中科大EPC综合英语考试资料(完整版)
1 . back 2. like 3 ?wings 4?to 5?as
6 ?use
7 . complinwntaiy
8 ? another
9 ? because 10 ? as
11 ?more 12 . why 13 ?well14 ?uhal 15 . understood 16. Dotft 17 . mentioned 18 ? with19. wearire 20 ? latest
Various liuiovaiions have been nitioduced as ways to break out of tl)e rigid system which forces studetits through a series of identical classrooms in which teachet s do most of die talking and students bas e lidle opportunity to respond. Among these innovations are (earn teaching and teachet aides, notbgraded elemental and secondaiy schools, indq)endent study, cunicula focused ou helping students discover things for iliemseh es ratlier than on tn ing to tell them c\ ersTlmig and schools designed lor maximum flexibility so tlmt students can wotk alone, or in siiiail groups, or take pat in large-gioup insti-uction v ia divase media. The ann of all these innovatioos is to adapt uistruction n.oie precisely to the needs of each individual student. Many people who have a strong dislike to omiiizing instruction scientifically and to bringing new teclmolog>, into die schools and colleges fail to realize that the present system is in many respects mechanical and rigid. The vast ditlerences in the ways students learn are disregarded when diey are taught【he same thing, in the same way, at【he same time. There is nc escaping the evidence that many students iheniselves feel linle enthusiasm and even outright liostility tor the present way schools and colleges are organized and instruction is handled Many of ihem resem technology , bui what【hey object to is usually technology used as a means for handling a large mmiber of srudents Or it is progranmiing which merely reproduces convenrional classroom leaching. Wliat insmiciion requires is an arrangemeni of resources whereby the student rcspoixis and lcams. reaching new plateaus from which to climb to higher levels of iindcrstandina. Technological media can store information unti' it is needed or wanted They can distribute it over distances to reach the stwdcnt where he happens to be. They can present the infbmiation to the smdent through various senses. They can give the student the opportunity to react to the material in manyays. In short, the students opporuinitics for learning can be increased and enhanced by using a wide range of instnictional technology. All the available resources for instruction, including the teacher, can work together to create conditions for maximum effective learning.
1 . The author is inainlv concerned with ________?
A? providing the possibility for students to take the courses they want
B. making technology an active tool in the school
C? relieving the teacher from routine duties
D. meeting (he needs of each student
2 ? It can be micircd from the article that a Rood educational system must _______ .
A. not depend on teacliers
B. make use of varying methods of teaching
C. place a renewed emphasis on science
D? not organize their instnicticn
3 ? The author suggests that rhe basic rok of rhe teacher in rhe educational s\r srem should be
A. as a lecturer
B. that of a (echnoloeist
C. as the source of knowledge
D much more than that of classroom teaching
4 ?The n^ative reactions of students to technology are the result of ______ .
A. unknown factors
B. a general hostility toward education
C. its misuse
D. its newness in the schools
5 ?All of the following arc mentioned as a capability of technological media EXCEPT their ability to
A. make it easiei for students to obtain needed infbmiation
B provide tnany was of leaching ibe same thing
C. make learning easy and fun
D? replace traditional reports
H (Click for the answers.)
Reference key.
In Great Britain at present the speech of educated persons is known is Received Standard English. A class dialect rather than (1) .it is based on the type of speech cultivated at such schools as
Eton and Harrow and at such of the older univc^ities as (2) —_? Many English people
who speak regional dialects in their childhood acquire Received Standard English (3) _________________ .Its influence has become (4) _________________ because of its use by such public media as the British Brcadcasiitig Corp ?
An important development of English outside Great Britain (5) ____________________ . American English may be considered to include the English spoken in Canada although ibe Canadian vaiiety (6)_____________ . The most distinguishing differences between American English and British English arc in pronunciation and vocabulaiy ?(7)_____________ . Written American E咚lish also has a tendency to be n?re rigid in
matters of grammar and syniax. but at tbe same time appears to be more tolerant of the use of neologisms. Despite these differences it is oficn difficult to dctcrniinc-apart from conlcxt-(8)_________________________________
in Great Britain or the U.S./Canada—or, for that matter, in Australia, New Zealand, or Soutli Africa.
(Click tor the answers.)
1 ? a regional dialect
2 ? Oxford and Cambridge
3 ? while attending school and university
4 . even stronger in recent year
5 ■ occurred with the colonization of North America
6 retains some features of British pronunciation, spelling, and vocabulan r
7 ? There are slighter differences in spelling, pitch, and stress as well
8 . whether serious literar>r works have been wntten
1 ? How long has language probably existed?
2 ?.According to the passage, how did language come into being?
3 ? Wha【is ibe fiist real evidence of language?
4 . Languages change. Please name one of the reasons why change、lake place.
5 ? Do languages become better, worse or different?
