高考必备英语语法分类总复习
专题解读
【专题点评】
本书以新课程标准的理念和最新的广东省高考英语科《考试说明》为指导，全面、系统地归纳了中学英语语法的基础知识，语法点讲解科学、精练，并以“高频考点”和星号★突出了近年来高考的重点、难点和热点问题，达到一目了然的效果。同时以广东各地最新的模拟试题为依托，精选了大量的好题和精彩短文，设计了能帮助学生实现各个击破的语法专题“闯关”练习和完全依据高考要求的“过关检测”篇章练习，试题答案解释详尽、到位。全书立足点高，渗透着高效、实用的理念。使用本书复习语法，可以达到知识点全面过关、事半功倍的效果。
【命题分析】
广东高考英语的语法填空题突出综合运用语言能力的考查，着重在语篇中考查考生的语法运用能力，强调语法知识在实际语言中的正确运用，其命题特点如下：
1、短文长度：在150—200词之间，其中2007年高考题是197词，2008年高考题是词。
2、命题形式：
（1）提供单词原形：主要提供的是动词、形容词、名词三大类，考生需要根据语境写出正确的词形，一般有3个小题。
（2）纯空格形式：考生需要根据语境在每个空格处填入一个合适的词，这类题大约有7小题，主要考查连词、介词、代词、冠词等。
2、语法考点：从考试说明的样题和近两年的高考题来看，实词以动词、代词、形容词、副词为主，其中动词又是重中之重；虚词以介词、冠词为主。而句法方面主要考查复合句的引导词，如定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句。现将近两年高考题语法考点分布列表如下：
从两年高考题的语法考查内容及题目的设计可以看出，考查的都是最基本的语法知识，
没有往年单选题中的难题，设计也比较直接，没有过多的陷阱。
【复习指导】
针对高考语法填空题命题的特点，考生在复习备考中要注意以下几点：
1、系统掌握语法知识、了解语法功能
语法填空题主要是考查考生的语法运用能力，所以考生必须全面、系统地掌握语法，了
解语法的主要功能，在此基础上才能正确运用语法。考生在第一轮复习时可以依据语法书的专题讲解，逐一巩固所学知识，做到各个击破。同时要了解各项语法功能，要能够准确分析句子结构和句子成分，如主语和宾语通常由名词、代词充当，谓语有时态、语态的变化，定语常用形容词，状语要使用副词，介词、冠词的位置等等。对于句法主要是熟悉不同复合句的结构，准确判断从句的性质，并熟记各种引导词的作用。掌握了这些基本的语法知识，答题时才有充分的依据，否则就无从下手。
2、积累基础词汇、掌握常用的短语搭配
语法填空题要求考生填入单词，即考查考生的语言输出能力，所以考生对基础词汇
的拼写必须重视，否则就吃大亏。对于常用的、易错的词要多下工夫记忆，如不规则动词过去式、过去分词的变化形式，名词、形容词、副词、否定等的构词规则等等，都要一一熟记在心。
另外，语法填空题也常考查考生对习语、惯用法和典型句式掌握的熟练程度，所以要求
考生在平时复习的过程中要注意积累习语、短语，对固定搭配要了然于心，对典型句式做到脱口而出的程度。
3、强化语篇意识，提高理解能力
语法填空题的最大特点是在语篇中考查语法知识，准确理解短文是做好语法填空题的前提。这就要求考生要重视提高阅读高理解能力，平时可以选择一些难度中等的文章进行精读，研究文章的写作思路、组织结构特点等等，适当利用完型填空题的文章进行精读、细读，强化语篇意识。随着阅读量的增加和阅读能力的不断提高，材料难度可以适当加大。
【解题技巧】
由于语法填空题涉及的知识点比较基础，题目难度不是很高，所以解题技巧也是至关重要的。如何正确地运用自己知道的语法知识、提高答题的正确率？
根据语法填空题命题的形式和特点，答题时我们可以从词义、词类、词性等方面入手。
一、关于纯空格形式
1、根据语境判断词义
通过句意或语篇的要求确定单词的含义，此种设计考查点包括实词和虚词。值得注意的是，有时通过句子本身或上下两个句子就可以确定词义，但有时要通过几个句子、一个段落甚至整个篇章结构才能确定。
判断词义可以通过定义、对比、因果、联想、上下文等线索确定。
（1）定义法：定义法是指通过定义解释、定语从句、同位语等判断词义，这类词主要是名词，如：
We are all in the position of the_______. If we plant a good seed, we will get a good harvest. If our seed is poor and full of weeds, we’ll get a useless crop. If we don’t plant anything, we’ll harvest nothing at all.
答案：farmer。解释：通过后面句子的含义解释可以确定空格词义是“农夫、农民”，特别是几个关键词“plant, seed, harvest”与farmer的工作特点是完全一致的。
（2）对比法：对比法指通过句子的对比关系来判断所缺单词的词义，通常可以通过一些连词或副词来判断，如but, or, however, while, on the contrary, on the other hand等。如：
There are more _____________ teachers in my schools than men teachers.
答案：women。解释：通过对比后面的men teachers可以确定空格词义是“女性的”，即名词women作定语修饰teachers。
（3）因果法：指通过句子的内在联系或句子之间存在的因果关系来判断词义。如：
The museum was so______ that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day.
