation module is developed.The roll-back method is applied to the drawing of a square cup with the ˉange of uniform size around its periphery,to con?rm its validity.Good agreement is recognized between the numerical results and the published results for initial blank shape and thickness strain distribution.The optimum blank shapes for two parts of an automobile sub-frame are designed.Both the thickness distribution and the level of punch load are improved with the designed blank.Also,the method is applied to design the weld line in a tailor-welded blank.It is concluded that the roll-back method is an effective and convenient method for an optimum blank shape design.#2000Elsevier Science S.A.All rights reserved. Keywords:Blank design;Sheet metal forming;Finite element method;Roll-back method
《晋书·江统传》原文及翻译
晋书 原文： 江统，字应元，陈留圉人也。统静默有远志，时人为之语曰：“嶷然稀言江应元。”与乡人蔡克俱知名。袭父爵，除山阴令。时关陇屡为氐、羌所扰，孟观西讨，自擒氐帅齐万年。统深惟四夷乱华，宜杜其萌，乃作《徙戎论》：“此等皆可申谕发遣还其本域慰彼羁旅怀土之思释我华夏纤介之忧惠此中国以绥四方德施永世于计为长。”帝不能用。未及十年，而夷狄乱华，时服其深识。转太子洗马。在东宫累年，甚被亲礼。及太子废，徙许昌，贾后讽有司不听宫臣追送。统与宫臣冒禁至伊水，拜辞道左，悲泣流涟。都官从事悉收统等付河南、洛阳狱。付郡者，河南尹乐广悉散遣之，系洛阳者犹未释。都官从事孙琰说贾谧曰：“所以废徙太子，以为恶故耳。东宫故臣冒罪拜辞，涕泣路次，不顾重辟，乃更彰太子之德，不如释之。”谧语洛阳令曹摅，由是皆免。及太子薨，改葬，统作诔叙哀，为世所重。后为博士、尚书郎，参大司马、齐王冏军事。冏骄荒将败，统切谏，文多不载。迁廷尉正，每州郡疑狱，断处从轻。成都王颖请为记室，多所箴谏。以母忧去职。服阕，为司徒左长史。东海王越为兖州牧，以统为别驾，委以州事，与统书曰：“昔王子师为豫州，未下车，辟荀慈明；下车，辟孔文举。贵州人士有堪应此者不？”统举高平郗鉴为贤良，陈留阮修为直言，济北程收为方正，时以为知人。寻迁黄门侍郎、散骑常侍，领国子博士。永嘉四年，避难奔于成皋，病卒。（节选自《晋书?江统传》）
译文： 江统，字应元，是陈留国圉镇人。江统性情沉静寡言，志向远大。当时人们给他的评价是“高峻少言的江应元。”与同乡蔡克一样闻名。成年后继承他父亲江祚的爵位，被任命为山阴县令。当时，陕西、甘肃边境不断遭到氐、羌族的侵扰，大将军孟观率军西征，亲自擒拿氐族统帅齐万年。江统深入思考东夷、西戎、北狄和南蛮扰乱中原的现象，认为在萌芽状态时就应该杜绝，于是作《徙戎论》上奏：“这些人都可以发令派遣，让他们回到本土，以安慰他们羁旅在外怀念故里的情思，解除我们华夏民族的小小忧患。惠及中国，安抚四方，德泽延及永世，这才是长久之计。”但皇帝没能采用。不超过十年，夷狄这些蛮族侵扰中原，当时的人敬服江统的远见卓识。他改任太子洗马。在东宫多年，很受太子亲近礼遇。等到太子被废除，迁徙到许昌，贾皇后暗示有关官员不要听任太子的属官追去送别。江统和太子的属官冒着禁令到伊水，在路旁拜别，悲泣不已。都官从事（司隶校尉的高级佐官）把江统等人都抓获交付到河南和洛阳的监狱。交付到河南郡的，河南官员乐广把抓获的官员都遣散了，拘系在洛阳的官员还没有获释。都官从事孙琰劝说贾谧说：“废除并迁徙太子的原因，是认为他作恶的缘故罢了。东宫原来的属臣冒着罪名拜别，在路上哭泣，不顾重罪，反而更彰显太子的美德，不如放了他们。”贾谧告诉洛阳县令曹摅，因此被抓获的官员都免除牢狱之灾。等到太子去世，改葬的时候，江统作诔文悼念，叙述悲哀之情，被世人敬重。后来担任博士、尚书郎等官职，再后任大司马齐王司马冏参
土木外文翻译原文和译文
A convection-conduction model for analysis of the freeze-thaw conditions in the surrounding rock wall of a tunnel in permafrost regions Abstract Based on the analyses of fundamental meteorological and hydrogeological conditions at the site of a tunnel in the cold regions, a combined convection-conduction model for air flow in the tunnel and temperature field in the surrounding has been constructed. Using the model, the air temperature distribution in the Xiluoqi No. 2 Tunnel has been simulated numerically. The simulated results are in agreement with the data observed. Then, based on the in situ conditions of sir temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind force, hydrogeology and engineering geology, the air-temperature relationship between the temperature on the surface of the tunnel wall and the air temperature at the entry and exit of the tunnel has been obtained, and the freeze-thaw conditions at the Dabanshan Tunnel which is now under construction is predicted. Keywords: tunnel in cold regions, convective heat exchange and conduction, freeze-thaw. A number of highway