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初二下期末复习资料
一、主要语法点
1、系动词：表示主语“是什么”或“怎么样”的词。它本身有词义，但是不能单独做谓语，后面必须跟表语（形容词、名词等），构成系表结构来说明主语的状况、性质、特征等。
系动词可分五类：a、表示“是”的系动词be，表示主语的特征、状态或性质。b、表示保持一种状态或态度的连词，如：keep，stay，remain等。c、表示一种状态转变为另一种状态的连系动词，如：become，get，grow，turn，go等。d、表示“看起来”的连系动词，如：look，seem，appear。e、表示其他感官感觉到的系动词，如：feel，smell，taste，sound。
2、状语从句
a、原因状语从句表示主句所发生的原因或理由。通常用because，as，since和for引导。
because 用于回答why的提问，可放句首，也可放句尾。
as和since语气弱，用来表示非常明显的原因或者对方已经了解的原因，一般放句首。
for表示的原因不是直接原因，而是多种情况的推测，是一种补充说明，因此一般不在句首。
b、时间状语从句，要注意时态一致。一般情况下，主句是一般将来时，从句用一般过去时。主句是过去时态，从句也要相应用过去时态。连接词有：when，while，as，before，after，since，till，untill等。
●表示同时性，即主从句的谓语同时发生或者几乎同时发生。when（当……的时候），while，as soon as，as，
onec，等。
●表示先后，即主句的谓语动作发生在从句之前或之后。after=when（在……之后），before
●表示持续或瞬间性。since（自从），until（直到…才），till（直到……才）
until用于肯定句中，表示主句的动作一直持续到从句动作发生或状态出现时为止。这种用法中，主句的谓语动词必须是持续性动词。如live，wait，last，love，like，stay，work等。
eg：He waited for his father until it was 12 o’clock.
until用于否定句中，表示主句的动作在从句的动作发生之前尚未发生，或者说主句的动作在从句的动作发生之后才开始。此句型为“not…until…”直到……才……，此时谓语可以是非持续性动词。
eg: He didn’t come back until he finished all the work.
c、条件状语从句由if，unless（除非），in case（万一），as long as（只要）等词引导。
条件状语从句同时间状语从句一样，谓语动词常用一般现在时表示将来。
eg：If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we’ll go to the park.
d、结果状语从句表示主句的动作所引起的结果，可以用so…that, such…that等引导。
●在so…that结构中，so是副词，与形容词或副词连用，结构是so+adj/adv +that从句。
在such…that结果中，such是形容词，后面跟可数或不可数名词。结构是：
such+a(n)(+adj.)+单数名词+that从句He is such a(n)(honest)boy that everybody likes him.
such(+adj)+复数可数名词+that从句He had such long arms that he could almost touch the ceiling.
such(+adj)+不可数名词+that从句It was such bad weather that I had to stay at home.
●当名词前有many，much，few，little等表示数量多少的词修饰时，用so，不用such。
●当单数名词前有形容词时，即可用so，也可用such，但不定冠词的位置却不同。
eg:This is such an important meeting that you should attend.= This is so important a meeting that you should attend.
●so that既可以引导目的状语从句，也可以引导结果状语从句。
3、使役动词：就是叫别人去做事情。常见的动词有let，make，have，get等，加了宾语后，可用动词原形或不定式短语（to+动词原型）
4、动词不定式：由“to+动词原型”构成。常用词begin, want,hope,forget,remember,like ,need,try,ask等。
●感官和使役动词let,make,listen to,feel,hear,see,watch等，动词不定式不带to。
eg：My parents don’t let me swim in the river.
●常用it作为形式主语，动词不定式放在谓语或表语后。如果说明动词不定式的动作是谁做的，可在不定式前
加一个for sb，做逻辑主语。如果表语是kind，nice，right，wrong，good，clever等描述行为者本身的性格、品质的形容词时，应该在不定式前加of sb，做逻辑主语。
eg：It’s difficlut for us to finish the work.. It’s very kind of you to help me.
●动词不定式短语可以和疑问词what，which，how，where，when等连用。
5、宾语从句：就是一个句子在另一个主句中作宾语。
●由连词that引导的宾语从句，that可以省略。
●由if或whether引导，意为“是否”，“是不是”。语序用陈述语序(主语+谓语)。连接词不能省略。
●whether和if引导宾从时通常可以互换。但以下情况，whether不可以换成if。
1)whether之后紧跟or not时。eg: I don’t know whether or not it rains.