答案：large。解释：根据结果状语从句的含义“不可能一天之内看完所有的展品”可以判断主句指的原因是“博物馆太大了”。
（4）语境线索：即通过上下语境确定空格内要填的词义。如：
One day mother looked at Nick’s shoes and said,“Nick,look at your shoes. How _____ they are! You must clean them”.
答案：dirty。解释：根据语境“看看你的鞋子、你必须把它们弄干净”可以判断空格处词义是“脏的”，句意是“你的鞋子是多么脏！”。
2、根据句子成分确定词性
对于纯空格形式的填空，在确定词义后，还要判断所填词的词性。词性的判断主要是通过分析句子的成分来确定。一般情况下可以作如下分析：
(1)主语和宾语一般由名词、代词充当，有时也有动名词、不定式短语。如：
From Monday until Friday, most people are busy working or studying, but in the evening or on weekends they are free to relax and enjoy _____.
答案：themselves。解释：此处考查代词作宾语的用法。根据句子结构，句子的主语是they，谓语是are free，to relax and enjoy _____是目的状语，在这个状语中缺宾语，再根据语境“周末时自由放松”，所以要使用反身代词themselves。
（2）谓语主要是由动词充当。在确定词义后，要判断其时态和语态。由于题目要求每空只填一词，所以时态一般只考查一般现在时和一般过去时。如：
She is the one who always takes his sorrow as her own sorrow, the one who always _________by his side whether he is poor or rich.
答案：stands。解释：此处考查作谓语的动词，根据语境，此空含义是“站在（他身边）”，即stand 。同时根据前后句的时态可以判断要使用一般现在时，由于主语是she，所以使用第三人称单数stands。
但有时也可能涉及非谓语动词，如：
At midnight, I woke up to find the wife ________ soundly in her man’s embrace. I could see the smile of security on her face.
答案：sleeping。解释：此处考查语境理解及宾补结构的用法。根据语境“半夜我醒来时发现那人的妻子正在她的男人的怀抱中熟睡”，所以使用动词sleep的现在分词形式充当补语。（3）表语、定语和补语一般由形容词充当，有时也有动名词、现在分词和过去分词等。如：Every year, on Spring Festival Eve, CCTV broadcasts its Spring Festival Gala___________ to millions of viewers.
答案：live。解释：此处考查语境理解及形容词充当补语的用法。broadcast…live意为“现场直播”。
（4）状语主要由副词充当。如：
He dug for 12 hours…24 hours. _______,in the 38th hour, he pulled back a large stone and heard his son’s voice.
答案：Eventually /Finally。解释：此处考查语境理解及副词充当状语的用法。从语境可以理解到此空含义是“终于，最后”，由于是修饰后面的整个句子，所以使用副词形式。
3、根据句子类型确定词类
若两个或几个简单句之间是逗号，可以判断，一定是填连词。连词有两类，一种是并列连词，一种是从属连词。我们可以根据句子的类型判断所要填的词类。主要有以下几种句型：(1) 并列句：并列句一般由简单句+并列连词+简单句构成，有时并列连词前有逗号，可以根据上下句的内在联系判断连词，如同等关系(and)、转折关系(but)、选择关系(or)、因果关系(so)等。如：
“There are many mainland students at my university and all the other universities in Hong Kong. These students could not speak Cantonese at first, ______ I had to speak putonghua to make friends with them” said Chueng.
答案：so。解释：根据上下句的语义可以判断是因果关系，所以使用so。句意为“这些学生不会讲广州话，所以，为了跟他们交朋友，我不得不讲普通话”。
(2) 状语从句：当确定为状语从句后，就要通过语境理解，判断上下文的逻辑关系是时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、目的或其他，最后确定从属连词。如：
_______the sun came out, he looked down and laughed. There was no abyss. Just six inches
downthere was a rock.
答案：As/When。解释：根据前后两个都是简单句可以判断是缺从属连词，从第一句的含义来看，是表示时间的状语从句，所以使用as/when。
(3) 名词性从句：当确定为名词性从句后，可以分析从句是否缺主语、宾语或表语，如果缺以上成分，一般情况下要使用what，有时可能使用who/whom或which；如果不缺以上成分，则考虑句子意思是否完整，完整的句子可以使用that，意思不完整的则考虑where, why, how, because等。如：
I was in the train sitting opposite a middle-aged couple. They were ordinary in every respect, but ______ they did touched me deeply.
答案：what。解释：此处考查主语从句的引导词。从句中缺表示物的主语，所以使用what。
(4)定语从句：当确定为定语从句后，首先要看看先行词指人、物、时间、地点，还是其他，然后判断引导词在从句中的成分，再根据定语从句的有关规则确定使用哪个引导词。如：However, Cheung, _______ graduated from Hong Kong Baptist University this summer, has found that now she needs putonghua more than ever.
答案：who。解释：此处考查非限制性定语从句的引导词的用法。由于先行词是人Cheung(张)，引导词在从句中作主语，所以使用who。
4、根据固定搭配、典型句型确定动词、名词、介词等
固定搭配的短语及习惯用法是属于比较简单的考点，只要平时注意积累基本上就能答对。如：
Volunteer work plays an important _______in America’s high school education.
答案：part。解释：此处考查短语play a part in的搭配用法。
但要有时命题者会在设计时增加一些难度，在短语之间插入其他一些成分，或将固定连用的短语分隔开来，这一点也需注意。
Some parents tried to pull him off the school’s ruins, saying, “It’s too late! They are all dead! There is nothing you ca n do!”________each parent he responded with the same line: “Are you going to help me now?” And then he continued to dig for his son, stone by stone.