6 ? Why do languages change even more slowly in modem industrial societies0
9 (Click for lhe answers.)
No one knows how language began? Because all people who arc not disabled have the ability to speak?language has probably existed at least as long as the modem human species. Most scholars believe that language developed very slowly from sound, such as grunts, barks and hoots, made by prehuman creamres. According to ihis view, a simple sysiem of\ ocal communication becane more complex as the human biam and speech organ、evolved. But no one knows when and l?w this process took phe已In feet there is no record of language for most of its existence. The first real evideuce of language is wiling. But scholais believe that wriiing did not appear until thousands of years after the origin of language. The earliest known wrincn records arc Sumerian word-pictures made about 35OOB.C. and Egyptian hieroglyphics that date from about 3000 B. C Written Chinese dates from perhaps 1500B C . Greek from about 1400B C“ and Latin from about 500 B C..
No one knows all the reasons why languages change, but they continue to do so as long as people speak them. In a few cases, the changes can be explained. For examples, words arc added to a vocabulary
1 ? At least as long as the modem human species?
2 ? From sound, such as grunts, barks and boots, made by prehuman creamres.
7 . Writing.
4 . Words are added to a vocabulaiy to refer to new ideas or objects? Contacts between speakers of
different languages may cause words from one language to enter intc another language.
5 ? Languages do not become better or worse, only different?
6 ? Educational systems and such centralized communication systems as radio and television promote the
use of a standard fbnn of a language.
Characteristics of cultural change:
Diffusion :
Acculturation :
Assimilation :
P (Click for the answers.)
Even* culture changes. But all parts of a culture do not change at the same time? Science and technology may sometimes change so rapidly that They lessen the imponance of customs? ideas, and other nonmatcrial pans of a culture. At other rimes, changes in ideas and social systems may occur before changes in technology-. The failure of certain pans of a culture to keep up with other related pans is referred to as ailrural lag.
No society is so isolated that it does not come in contact with ocher societies? When contact occurs?societies borrow cultural traits from one another. As a result, cultural traits and patterns tend to spread from the society in which they originated. This spreading process is called diftiision Com growing, for example, began in what is now Mexico thousand^ of years ago and eventually spread tiiroughout the world.
Diffusion can occur witliout firsthand contact between cultures. Products or patterns may move from group A to group C through group B without any contact between group A and group C? Today, diffusion is rapid and widespread because many cultures of the world arc linked through advanced means of transportation and communication?
vanations show changes that occurred during the development of English?The spelling of some words remained the same through the centuries, though their pronunciation changed?
Grammar is (he set of principles used io create seiiietices. These piinciples define (he eletuents used to assemble sente?ces and the relationships between the eleniewts. The elenietns include parts of speech ai>d inilecrions ?
Sonic modem scholars divide tlic parts of speech into two categories, content words and function wolds. Content words are the main parts of speech-nouns, verbs, adx obs? and adjectives-and cany lhe basic vocabulan r Tlkry show die graimnaticaL or stmcniraL meanings of the seutence and are also called sunctuie classes. meanings. Function words express relationships between content words in a sentence?
Function words include articles. prqx)si(ions? pronotms. and cotyimctioos.
tnglish has teuet inflections than n>ost other Euiopean languages. Aa iullection is a vaiiaiion of the form of a word that gives die woid a difleient liieamng Of funciion. An English noun has only two lnlkctioiib, lhe plural aud the po^esbive. inllecuoiib aic us>ed lo change lhe ten^e and nuiubei of a veib oi the case of a pronoun. Inflections can change adjectives to the comparative or the supcrlative-for example, big. bigger, biggest.
Questions:
1 According to the largest dictionaries, approximately how many words are there in the English language?
2. Many English words were boirowcd from otlicr languages. From which language was tbc word Piano borrowed?
3. Wliy do English pronunciation and spelling sometimes seem illogical or inconsistent?
第二章
1 . imettog汛i* e 2. bestowal
3 . OiiraciLCm 4. griiuy
5 . doubcAil6.iDstmctiutis
7 . dctctuiiiicr. dctcmiinant g . iriuniph
9 . resititaiict10 . sponiaucuuilx
I .It 2. but扌.and 4 .at 5 .100
6before7 . on 3 . oi9 . for10.v ary
11 .otkrs12. teiMral13 . as much as U，阳15 .next
16 .parents17 children IS. wbeii19. exieui20 .differthte
1 . The nest of -> M OST of
2 , the reason of tbc reason for
3 , Tbev all were -> were all
\ . to the fields -> into the jirote^siGnal (kids
5 H K odja eUtUftii -> Aacih^r elciu^ot
6 . mo ST tiurtiirin^ -> most nuiwrmg
7 . include mu^ic -> iDdudiqg music
8 the World Warll -> World War II
9 so highly motivated -> as hishly irnrivared
1U . -> Next to