2)whether引导主语从句位于句首时。eg: Whether they will go by air or by train hasn’t decided.
3)whether用在带有to的动词不定式前。eg: Please tell us wheather to go or stay.
4)有些动词（如discuss）后面只能跟whether，不能跟if。eg: We discussed whether we should let him leave.
●主句使用现在时时，从句允许使用任何时态。从句可以与主句一致，也可以由从句的时间状语自行决定。eg: I think you are right.
●主句用过去时，从句要用过去时态的某种形式。
eg: I didn’t think he was wrong yesterday. 我认为他昨天没错。（从句有yesterday，用一般过去时）
●如果宾语从句陈述的是客观真理，事实等，其时态不受上述限制，用一般现在时态。
eg: The teacher told me the earth is round. 老师告诉过我，地球是圆的。
6、形容词的同级比较：A=B
●A+be+as+形容词原级+as+B eg: This classroom is as large as that one.
●否定：A+be+not+as/so+形容词原级+as+B “A不如B那么……”eg: Helen is not as/ so thin as her sister.
●表示倍数，如“一半/两倍/三倍…”half/ twice/ three times…+as…as…
eg: You are not half as clever as you think you are. 你还没有你自认为的一半聪明。
7、副词的比较级和最高级
●A+动词+副词的比较级+than+B “A做某事比B更……”eg: His brother worked harder than him.
● A like(s)…better than B “和B比起来，更喜欢A”eg: She likes dancing better than singing.
●less+原级+than “……不如……”eg: He walks less slowly than his sister.
●比较级+and+比较级“越来越……”eg: He got worse and worse, so he didn’t go to work.
●the+比较级，the+比较级“越……，越……”eg: The harder you work, the more you get.
●倍数+as…as = 倍数+比较级+than “几倍于……”
eg: This kind of plane flies twice as fast as that kind. = This kind of plane flies twice faster than that kind.
●用much，far，still，a lot等副词来修饰副词的比较级时，表示程度，放在比较级之前。
eg: The problem is much harder than that one.
8、其他重要语法
●one of +（形容词最高级）+可数名词复数做主语时，谓语动词用单数。eg: One of the bags is mine.
●none of…做主语，谓语可用单数，也可用复数。none 用来回答How many 引导的特殊疑问句。
二、易混淆词组
1、…ed形容词与…ing形容词的区别：如，interested与interesting surprised 与surprising等
…ed形容词表示“感到……的”，主语是人。…ing形容词表示“令人……的”，主语为物。
2、because+从句because of+短语
instead 一般放在句子后面，其后不加被代替的内容。eg: If you are busy, you can come another day instead. instead of +被代替的部分。eg: I went there by bus instead of on foot.
3、experience 解释成经历时，可数。解释成经验时，不可数。
exercise 解释成练习时，可数。解释成锻炼时，不可数。
4、think over 仔细考虑，慎重考虑think about 想，考虑think of 想起，认为
eg: What do you ___________________ the film?
Did you ____________________ going there by plane?
He would like more time to ___________ things ________.
5、noisy嘈杂的，喧闹的，是noise的形容词。noise 嘈杂声，令人不愉快的声音，说话声。
voice 人说话或唱歌的声音，嗓音。sound 指可以听到的任何声音。
eg: He has a good _________. He opened the door without a __________. Don’t make so much ________.
6、at the end of …“在……最后/尽头”by the end of…“不迟于”强调最后期限in the end =at last 最后
7、find 找到，发现，强调结果。find out 多指通过调查询问之后，弄明白。look for（有目的）寻找，强调动作。
8、cost 主语是物。sth cost sb some money
spend 主语是人。sb spend…on sth sb spend…in doing sth
pay 主语是人。pay…for take 常表示花费时间。It takes sb some time to do sth
其他pay 短语pay back 偿还，还钱给某人pay off 还清
9、be strict in sth 在……方面要求严格be strict with sb 对……要求严格
10、be used to sth习惯，适应used to do sth 过去常常做某事
11、in the +方位词+of…在某一范围内的地方eg: Beijing is in the north of China.
on the+方位词+of…用于相互接壤且互不管辖的两个地方。eg: Jiangxi is on the east of Fujian.
to the +方位词+of…用于互不接壤且互不管辖的两个地方。eg: Shanghai is to the north of Fujian.