答案：To。解释：此处考查短语respond to的固定搭配。由于宾语each parent放在了句首，短语被拆开，所以难度加大了许多。
二、提供单词原形的空格
1、括号内提供的是动词
当括号内提供的是动词时，主要要判断是谓语还是非谓语。
（1）当考查的是谓语时，首先要判断其时态和语态。如：
Since Hong Kong ________(rejoin) China in 1997, more student from the Chinese mainland have chosen to study there.
答案：rejoined。解释：此处考查作谓语的动词形式。根据主句的时态have chosen及从句的时间状语in 1997，此空动词应该是一般过去时态。
（2）如果考查非谓语，要判断非谓语在句中的成分，根据不同成分使用适当的形式，其中使用ing形式和ed形式居多，有时也考查to do, to be done, having done等形式或名词，如：Ten years ago, Jessica Cheung was only 13. _________(live) with her parents in Hong Kong, she knew little putonghua.
答案：Living。解释：此处考查作非谓语的动词形式。动词live(生活)作原因状语，与逻辑主语she是主动关系，所以使用现在分词living。
2、括号内提供的是形容词或副词
如果括号内提供的是形容词，一般是判断考查副词，即要变成副词形式；如果括号内提供的
是副词，一般是判断考察形容词，即要变成形容词形式。如：
“Thirty-five cents,” she said___________(rude).
答案：rudely。解释：此处考查副词作状语的用法。括号内提供的是形容词，要用来修饰动词said，所以要使用副词形式。
但有时也要根据语境判断是否要变成名词或否定含义。如：
At last, her courage and _________(wise) impressed both the CEO and Princeton University.
答案：wisdom。解释：括号内提供的是形容词，但此空与前面的名词courage是并列成分，一起充当主语，所以要使用名词形式wisdom。
3、括号内提供的是名词
当括号内提供的是名词时，一般判断考查形容词，如：
There, my voice sounds really__________(wonder) because there’s a slight echo to it.
答案：wonderful。解释：括号内提供的是名词，但此空作系动词sounds的表语，所以要使用形容词形式。
但有时也可能考查副词、动词等。如：
A certain man planted a rose and watered it________( faith) and before it blossomed, he examined it.
答案：faithfully。解释：括号内提供的是名词，但此空是作状语，修饰动词water，所以要变成副词。注意：先将名词faith变成形容词faithful，然后再变成副词faithfully。
【实例分析】
实例1：2007年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(广东卷)
I was on my way to the Taiyetos Mountains. The sun was setting when my car1(break) down near
a remote and poor village. Cursing my misfortune, I was wondering where Iwas going to spend the night when I realized that the villagers who had gathered around me werearguing as to 2 should have the honor of receiving me3a guest in their house.Finally, I accepted the offer of an old woman who lived alone in a little house. While she was gettingme 4 (settle) into a tiny but clean room, the head of the village was tying up his horse tomy car to pull it to 5small town some 20 kilometres away6 there was a garage.
I had noticed three hens running free in my hostess's courtyard and that night one of themended up in a dish on my table. 7 villagers brought me goat's cheese and honey. We dranktogether and talked 8 (merry) till far into the night.
When the time came for me to say goodbye to my friends in the village, I wanted to rewardthe old woman 9 the trouble I had caused10.
短文解读：本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了作者在外旅行的一次经历。大意是：在一个穷乡僻壤的小山村附近，作者的车坏了。幸运的是，他受到了村民的热情款待，并在一老太太家里度过了一个愉快的晚上。
【答案与解析】
1、答案：broke。解析：此处考查一般过去式及动词不规则变化的用法。句子属于典型句型be doing …when…结构，在when引导的句子中谓语要使用一般过去时，空格处单词是谓语功能，所以使用break的过去式broken。
2、答案：who。解析：此处考查宾语从句的引导词who的用法。空格前是介词短语as to （至于、关于），空格后是谓语及宾语，根据句子结构，空格处明显是主语，而且指人，所以使用who，其引导的从句作介词短语as to的宾语。
3、答案：as。解析：此处考查短语的固定搭配用法。Receive sb as…意为“把某人当作、、、、、、来接待”，句意为“当我在怨天尤人、想着该到哪过夜时，我意识到聚集在我周围的村民正
在争论谁有幸在家里接待我这个贵宾”。
4、答案：settled。解析：此处考查过去分词作宾补的用法。根据句子结构，句子的主语是she ，谓语是was getting，宾语是me，空格处单词是补语作用，逻辑主语me与settle是被动关系，即“被安置下来”，所以要使用过去分词。
5、答案：a。解析：此处考查不定冠词的用法。从语境看，此处表示泛指，意为“一个小镇”。
6、答案：where。解析：此处考查定语从句的引导词where的用法。从句子结构看，先行词是a small town (some 20 kilometers away作定语)，空格处为定语从句的引导词，在从句中作地点状语，所以使用关系副词where。意为“那里（小镇上）有个修车厂”。
7、答案：other。解析：此处考查不定代词的用法。根据语境，是“其他”村民给我送来goat's cheese and honey，所以使用other。
8、答案：merrily。解析：此处考查副词作状语的用法及副词的构词规则。根据句子结构，空格处单词修饰谓语动词talked，括号内提供的词是形容词，因此要变成副词形式。意为“高兴地谈到深夜”。
9、答案：for。解析：此处考查介词for表示原因的用法。reward sb. for sth意为“因、、、、、、而酬谢/报答某人”。
10、答案：her。解析：此处考查代词作宾语的用法。根据句子结构，空格处单词在定语从句中是作caused的宾语，词义是“她”，即老太太，所以使用宾格。句意为“我想报答老太太，因为我给她带来了那么多麻烦”。
各类引导词的区别
★1、what与that 的区别
what在从句中做主语、表语或宾语，that在从句中不做成份，只起连接作用（一般在从句中不缺少主语、表语或宾语时用），如：
①What we need is time.