and railway tunnels have been constructed in the permafrost regions and their neighboring areas in China. Since the hydrological and thermal conditions changed after a tunnel was excavated，the surrounding wall rock materials often froze, the frost heaving caused damage to the liner layers and seeping water froze into ice diamonds，which seriously interfered with the communication and transportation. Similar problems of the freezing damage in the tunnels also appeared in other countries like Russia, Norway and Japan .Hence it is urgent to predict the freeze-thaw conditions in the surrounding rock materials and provide a basis for the design，construction and
中国的对外贸易外文翻译及原文
外文翻译 原文 Foreign T rade o f China Material Source:W anfang Database Author:Hitomi Iizaka 1.Introduction On December11,2001,China officially joined the World T rade Organization(WTO)and be c a me its143rd member.China’s presence in the worl d economy will continue to grow and deepen.The foreign trade sector plays an important andmultifaceted role in China’s economic development.At the same time, China’s expanded role in the world economy is beneficial t o all its trading partners. Regions that trade with China benefit from cheaper and mor e varieties of imported consumer goods,raw materials and intermediate products.China is also a large and growing export market.While the entry of any major trading nation in the global trading system can create a process of adjustment,the o u t c o me is fundamentally a win-win situation.In this p aper we would like t o provide a survey of the various institutions,laws and characteristics of China’s trade.Among some of the findings, we can highlight thefollowing: ?In2001,total trade to gross domestic pr oduct(GDP)ratio in China is44% ?In2001,47%of Chinese trade is processed trade1 ?In2001,51%of Chinese trade is conduct ed by foreign firms in China2 ?In2001,36%of Chinese exports originate from Gu an gdon g province ?In2001,39%of China’s exports go through Hong Kong to be re-exported elsewhere 2.Evolution of China’s Trade Regime Equally remarkable are the changes in the commodity composition of China’s exports and imports.Table2a shows China’s annu al export volumes of primary goods and manufactured goods over time.In1980,primary goods accounted for 50.3%of China’s exports and manufactured goods accounted for49.7%.Although the share of primary good declines slightly during the first half of1980’s,it remains at50.6%in1985.Since then,exports of manufactured goods have grown at a much
初中语文课外古诗文《晋书范宁传》原文及翻译
《晋书范宁传》原文及翻译 晋书 原文： 范宁字武子。少笃学，多所通览。简文帝为相，将辟之，为桓温所讽，遂寝不行。故终温之世，兄弟无在列位者。时以浮虚相扇，儒雅日替，宁以为其源始于王弼、何晏，二人之罪深于桀纣。乃著论日“王何叨海内之浮誉，资膏粱之傲诞，画螭魅以为巧，扇无检以为俗。郑声之乱乐，利口之覆邦，信矣哉！”宁崇儒抑俗，率皆如此。温薨之后，始解褐为余杭令，在县兴学校，养生徒，洁己修礼，志行之士莫不宗之。期年之后，风化大行。自中兴已来，崇学敦教，未有如宁者也。征拜中书侍郎。在职多所献替，有益政道。孝武帝雅好文学，甚被亲爱，朝廷疑议，辄谘访之。宁指斥朝士，直言无讳。王国宝，宁之甥也，以谄媚事会稽王道子，惧为宁所不容，刀相驱扇，因被疏隔。求补豫章太守，帝曰：“豫章不宜太守，何急以身试死邪？”宁不信卜占，固请行。宁在郡又大设庠序，遣人往交州采磬石，以供学用，改革旧制，不拘常宪。远近至者千余人，资给众费，一出私禄。并取郡四姓子弟，皆充学生，课读五经。又起学台，功用弥广。江州刺史王凝之上言曰：“豫章郡居此州之半。太守臣宁入参机省，出宰名郡，而肆其奢浊，所为狼藉。郡城先有六门，宁悉改作重楼，复更开二门，合前为八。私立下舍七所……愿出臣表下太常，议之礼典。”诏曰：“汉宣云：可与共治天下者，良二千石也！若范宁果如凝之所表者，岂可复宰郡乎！”以此抵罪。子泰时为天门太守，弃官称诉。帝以宁所务惟学，事久不判。