12、try on 试穿try out 试验，验证try doing sth 试着做某事try to do sth 尽力做某事have a try试试
13、clothes 通常指身上的各种服装，它是复数名词，不能直接和数词连用。
clothing 物质名称，是服装的总称。没有复数形式。
dress 做可数名词时，指连衣裙。做不可数名词时。作不可数名词时，指某类特殊的衣服evening dress 晚礼服做动词时，解释为穿。dress in+颜色/衣服穿某类型的衣服。dress up 打扮，化装。dress sb up 为某人打扮get dress 穿衣服
14、sometimes 有时some times 几次sometime 将来某时
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新课标英语八年级下册期末试卷
1. In my home town it’s in July , but it’s even in August. A. hotter ; hottest B. hot ; hot C. hotter; hot D. hot ; hotter 2. He many photos on his last school trip . A. takes B. took C. take D. taking 3. ----- shall I make it ? ----- You must peel three bananas first . A. How B. What C. Where D. Which 4. The number of students in my class is the same as in . A. she’s B. she C. her D. hers 5. All of us stopped when the teacher came in . A. talking B. to talk C. saying D. to say 6. Sally is going to learn an instrument this year . A. play B. to playing C. played D. to play 7. -----What is Tony doing vacation ? ------He is his little cousin . A. for ; babysit B. for ; babysitting C. on ; babysat D. on ; babysiting 8. -----Would you like to help me the heavy box ?-------sure . A. carries B. carrying C. carry D. carried 9. ----- do they come to school ? ------They the subway . A. How ; by B. What ; take C. How ; take D. What ; by 10. ----Can you come to my birthday party ? ----- . I have to study for a math test . A. No problem B. Sure , I’d love to C. Yes , I can D. Sorry , I can’t Ⅱ. 完形填空 We are going to take a test today . It will show if we are 1 to get in an honours class next year . But , I don’t think it is 2 for me . It is the maths part-my favourite . We took the test by computer . There 3 52 questions for us to do in one hour . The boy behind me 4 nervous . The girl to my left was nervous , 5 . But , 6 I began answering the questions , I saw the whole thing 7 a game . I tried to 8 easy ways to do the maths problems . At the end of the test , my score was 307 . But what does it mean ? I have no idea . I asked my friend John . He got 227 . When he knew my score , he said ,”Oh my God . You ‘re a genius !”So , I asked 9 people , and got the same answers . Finally , I walked up to Lauren . “David ! How did you do on the MAP test ?” I answered , “If I 10 you , will you kill me ?” 1.A. enough smart B. too smart C. smart enough D. very smart 2. A. hard B. easy C. different D. interesting 3. A. was B. had C. were D. have 4. A. was looking B. looked C. looks D. was looked 5. A. either B. also C. yet D. too 6. A. when B. after C. before D. while 7. A. for B. of C. to D. as 8. A. look B. look of C. find D. search 9. A. other B. another C. the other D. others 10. A. told B. am telling C. will tell D. tell
人教新目标八年级下册英语全册教案
Unit 1What's the matter? Language Goals Learn to talk about health problems and accidents. Give