我们所需要的是时间。（主语从句，what做宾语，不可以省略）
②What is needed is time.
所需要的是时间。（主语从句，what做主语，不可以省略）
③That he failed in the test again really puzzled us.
他又一次没通过考试让我们迷惑不解。（主语从句，that不做成份，不可以省略）
④I don’t know that he was seriously ill.
我不知道他病得很严重。（宾语从句，that不做成份，可以省略）
注意对比以下句子：
他说的是错的。
That he said so is wrong.
他这么说是错的。
两个句子都是主语从句，第一个句子中what作said的宾语；第二个句子中so作said的宾语，that不做成份，不可以省略）。
另外，有时句子不缺成份时要用连接副词，使句子意思更加完整，如：
The problem is how/where/when /whether we can get more money.
★2、whether与if 的区别
（1）、在表语从句和同位语从句中只能用whether 不能用if ；当主语从句放于句首时，也只能用whether 不能用if，当it 作形式主语，主语从句放在句末时用whether 和if均可；
discuss后接whether 或if引导的宾语从句时，必须用whether。如：
Whether you can come will make a difference.
你能否来会不一样。
The question is whether he will be at present at the meeting.
问题是他能否出席会议。
I have no idea whether he will come to our help.
我不知道他是否会帮助我们。
（2）、介词的宾语从句用whether不用if ，动词的宾语从句两者均可使用，如：It depends on whether you can afford the time.
这取决于你是否有时间。
I wonder if/ whether you would like to join us in the outing this weekend.
我想知道这个周末你能否加入我们的郊游。
（3）、Whether.. or not 与whether to do结构中均不用if，如：
Whether the singer can come or not is unknown yet.
那个歌手是否能来不知道。
3、关于连接词的省略问题
在名词性从句中，连接代词和连接副词一般都不省略。只有在宾语从句中，当引导词是that且充当动词的宾语时可以省略，如：
She told us (that) she would go abroad for further study next year.
她告诉我们她明年要到国外留学。
但是当有两个以上的that引导的宾语从句时，第二个that不省略，如：
He said (that)he felt tired and that he would rather retire .
他说他觉得很累，还说他宁愿退休。
4、who与whoever等的区别
（1）、who, which在名词性从句中含“疑问”表示不知是谁，不知哪一个，如：Who will be invited to the ceremony has not been decided.
邀请谁参加仪式还没定下来。
I am not sure which way I should take.
我不知道走哪条路。
（2）、whoever (谓语用单数) =anyone who (谓语用单数) = those who (谓语用复数) Give the dictionary to whoever needs it most.
把字典给最需要的人。(whoever 做主语，此处不能用whomever)
5、从句要使用陈述句语序，如：
Can you tell me where the nearest subway station is?
你能否告诉我最近的地铁站在哪里？
Who can tell me how I can get the post office ?
谁能告诉我怎样才能到达邮局？
Do you know when he will come back?
你知道他什么时候回来吗？
★6、当主句和从句的主语相同时，可以使用“连接词+to do ”结构，如：
I wondered what to do next.= what I should do next.
We are not sure when to set out. = when we will set out.
常用动词用法辨析
★1.afford,cost, pay, spend, take，
afford表示“付得起”，可以指费用、时间等，常用于afford sth和afford to do sth结构中；其他四个词都有“花费”之意，其中cost指“费用、代价”，常用cost sb sth 结构；pay常指“付多少钱”，常用pay (sb )for sth结构；spend 指“花时间或钱”，常用sb + spend +时间/钱+on sth/ in doing sth 结构；take常用It takes/took sb + 时间+to do sth 结构。如：
His careless driving cost him his life. （cost的主语一般是物，且没有被动结构）。
Who will pay for the meal?
Every day he spent twenty minutes ( in) talking to the boy.
It took us a lot of time to finish the work.
另外，pay还用于短语pay off one’s debts（还清债务）。
2.beat, hit, strike
三个词都有“打、敲”之意，hit 强调“打着、击中”，常用于“打某人身体的某部分”；beat强调有规律的敲打，如心跳、雨水敲打窗户、鸟拍打翅膀等；strike强调“用力击打”，还有“袭击”、“钟敲了几点”、“擦火柴”（strike a match）之意。如：
A ball hit my back when I was walking on the sportsground.
My hearts beat wildly.
我的心跳的厉害。
He struck the nail with a hammer.
他用锤子敲打钉子。
注意：
①“想到某个主意”可以用“hit upon an idea”或“an idea strike sb”（= occur to sb/ come to sb）；②beat有“赢、打败”的意思，与defeat相似，后接sb（win后面接比赛、第几名等），如：We beat Class Five again .