会赦，免。既免官，家于丹阳，犹勤经学，终年不辍。年六十三，卒于家。初/宁以春秋谷梁氏未有善释/遂沈思积年/为之集解/其义精审/为世所重/既而徐邈复为之注/世亦称之。（节选自《（晋书?范宁传》，有删节） 译文： 范宁字武子。从小就专心好学，博览群书。简文帝做丞相时，想要征辟范宁做属官，被桓温劝阻，于是这件事就被搁置不办了。所以在桓温在世期间，范宁兄弟没有一个在朝廷做官的。当时的人竞相宣扬清谈虚无的玄理，儒学影响日益衰颓，范宁认为这种风气开始于王弼、何晏，王、何两人的罪过超过了桀与纣。（范宁）于是撰文说“王何两人贪图天下人都赞美的虚名，凭借富贵人家的傲慢与荒诞，画魑魅来夸耀自己的机巧，鼓动天下人把不遵礼法作为习俗。郑国音乐扰乱了纯正的音乐，善于诡辩的言论颠覆国家，确实有这样的事情啊！”范宁崇尚儒学贬抑玄学，大都像这样。桓温死后，（范宁）才走入仕途，担任余杭县令。范宁担任余杭县令期间，兴办学校，教育学生，廉洁立身、躬行礼法，崇尚儒学的人没有不尊崇他的。过了一年，余杭的风俗教化大为改观。自从中兴以来，崇尚儒学、重视教化，没有比得过范宁的人。 后来朝廷征召他，授予他中书侍郎的职位。范宁在中书侍郎任上，提出了很多有好的建议并否定了很多不好建议，对国家政治很有帮助。孝武帝非常喜欢文化学术，（范宁）很被孝武帝亲近喜爱，朝廷有疑难事情的时候，（孝武帝）就向范宁咨询。范宁指摘朝廷大臣的缺点错误，都直接了当地说，没有任何避讳。王国宝是范宁的外甥，因为巴结会稽王司马道子，害怕不被范宁所容忍，就挑拨范宁和皇帝的关系，范宁因此被皇帝疏远。范宁请求补任豫章太守，皇帝说：“你不适合担任豫章太守，为什么急着去亲自体验死亡呢？”范宁不相信占卜，坚持请求去补任豫章太守。范宁在豫章又大兴学校，派人到交州购买磬石以供修建学校所用，并改革旧有的制度，不拘泥于常规。从远近各地来豫章求学的有一千多人，这些人的耗费全都出于范宁的私人俸禄。范宁又将本郡的四姓子弟全都召集到学校来做学
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翻译文献：INVESTIGATION ON DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF SLIDE UNIT IN MODULAR MACHINE TOOL （对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告） 文献作者：Peter Dransfield, 出处：Peter Dransfield, Hydraulic Control System-Design and Analysis of TheirDynamics, Springer-Verlag, 1981 翻译页数：p139—144 英文译文： 对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告 【摘要】这一张纸处理调查利用有束缚力的曲线图和状态空间分析法对组合机床滑台的滑动影响和运动平稳性问题进行分析与研究，从而建立了滑台的液压驱动系统一自调背压调速系统的动态数学模型。通过计算机数字仿真系统，分析了滑台产生滑动影响和运动不平稳的原因及主要影响因素。从那些中可以得出那样的结论，如果能合理地设计液压缸和自调背压调压阀的结构尺寸. 本文中所使用的符号如下： s1-流源，即调速阀出口流量； S el—滑台滑动摩擦力 R一滑台等效粘性摩擦系数： I1—滑台与油缸的质量 12—自调背压阀阀心质量 C1、c2—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的液容； C2—自调背压阀弹簧柔度； R1, R2自调背压阀阻尼孔液阻， R9—自调背压阀阀口液阻 S e2—自调背压阀弹簧的初始预紧力； I4, I5—管路的等效液感 C5、C6—管路的等效液容： R5, R7-管路的等效液阻； V3, V4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔内容积； P3, P4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的压力 F—滑台承受负载， V—滑台运动速度。本文采用功率键合图和状态空间分折法建立系统的运动数学模型，滑台的动态特性可以能得到显著改善。
外文翻译原文
204/JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING/AUGUST1999
JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING /AUGUST 1999/205 ends.The stress state in each cylindrical strip was determined from the total potential energy of a nonlinear arch model using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. It was emphasized that the membrane stresses in the com-pression region of the curved models were less than those predicted by linear theory and that there was an accompanying increase in ?ange resultant force.The maximum web bending stress was shown to occur at 0.20h from the compression ?ange for the simple support stiffness condition and 0.24h for the ?xed condition,where h is the height of the analytical panel.It was noted that 0.20h would be the optimum position for longitudinal stiffeners in curved girders,which is the same as for straight girders based on stability requirements.From the ?xed condition cases it was determined that there was no signi?cant change in the membrane stresses (from free to ?xed)but that there was a signi?cant effect on the web bend-ing stresses.Numerical results were generated for the reduc-tion in effective moment required to produce initial yield in the ?anges based on curvature