本单元教材以“What's the matter？”为中心话题，围绕着询问及描述“身体状况”进行学习和运用几个常见的句型：What's the matter? I have a stomachache./What's the matter with Ben? He has a sore back./Do you have a fever？No，I don't./What should I do? You should take your temperature./ Should I put some medicine on it? Yes，you should.等。让学生知道怎样表达身体的不适及正确地处理生活中的一些事情。在学习过程中，学生在交流中，能促进师生之间的感情。Section A 主要学习怎样表达身体的不适并给出合理性的建议。应掌握句型：What's the matter? I have a stomachache.What should I do？等。短文“Bus Driver and Passengers Save an Old Man”介绍了一位公共汽车司机及乘客救一位老人的故事，增加了学生的阅读量。Section B安排了听、说、读、写的任务，教师在教学中应合理利用课本上的知识进行教学。 第一课时Section A(1a－2d) Teaching Key Points【教学重点】 The vocabulary： matter，throat，foot，stomach，toothache，headache，have a stomachache，have a cold，lie down，take one's temperature，have a fever，go to a doctor Target language： 1.What's the matter? I have a stomachache. 2．What should I do? Should I take my temperature? 3．I think you should lie down and rest. Teaching Difficult Points【教学难点】 Use the target language above to talk about health problems and give advice. Teaching Aids【教学工具】 an English book，a tape recorder and CAI Teaching Steps【教学过程】 ★Step 1Preview and perception【预习感知】 Ask the students to read the vocabulary and target language. 根据句意及汉语或首字母提示完成句子。 1．—What's the matter with her? —She has a very sore t______ now. 2．He ate too much，so he had a s______． 3．If you feel tired，you should l______ down and rest. 4．If you ______(咳嗽)，drink some hot tea with honey. 5．He wants to see a dentist，because he has a ______(牙疼)．
学术综合英语unit1-5课后习题答案
Ｕnｉt 1 Ｔａsk 2 A ｃonｔrａｒy to ?ｉｍplｉcit asｓertion look uｐａdａpｔed Sustaiｎunｂiａｓed In tｈe course of ｍetaｐhor ｃｌuｔteｒ B bolsteｒｃｒediｂle impromptu spaｒｉngｌｙａnecdotｅ Crｅｄentials tｅstimony hypｏtheticａl paraphrase juxtａposition Taｓk 3 Traｎsｌaｔiｏn B.发言提纲是有效发言的基础。通过写发言提纲，你可以确保你的思想是相关联的，你的思路从一点谈到另一点，你的讲话结构是连贯的。通常，准备讲演你可以采用两种提纲方式：详细准备提纲和简单发言提纲。 在准备发言提纲中,应该写出你的特定目的及中心思想，并以连贯的方式确定主要观点和次要观点,发言提纲应该由简要的提要组成，这些提要在你讲话时能够给予你一些帮助。发言提纲还应该包括帮助你记忆的重点词或重点短语。在写发言提纲时,可采用准备提纲的模式，尽可能使你的发言提纲简要，同时，要确保提纲清晰，易于辨认。 C．１. Tｈe youｎｇeｒgｅnｅrａtiｏn should coｎtinue to susｔain and dｅｖelopｏur fiｎｅtｒａdiｔions and ｌoｎｇ-staｎdｉｎg ｃulture. ２. Iｎtｈe coｕｒsｅof preｐaｒing one’s spｅech, one shoｕld be ｃleａrｌy a ｗarｅof how ｏne coulｄmaｋe efｆeｃｔive ｕｓｅofｓtatistiｃｓａn ｄｅｘaｍｐｌeｓｔo ｂolｓter ｏnｅ’s point of view. 3．Ａｎimpromptu speｅch isｏnｅof tｈｅspｅａking skilｌs thａt college students shoｕld leａrｎａnd deｖelop through praｃtice． 4.By uｓing sｉmile ａnd meｔaphoｒ, ｙou can mａke yｏur ｌaｎguａge moｒｅｖivid andｍore attractｉve ｔo yｏur audieｎce. 5．Ｔhe proper exampleｓyou cite might hｅlp rｅinforcｅtｈｅｉmpression ｏn your listeners aｎd make your viｅｗpointｓmｏre conｖinciｎg. 6. Wheｎyou are speａkiｎｇ, ｙｏu shouｌd chｏosｅｃoｍmon ａnd easy wｏrdｓandａt the same ｔime aｖoid cluｔteｒin you spｅeｃｈ. 7．Ｗhen yoｕwrｉｔe a papｅr，ｃitiｎg thｅvieｗｓfrom sｏmｅｅｘpｅｒｔｓis a good way ｔo ｍake ｙｏur iｄeａs morｅｃreｄible. ８. A goｏd metｈod ofｄｅlivering a spｅｅch ｗilｌimprove iｔs qualｉｔy anｄwｉｌl heｌp coｎvey the ｓpeaｋers’ ｉdｅas clearlｙandｉｎteｒeｓｔingly. 9.Ｙｏｕｓhoｕｌdｍｏt blinｄｌy use a word tｈａt you aｒe ｎot sur ｅaｂｏut, and if you aｒe noｔsuｒe, lookｕp the word iｎa dｉctiｏnary. 10. Your lａnguａge should adaｐtｔo the partｉcuｌar occasion aｎd audie ｎce. Iｆyｏur laｎgｕagｅｉs appropriaｔe in aｌｌresｐeｃtｓ,your speech iｓsuccessｆul． D.Bｅfoｒe you deｌivｅr an acａｄeｍｉc speeｃh, ｙou ｓｈould，ｆｉｒ
八年级英语下册期末测试卷(含答案)