(我们又赢了五班)。
③strike还有“袭击”、“钟敲了几点”、“擦火柴”（strike a match）之意。
★3.take part in, join in, join, attend
都有“参加”之意。take part in与join in指参与某项活动，join指“加入”某个团体、组织，attend强调“出席”，常用于以下名词前：attend the meeting/concert ,attend classes/ school/a lecture等。如：
It is useful to take an active part in after-school activities.
Please join us and play together.
Last Saturday all of us attended his wedding.
★4. talk, speak, say, tell
都有“说”的意思。talk与speak表示“交谈、说话”时常为不及物动词，要与介词连用，如：talk/speak with/to sb of/about sth；表示“讲什么语言”要用speak ；say强调说话的内容；tell着重“讲述、告诉”，常用短语有tell sb sth，tell a lie（说谎），tell the difference between
A and B（说出/分清A 和B的区别），tell A from B（区别A 和B）。
2、It充当形式主语或形式宾语
★（1）充当形式主语，替代不定式、动名词、从句等，如：
It is important for us to set goals.
It is a great pity that he can’t attend the concert with us.
注意：
①当句子的表语是a waste of time, no use, no good 等时，真正的主语常使用动名词，其句式为“It is a waste time/ no use/ no good +doing sth”，如：
There goes the saying, “ It’s no use crying over spilt milk”.
俗话说，“覆水难收”。
It is a waste of time waiting here for him.
②常使用形式主语It代替主语从句的句式有：
It is estimated that…据估计It is said that…据说
It is well-known that…众所周知It is reported that…据报道
It seems/ed that…好像It so happened that…碰巧
（2）充当形式宾语，替代不定式、动名词、从句等，如：
Someone feel it comfortable to wear school uniforms.
He considered it no good giving money to the beggars.
Many of us take it for granted that our parents give us everything we need.
★3、“介词+关系代词”的用法
在定语从句中，当关系代词作动词短语或介词的宾语时，为了使关系代词与先行词的关系更加紧凑，可以将定语从句中的介词或动词短语中的介词提前放在关系代词前面，如：
Do you know the man with whom Mr Black talked just now?
He is the man of whom we are proud.
在使用“介词+关系代词”结构时要注意以下几个问题：
(1) 介词的确定
介词的确定应依据定语从句中动词短语的习惯性搭配或介词与先行词的搭配，如：
Who is the girl with whom you just shook hands?(shake hands with…是习惯性搭配)
He built a telescope through which he could study the skies.他做了架望远镜，通过这部望远镜他可以观察天体(through which 即through the telescope)。
注意：有些固定短语中的介词不能拆开移到关系代词前。如：
This is the watch which you’re looking for。
He is a kind of man whom you can safely depend on. 他是个你可以完全依赖的人。
（2）介词放在关系代词之前时，只用which, whom不用that, who。当关系代词指代人时，用whom，关系代词指代物时，用which，如：
Is this the pen with which you wrote the letter?
He wrote about 20 novels, of which this is the most successful.
This is the man from whom I learnt the news.
（3）、当表示时间、地点或原因的先行词放在从句中做状语时，也可以使用“介词+关系代词”的结构,一般情况下where=in which, why=for which, when = on/in which，如：
We can’t find the house where/in which we used to live.
Do you still remember the day when/on which we went to the beach?
注意：介词的选择由先行词与介词的搭配来确定，当先行词表示时间时，介词还可以使用in （在那年、月等），during（在、、、、、、期间），by（到、、、、、、为止）等，地点是station, bus stop等时也可以使用at 。
（4）、当先行词是物时，作定语的引导词whose +n = the +n.+ of which 或of which + the+ n.，如：
He lives in the room of which the window faces south.
(5) from where 的用法
from where实际上属于“介词+副词”结构，但也可以引导定语从句，表示“从那里”，如：
He stood behind the curtain, from where he could see what was happening outside.他站在窗帘后面，从那里他可以看到外面正在发生的事。
4、现在分词与过去分词做表语的区别
多数情况下，如果主语是人，表语使用过去分词，即“人+ be\look 等+动词ed形式”；如果主语是事或物，表语使用现在分词，即“物+ be\look 等+动词ing形式”。如：
All of us were so disappointed at his absence.
Though the trip was tiring, we felt very happy.
事实上，当表示主语处于某种状态中，即“感到/觉得、、、、、、”，表语要使用过去分词时，所以有时主语是物时也要使用过去分词；而要表示主语“具有令人/使别人感到、、、、、、的特征/性质”，表语使用现在分词，包括有时主语是物时也要使用现在分词。如：
他很吓人。（指他的长相或举动令人害怕)。
He is terrified.
他很害怕。
请描述一只惊恐的狗（狗受到了惊吓）。
请描述一只令人害怕的狗。
类似常用的过去分词有：interested, excited, surprised, puzzled, amused, confused, embarrassed, satisfied；
类似常用的现在分词有：interesting, exciting, surprising, puzzling, amusing, confusing, embarrassing, satisfying。
5、不能用被动语态的情况：
1、所有的不及物动词和某些短语不能用被动语态，常见的有如下几个：
表示“发生”的词/短语happen ,take place, break out ,occur, catch fire，还有appear（出现）, disappear（消失），belong to（属于）等。
2、常见的表示状态特征的系动词：look，feel，smell，taste，sound，prove，appear，remain 等，如：
The idea sounds interesting.
Good medicine tastes bitter.
3、某些可以与easily ,well等副词连用的动词不用被动语态，如：
The cloth washed easily.
这种布很好洗。
This kind of goods sells well.