and web slenderness for a panel aspect ratio of 1.0and a web-to-?ange area ratio of 2.0.From the results,a maximum reduction of about 13%was noted for a /R =0.167and about 8%for a /R =0.10(h /t w =150),both of which would correspond to extreme curvature,where a is the length of the analytical panel (modeling the distance be-tween transverse stiffeners)and R is the radius of curvature.To apply the parametric results to developing design criteria for practical curved girders,the de?ections and web bending stresses that would occur for girders with a curvature corre-sponding to the initial imperfection out-of-?atness limit of D /120was used.It was noted that,for a panel with an aspect ratio of 1.0,this would correspond to a curvature of a /R =0.067.The values of moment reduction using this approach were compared with those presented by Basler (Basler and Thurlimann 1961;Vincent 1969).Numerical results based on this limit were generated,and the following web-slenderness requirement was derived: 2 D 36,500a a =1?8.6?34 (1) ? ??? t R R F w ?y where D =unsupported distance between ?anges;and F y =yield stress in psi. An extension of this work was published a year later,when Culver et al.(1973)checked the accuracy of the isolated elas-tically supported cylindrical strips by treating the panel as a unit two-way shell rather than as individual strips.The ?ange/web boundaries were modeled as ?xed,and the boundaries at the transverse stiffeners were modeled as ?xed and simple.Longitudinal stiffeners were modeled with moments of inertias as multiples of the AASHO (Standard 1969)values for straight https://www.360docs.net/doc/8a13930144.html,ing analytical results obtained for the slenderness required to limit the plate bending stresses in the curved panel to those of a ?at panel with the maximum allowed out-of-?atness (a /R =0.067)and with D /t w =330,the following equa-tion was developed for curved plate girder web slenderness with one longitudinal stiffener: D 46,000a a =1?2.9 ?2.2 (2) ? ? ? t R f R w ?b where the calculated bending stress,f b ,is in psi.It was further concluded that if longitudinal stiffeners are located in both the tension and compression regions,the reduction in D /t w will not be required.For the case of two stiffeners,web bending in both regions is reduced and the web slenderness could be de-signed as a straight girder panel.Eq.(1)is currently used in the ‘‘Load Factor Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations ,and (2)is used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion for girders stiffened with one longitudinal stiffener.This work was continued by Mariani et al.(1973),where the optimum trans-verse stiffener rigidity was determined analytically. During almost the same time,Abdel-Sayed (1973)studied the prebuckling and elastic buckling behavior of curved web panels and proposed approximate conservative equations for estimating the critical load under pure normal loading (stress),pure shear,and combined normal and shear loading.The linear theory of shells was used.The panel was simply supported along all four edges with no torsional rigidity of the ?anges provided.The transverse stiffeners were therefore assumed to be rigid in their directions (no strains could be developed along the edges of the panels).The Galerkin method was used to solve the governing differential equations,and minimum eigenvalues of the critical load were calculated and presented for a wide range of loading conditions (bedding,shear,and combined),aspect ratios,and curvatures.For all cases,it was demonstrated that the critical load is higher for curved panels over the comparable ?at panel and increases with an increase in curvature. In 1980,Daniels et al.summarized the Lehigh University ?ve-year experimental research program on the fatigue behav-ior of horizontally curved bridges and concluded that the slen-derness limits suggested by Culver were too severe.Equations for ‘‘Load Factor Design’’and for ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’were developed (respectively)as D 36,500a =1?4?192(3)? ?t R F w ?y D 23,000a =1?4 ?170 (4) ? ? t R f w ?b The latter equation is currently used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations for girders not stiffened longitudinally. Numerous analytical and experimental works on the subject have also been published by Japanese researchers since the end of the CURT project.Mikami and colleagues presented work in Japanese journals (Mikami et al.1980;Mikami and Furunishi 1981)and later in the ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics (Mikami and Furunishi 1984)on the nonlinear be-havior of cylindrical web panels under bending and combined bending and shear.They analyzed the cylindrical panels based on Washizu’s (1975)nonlinear theory of shells.The governing nonlinear differential equations were solved numerically by the ?nite-difference method.Simple support boundary condi-tions were assumed along the curved boundaries (top and bot-tom at the ?ange locations)and both simple and ?xed support conditions were used at the straight (vertical)boundaries.The large displacement behavior was demonstrated by Mi-kami and Furunishi for a range of geometric properties.Nu-merical values of the load,de?ection,membrane stress,bend-ing stress,and torsional stress were obtained,but no equations for design use were presented.Signi?cant conclusions include that:(1)the compressive membrane stress in the circumfer-ential direction decreases with an increase in curvature;(2)the panel under combined bending and shear exhibits a lower level of the circumferential membrane stress as compared with the panel under pure bending,and as a result,the bending moment carried by the web panel is reduced;and (3)the plate bending stress under combined bending and shear is larger than that under pure bending.No formulations or recommendations for direct design use were made. Kuranishi and Hiwatashi (1981,1983)used the ?nite-ele-ment method to demonstrate the elastic ?nite displacement be-havior of curved I-girder webs under bending using models with and without ?ange rigidities.Rotation was not allowed (?xed condition)about the vertical axis at the ends of the panel (transverse stiffener locations).Again,the nonlinear distribu-