八年级英语期末测试卷 注意事项： 1.本试卷满分120分，考试时间120分钟。 2.请用钢笔或圆珠笔直接答在试卷上。 一、 单项选择（20小题，每小题1分，共20分） 从A 、 B 、 C 、 D 四个选项中选出一个最佳答案，将其标号填 入 题前括号内。 ( )1.Those terrible things happened _______ me again. A.to B.in C.on D.with ( )2. ---Have you ever been back to place where you were born,Ma Yun? --- No, It ’s shame, but I ’m too busy with my work all the time. A. a;a B.a;the C.the;a D.the;an ( )3.How ________the result is! We can ’t believe it. A.amazing B.interested C.difficult D.annoyed ( )4.________ of them is good at English,but they both do well in Chinese. A.Both B.Neither C.Each D.All ( )5.We must work harder next term. There will be ________ subjects, so we will_______ time for each subject. A.less;more B.less;less C.more;less D.more;fewer ( )6.Those boys broke Mr Read ’s window.When they saw Mr Read get
新目标英语八年级下册翻译
1.p6 UNIT 1 3a:In ten years,I think I"ll be a reporter.I"ll live inShanghai, 十年后，我想我会成为一名记者。我将住在上海因为去年我去了上海，立即爱上了这座城市。上海真的是座优美的城市。作为一名记者，我想我会遇到很多有趣的人。我想我会和自己最好的朋友住在一套公寓里，因为我不愿意独居。我会养宠物，因为我妈妈讨厌宠物，况且公寓太小；所以我现在一个宠物也没有。十年后，我会拥有许多不同的宠物。我可能甚至养一只鹦鹉！我也许每天去溜冰和游泳。工作日里，我每天打扮精干或许会着一身西装。逢到周末，我穿得更休闲些。我想我会去香港度假，甚至有一天我会去澳大利亚游览。 1.p8 UNIT 1 3a:Do you think you will have your own robot? 你认为你将会有属于自己的机器人么？ 在一些科幻电影里，未来的人们都拥有自己的机器人。这些机器人就像人类一样。他们帮助人们做家务和大多数令人感到厌烦的工作。 一些科学家相信将来会有这样的机器人。然而他们赞同者也需要花几百年的时间才能成为现实。科学家们正在试图研制看似人类且能和我们作相同工作的机器人。一些日本的公司已经制造出能走路和跳舞的机器人。这种机器人看起来非常有趣。 但是研究机器人的科学家詹姆斯怀特并不认同这类观点。他认为要让机器人向人类一样做事情是非常困难的。比如说，对一个孩子来说要醒来并知道自己身处何处是很简单的。怀特认为机器人不能做到这一点。但是其他的科学家并不赞成。他们认为在未来的25到30年间，机器人就能和人类谈话。 研究机器人的科学家们不只是在试图让机器人外观接近人类。比如说，现在已经有能在工厂工作的机器人了。这些机器人看起来就像巨大的胳膊。他们能一边又一遍重复简单的工作。人类不喜欢做这类工作而且容易对此感到厌烦。但机器人永远不会厌倦。 在未来，将到处都有更多的机器人，而人类要做的工作就更少了。新的机器人会有很多不同的形状。一些看起来像人类，其他的可能像蛇。在发生地震后，一种蛇形机器人能够帮助寻找建筑下埋着的人。这在现在看来还不可实现，但在一百年之前，电脑，太空火箭甚至电动牙刷也被视作不可能的存在的。我们永远都不能了解未来会发生什么！
学术综合英语听力材料
Unit 1 Presenting a Speech Road Building Good morning, everyone. Today I'l l be talking about the relationship between road building and the development of the American economy during the 18th century. About 300 years ago, the United States' economy was growing rapidly, mainly because of a booming trade in two important agricultural products: grain and cotton. Grain output in the eastern part of America increased quickly at that time due to the rapidly growing population and the large number of immigrants from Europe. As a result, the demand for grain almost doubled. For this reason, the trade in grain first developed in this part of the country. At the same time, the road system was gradually built up in order to transport the grain from the rural areas to various cities. The road building clearly helped develop the economy quickly in these areas and in the cities as well. During the same period, farmers in the South could get a large amount of laborers from Africa, and they started to grow cotton. As the cotton output increased, the farmers needed to sell it in other places. As a result, many roads were built to link the rural areas to the cities. At first, this trade of grain and cotton took place along the coast, or near rivers and lakes. It took place there because it was easy and cheap to transport goods from one place to another. Before 1700, it was very expensive to move the goods by road.