这种商品很畅销。
This car drives easily.
这部车很容易开。
常见的有read, sell, write, wash, clean, weigh, measure, wear等。
6、特殊比较结构
(1)作否定比较时可用“less+ 形容词原形+ than”，如：
This computer is less expensive than mine.
这部电脑没有我的贵。
John is less clever than Tony.
约翰没有托尼聪明。
★(2)表示“越来越…………”使用“比较级+ and+ 比较级”（more and more）结构，如：It’s getting hotter and hotter.
Our school is becoming more and more beautiful.
★(3)表示“越…………越、、、、、”使用the more ……the more结构，如：
The busier he is, the happier he feels.
The harder you work, the more you will get.
(4)“no+ 比较级+than”的特殊含义：
You are no taller than I.
你和我一样矮。
He is no richer than us.
他跟我们一样穷。
(5)no more than 表示“不多于、仅仅”，no less than 表示“不亚于，和……一样”，如：She is no more than 16 years old.
她只有16岁。
He looked like a manager, but in fact he is no more than a bellboy.
他看起来象个经理，但事实上他只是个门童。
She is no less active than she was.
她跟以前一样不活跃。
(6) more…… than 表示“与其说……倒不如说……”，如：
He’s more brave than wise.
与其说他机智，不如说他勇敢。
★7、表示最高级的特殊结构
(1)no, nothing, can’t, never 等否定词+ 比较级，如：
Nobody can sing better than her in our class. (= She sings best in our class)
I have never seen a taller man. (=He is the tallest man I have ever seen.)
(2) than any other,than anyone else, than any of the other+ …….等结构，如：
He runs faster than anyone else in his school.
She plays the guitar better than any of the others in her class.
但要注意比较的范围，如果主语属于“than”后面的范围中的一部分，就一定要使用else或other，如：
He is taller than any other boy in his class (对比：He is taller than any girls.)
8、常见并列连词的用法比较
★(1)and, but , or
and 表示并列，常用于肯定句中；but表示转折；or表示选择，常用于疑问句和否定句中，注意and和or引导的表示条件概念的并列句，句型结构为“祈使句，+ and/or 引导的并列句”，如：Keep still, and I’ll take a picture of you.
不要动！我给你照张像。
Set out right now, or you’ll be late again.
立刻出发，否则你又要迟到了。
★(2) for, so, therefore
for意为“由于，因为”，但引导的句子只能放在另一分句的后面；so, therefore意为“因此，
结果”，如：
I think you must set off right now, for they are expecting you.
我认为你必须立刻出发，因为他们在等着你。（注意：for they are expecting you 不能放在I think you must set off right now前面）
She was not feeling very well, so she stayed home all day.
她觉得有些不舒服，所以一整天她都呆在家里。
He often had words with his colleagues, therefore, he was disliked everywhere.
他经常跟同事吵架，所以到处都没人喜欢他。
★(3)either…or , neither…nor, both …and
either…or “或者……或者”，表示选择；neither…nor“既不……也不”，表示否定；both …and “……和……都”，表示肯定，如：
You can either join us or do it on your own.
你或者加入我们，或者自己独立做这件事。
Neither Joan nor her sister would go shopping with Mother
琼和她妹妹都不跟妈妈去购物。
Both the students and the teachers are very happy about the changes.
学生和老师都喜欢这些变化。
3、常用的从属连词
(1)常用的从属连词：unless, because, than, as long as, as if, as though, now that, whether, that, so that, in order that 等。
(2)功能：引导名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句(祥见各专题语法要点)
初中英语语法知识点总结
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10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。 如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)
英语语法大攻克--现在完成时的讲解
现在完成时的讲解 基本结构：主语+have/has+过去分词(done) ①肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其他 ②否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他 ③一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他 ④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他） （1）现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在. I have spent all of my money.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.) Jane has laid the table.(含义是:现在桌子已经摆好了.) Michael has been ill.(含义是:现在仍然很虚弱) He has returned from abroad. (含义是:现在已在此地) （2）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作（用行为动词表示）或状态（be动词表示）常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点或过去时的句子）连用. Mary has been ill for three days. I have lived here since 1998. 注（超重要）：瞬间动词（buy,die,join,lose……）不能直接与for since 连用。要改变动词 come-be go out-be out finish-be over open-be open die-be dead ……………… 1.have代替buy My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years. 2、用keep或have代替borrow I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days. 3、用be替代become How long has your sister been a teacher? 4、用have a cold代替catch a cold Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday. 5、用wear代替put on b)用“be＋形容词”代终止性动词 1、be＋married代marry 2、be＋ill代fall (get) ill 3、be＋dead代die 4、be＋asleep代fall (get) asleep 5、be＋awake代wake/wake up 6、be＋gone代lose,die,sell,leave 7、be＋open代open 8、be closed代close/shut 9、be＋missing(gone,lost)代lose c)用“be＋副词”代终止性动词 1“be＋on”代start,begin 2“be＋up”代get up 3“be＋back(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to 4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等 d)用“be＋介词短语”代终止性动词 1.“be in/at +地点”代替go to /come to 2.用be in the army 代替join the army
2017上海高考英语一模语法填空汇总
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2018年成人高考学位英语复习资料知识点复习考点归纳总结
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1.学位英语综合 一、语音题 behind B. blind breach D. least bulletin C. bullet cookie C. wolf counter B. south creature D. belief essay C. away eyebrow A. town float D. bellows flood B. blood irregular B. mirror geography C. remark latent A. squirrel master B. tiresome mountain D. captain mud D. lung notice A. stomachs occasionally D. television opposite B. balloon owner C. narrow period B. perseverance pressure A. directly quiet D. society replied A. entered scatter C. gravity schoolyard A. coo shook D. wood singer B. tongue splendid C. wretched twinkle B. drink waist A. paint 二、单选题 ______ send your motorcycle to be repaired? You'd better not drive it any more. B. Why not ______ student with a little common sense should be able to answer the question. B. Any ______ to the moon some day, I should see the surface of the moon with my own eyes. B. Were I to go ______ with the size of the whole earth , the highest mountain does not seem high at all. A. When compared All _______ is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life. D. that is needed Children who are over-protected by their parents may become_____ C. spoiled Christopher Columbus was believed ______ the American continent. C. to have discovered Depending on____, Mary led us through an unknown part of the forest. A. intuition Do you think she has any ____ to refuse John's invitation? A. reason Either you or I ___ wrong on this matter. C. am Excuse me, sir. I've lost my watch. Do you have ___ time? A. the He had difficulties making himself understood, but we didn't ____impatience. C. show any sign of He is one of the students who____ always on time. B. are He is the boy ___I think scored the winning points for the basketball team. D. who He just couldn't ___what in the world she had been talking about all the time. A. figure out He must have had an accident, or he ______ then. A. would have been here He used to have a ____of stamp-collection, but he has given it up. B. hobby His _____ handwriting resulted from haste and carelessness rather than from the inability to form the letters correctly. A. unreadable His parents _____, the orphan is now taken care of by her uncle. D. having died I swimming until Father returned . B. didn’t go I didn't ask him, but he ___ to help me with my homework. B. offered I know you're planning to travel this summer, but do you know_____? D. how much it will cost I'd like to ______the lessons once more before we take the exam tomorrow. B. go over In spite of your living so far away, we both hope very much _____. B. that you come It has been a long time _____I saw you last time. A. since It is because he is too young ____ he does not understand what has happened. A. that It was difficult to guess what her ______ to the news would be. B. reaction It was essential that the application forms _______ back before the deadline. C. be sent It wasn't such a good dinner ______ she had promised us. C. as Many new ______ will be opened up in the future for those with a university education. A. opportunities Many people watch TV only to ___time. C. kill
高考英语语法专题复习 数 词
2008高考英语语法专题复习数词 高考重点要求： 1．掌握基数词、序数词、分数词、倍数、百分数、年月日、钟点、年龄、序号的基本用法。 2．掌握不定数量词、约数词的表达方法。 数词在各个题项中，单选、阅读、听力、写作中发挥着很强的作用，往往用以说明事实的精确性和可信性。数词是由两大部分构成的即基数词和序数词，而其他数字表示法如分数，小数等均由这两大部分的不同组合而构成。 （三）数词的用法： 1.英语中年月日、点钟、序数词、分数词、算式列表 示例英语表示法 2001．6．30 June 30,2001 30June,2001 30thJune, 2001 7：25 seven twenty-five twenty-five past even 12:54 twelve fifty four six to one 9:15 nine fifteen a quarter past nine 2:30 two thirty half past two 21:50 twenty-one fifty 9:50p.m. 第21 twenty-first
第123 one hundred and twenty-third 21 a half 52 2 two and two-fifths 20% 20 per cent 20 percent 第七路公共汽车 Bus Number Seven 第201房间 Room 201 人民路153号 153 Renmin Road 4+8 =12 Four plus eight is twelve 11-7=4 Eleven minus seven is four. 6×5=30 Six times five is thirty. 20÷5=4 twenty divided by five is four. A ＞B A is more than B. A ＜B A is less than B. A ≈ B A is approximately (近似地, 大约)equals to B. A ≠B A is not equal to B. 2.约数表示法列表 含义 英语表达 例句 大于某数 more than He has lived here for more than twenty years. over she is over fifty. or more There're thirty people or more in the meeting-room. 小于某数 less than I have less than (not more than )fifty dollars. under Children under seven are not allowed to enter. below He would not sell it for below a hundred fifty dollars. or less The coat might cost him sixty dollars or less. 大约（某数） nearly She is nearly fifty now. almost Its almost three o'clock. up to Up to ten men can sleep in this tent. or He spent four or five days writing the article. or so The distance is twenty miles or so. about I visited that village about three years ago. some Their team has some four or five players. more or less The container can hold more or less twenty pounds of water. around/round Let's make it round/around eight o'clock. 3.不定数量词“多”的表示法列表
初二英语语法总结大全
初二期末英语必考的十二大语法点 一. 形容词/副词的比较级和最高级 1. 形容词/副词的比较级和最高级的构成规则 （1）单音节词和少数以-er，-ow结尾的双音节单词，比较级在后面加-er，最高级在后面加-est。 ①单音节单词 small→smaller→smallest short→shorter→shortest tall→taller→tallest great→greater→greatest ②少数以-er，-ow结尾的双音节单词 clever→cleverer→cleverest
narrow→narrower→narrowest （2）以不发音e结尾的单音节单词，比较级在原形后加-r，最高级在 原级后加-st。 large→larger→largest nice→nicer→nicest able→abler→ablest （3）以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节（即：辅音＋元音＋辅音）单词中，先双写末尾的辅音字母，比较级加-er，最高级加-est。 big→bigger→biggest hot→hotter→hottest fat→fatter→fattest （4）以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的双音节词，把y改为i，比较级加-er，最高级加-est。 easy→easier→easiest heavy→heavier→heaviest