新人教八年级下英语期末总复习
八年级下时态总结： 过去进行时 1.过去进行时的构成 过去进行时由was/were+doing构成 2.过去进行时的用法 1）表示过去某一时刻或过去一段时间内正在进行的动作。常和表示过去的时间状语then，at that time，this time yesterday，at ten yesterday等连用，或用另一动作来表示过去的时间。如： --What were you doing at nine last night --I was watching TV at that time. He was reading when I came in. I was doing my homework while my parents were watching TV. 2）过去进行时常和always等表频率的副词连用，表示过去频繁发生的习惯性动作，此时的过去进行时带有一定的感情色彩。如： Alice was always changing her mind. 3.一般过去时和过去进行时的区别 一般来说，如果强调过去某个时候或某段时间曾有过某个（已完成的）动作时应用一般过去时；而如果强调动作在过去某个时候或某段时间内正在进行（是否完成不明确）时则用过去进行时。 练习： Part 1 用所给动词的正确形式填空。 1.–What _____ you ______(do) at that time --We __________(watch) TV. 2. I _________(have) my breakfast at half past six yesterday. 3. While we __________(wait) for the bus, a girl ________(run) up to us. 4. I ___________(telephone) a friend when Bob ________(come) in. 5. --_________ they ________(have) a meeting at 4 yesterday afternoon --No, they ___________. They ________(clean) the classroom. 现在完成时 1.定义：表示现在动作已发生或状态已存在或过去的动作状态持续到现在，一般翻译成“已 经”，“….过” 1.表示过去已经发生但对现在情况有影响的动作，常与already, never, up to now, in the
人教版新目标八年级英语下册全册电子版教案精编版
人教版新目标（新）八年级下册电子教案 Unit 1What's the matter? 第一课时Section A (1a-2d) 1.重点单词：matter，back，sore，throat，stomachache，foot，neck，stomach，fever，lie，rest，cough，X-ray，toothache，headache 2．重点短语：have a sore throat，have a stomachache，have a cold，lie down，take one's temperature，have a fever，go to a doctor 3．重点句式： —What's the matter? —She talked too much yesterday and didn't drink enough water.She has a very sore throat now. You should drink some hot tea with honey. It doesn't sound like you have a fever. You need to take breaks away from the computer. I think I sat in the same way for too long without moving. If your head and neck still hurt tomorrow，then go to a doctor. 1．重点短语和句型 2．询问对方身体状况的句型及答语 询问对方身体状况的句型及答语 一、预习课本P1-2新单词并背诵，完成下面的汉译英。 1．问题____________ 2.背部____________ 3．疼痛的____________ 4.嗓子____________ 5．胃痛____________ 6.脚____________ 7．脖子____________ 8.胃____________ 9．发烧____________ 10.平躺____________ 11．休息____________ 12.咳嗽____________ 13．X光____________ 14.牙疼____________ 15．头疼____________ 二、认真预习1a-2d找出下列短语和句型。 1．你应该喝一些加蜂蜜的热茶。 ________________________________________________________________________ 2．听起来你不像是发烧了。 ________________________________________________________________________ 3. 你需要休息远离电脑。 ________________________________________________________________________ 4．我想我以同样的方式坐得太久没有动了。 ________________________________________________________________________ 5．如果你的头和脖子明天仍然疼，就去看医生。