busy→busier→busiest happy→happier→happiest （5）其他双音节词和多音节词，比较级在前面加more，最高级在前面加most。 beautiful→more beautiful→most beautiful different→more different→most different easily→more easily→most easily （6）有少数形容词、副词的比较级和最高级是不规则的，必须熟记。 good→better→best well→better→best bad→worse→worst ill→worse→worst old→older/elder→oldest/eldest many/much→more→most little→less→least far →further/farther→ furthest/farthest
(完整版)(英语语法)四种完成时态
LESSON EIGHT 四种完成时态 主系表 现在：You are rich. 过去：You were rich. 将来：You will be rich. 过去将来：You would be rich. There be 现在：There is a book on the desk . 过去：There was a book on the desk. 将来：There will be a book on the desk. 过去将来：There would be a book on the desk. 主谓宾状 现在：You study English in the school. 过去时：You studied English in the school. 将来时: You will study English in the school. You are going to study English. You are to study English. You are about to study English 过去将来：You would study English in the school You were going to study English. You were to study English. You were about to study English. You are studying English. You were studying English. You will be studying English. You woud be studying English. 课堂练习 1：你知道你们老师的爸爸昨天为什么要打beat他？ 2：你知道你们班的那个女孩子怎样成为你们班最好的学生吗？3：你知道昨天他们家的狗为什么咬bit bite你吗？ 4：我妈妈昨天问我我打算在哪学英语.
2017上海高考英语语法填空解题点拨
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2018成人高考《英语》重点复习资料(1)
2018成人高考《英语》重点复习资料（1）2018年成人高考(英语)复习资料(1) 分词 1、中文：他理发了。 (误)He had his hair to be cut. (正)He had his hair cut.(have，get+宾语+过去分词表示使…被。) 2、中文：他喜欢喝凉开水。 (误)He likes to drink boiling water. (正)He likes to drink boiled water.(现在分词表示主动，boiling water指正在沸腾的水;过去分词表示完成，boiled water指沸腾过的水。) 3、中文：由于做饭，他看上去累了。 (误)He looked tiring with cooking. (正)He looked tired with cooking.(tiring表示令人疲倦的，tired 表示人被弄疲倦了。) 4、中文：我不能让别人明白我的意思。 (误)I couldn't make myself understand. (正)I couldn't make myself understood.(过去分词表示被动，make myself understood表示使我被别人明白。) 5、中文：昨天早上我上学时见到了我的一个朋友。 (误)I was walking to school yesterday morning，I met a friend of mine.
(正)Walking to school yesterday morning，I met a friend of mine.(前一句如作时间从句缺连词，后一句分词构句表时间。) 6、中文：假期结束了，约翰返回了学校。
上海高考英语语法填空新题型
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成人高考专升本英语语法练习题
第一讲谓语动词时态 一、谓语动词时态 1.When I went into the gym,he__________a heavy weight. A.lifted B.was lifting C.has lifted D.was lifted 2.The more you practise,the greater progress you_________. A.will make B.have made C.are making D.have been making 3.The train from this station__________on time. A.never leaves B.will never leave C.leaving D.was never leaving 4.Fetch a doctor.The wounded soldier__________. A.was dead B.died C.is dying D.has been dead 5.The customer________the money on the counter and went away. https://www.360docs.net/doc/8f10263646.html,y B.lied https://www.360docs.net/doc/8f10263646.html,id D.was laying 6.She wanted to know whether you________her. A.will help B.will be helping C.would be helping D.would help 7.I won't be able to watch the program because I________my homework at that time. A.shall have done B.will do C.shall be done D.will be doing 8.My brother________while he________his bicycle and hurt himself. A.fell;was riding B.fell;were riding C.had fallen; D.had fallen;was riding 9.I had no sooner reached home than it_________to rain. A:had began B:began C:begin D:begin to 10.I________about it since you had told m e what happened A:had been thinking B:had thought C:was thinking D:thought 第二讲情态动词
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初中英语语法大全(总结篇)
资料收集于网络，如有侵权请联系网站删除 1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump 2 （比较级and 比较级）表示越来越怎么样 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易） 4 agree with sb 赞成某人 5 all kinds of 各种各样a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个世界 7 along with同……一道，伴随…… eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for ……求助向…要…（直接接想要的东西）eg : ask you for my book 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时eg：I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen 14 at the beginning of …… ……的起初；……的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间最后；尽头；末尾eg : At the end of the day 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句感觉/对什么有信心，自信 eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test 18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时2 将来时 19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原）能够…… eg : She is able to sing She can sing 20 be able to do sth 能够干什么eg :she is able to sing 21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕…… eg : I'm afraed to go out at night I'm afraid of dog 22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么 eg: I'm allowed to watch TV 我被允许看电视I should be allowed to watch TV 我应该被允许看电视 23 be angry with sb 生某人的气eg : Don't be angry with me 24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气 25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高 26 be ashamed to 27 be away from 远离 28 be away from 从……离开 29 be bad for 对什么有害eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好 30 be born 出生于 31 be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事be busy with sth 忙于…… 32 be careful 当心；小心 33 be different from…… 和什么不一样 34 be famous for 以……著名
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