英语高考阅读理解篇章结构分析与解题技巧(五)
英语高考阅读理解篇章结构分析与解题技巧(五)
A
【文章概述】
本篇文章体裁为说明文，讲述洪灾会给人们的生命财产造成极大的损失，人类同它抗争是一个长期不懈的过程。文中讲到环保局采用自动预报信息、热线电话以及自动语言播报系统等措施预报洪灾。
1. Choose the correct statements from the following according to the passage.
a. Many people lost their lives in the flood in 1953.
b. The Flood Warning system was already in use in 1953.
c. Flood defenses can stop all flooding.
d. The Environment Agency began to warn people of flood in 1995.
e. Flood line was created after the Easter Floods of 1998.
A. a, b, c
B. b, c, d
C. a, c, e
D. a, d, e
2. What does the underlined word “pager” mean in the last paragraph?
A.A boy employed to carry luggage in hotels.
B.A piece of equipment designed to receive and show messages.
C. A page of papers written to offer messages.
D.A person invited to write pages of messages.
3. People can easily get information and advice about flood any time of the day from______.
A. automatic messaging system
B. Flood line 0845 988 1188
C. the Flood Warning team in Kent
D. automated voice messaging system
4. The best title for this passage may probably be_______.
A. Environment Agency
B. Technology in Flood Defenses
C. Flood Warning System
D. Easter Floods
【答案速递】DBBC
【解题提示】
这类文章以科普、新闻报道等为主。阅读文段信息量大，长句多，句子结构复杂；且词汇较为生疏，有时有会出现诸多专用名词。长句理解要从分析结构入手，采取显微距焦法，抓住关键词，进行“精兵简政”；阅读时要根据构词法及上下文猜测新词或者短语的含义，要运用阅读经验排除专用名词的干扰。试题多是细节理解题和分析归纳题，要求考生理解文章基本结构，把握文段中有效的事实和细节并以此进行推理和判断，进而掌握好文章的主旨和大意。
【答案全解】
1. Choose the correct statements from the following according to the passage.
a. Many people lost their lives in the flood in 1953.
b. The Flood Warning system was already in use in 1953. （与文意不符）
c. Flood defenses can stop all flooding. （与文意及常识不符）
d. The Environment Agency began to warn people of flood in 1995.
e. Flood line was created after the Easter Floods of 1998.
A. a, b, c
B. b, c, d
C. a, c, e
D. a, d, e
［考查意图］检测考生根据材料所提供的信息进行推断的能力。
［答题分析］推理判断题。文中讲到：if the Flood Warning system that currently exists had been around on that cold, stormy night in January 1953, many lives would have been spared.这是一个虚拟的条件从句，表明句子b错误；根据短文第一段的信息可知句子c错误。
2. What does the underlined word “pager” mean in the last paragraph?
A.A boy employed to carry luggage in hotels. （与语境不符）
B.A piece of equipment designed to receive and show messages.
C. A page of papers written to offer messages. （与语境不符）
D.A person invited to write pages of messages. （与语境不符）
［考查意图］考查考生根据材料所提供的信息推断生词含义的能力。
［答题分析］词义猜测题。根据最后一段信息…a recorded message directly to their home, business or pager telling them of the level of warming…可知该词表示如home, business之类的地方或一种能接信息的的设备等，所以A、D项明显错误；该段谈的是一种叫A VM的系统，C项显然也是错误的。
3. People can easily get information and advice about flood any time of the day from______.
A. automatic messaging system（与文意不符）
B. Flood line 0845 988 1188
C. the Flood Warning team in Kent（与文意不符）
D. automated voice messaging system（与文意不符）
［考查意图］考查考生根据语篇的陈述进行事实细节的辨别能力。
［答题分析］细节理解题。第四自然段谈到Flood line 0845 988 1188 offers information and advice 24 hours a day…表明这个热线电话是全天候服务的。
4. The best title for this passage may probably be_______.
A. Environment Agency（文中细节）
B. Technology in Flood Defenses（文中细节）
C. Flood Warning System
D. Easter Floods（文中细节）
［考查意图］考查考生根据语篇陈述的事实进行分析归纳、掌握文章主旨和大意的能力。［答题分析］主旨大意题。文章第二段谈到了文章话题Flood Warning System的重要性，第三段谈它的作用及其服务的改善，进而促使热线电话以及自动语言播报系统的产生，四、五段谈到了全天候的Flood line以及A VM的系统，所以文章的主题应该是Flood Warning System，其它选项是围绕主题的细节问题。做题时要分清主旨与细节的关系，不能只见树木，不见森林。
【语境记忆】
1. Despite虽然
2. sooner or later迟早
3. beat even the strongest defenses甚至摧毁最坚固的(洪水)防御
4. had been around (系统等)已存在，生效
5. took over接管
6. sound alarms to get the news out拉响警报，发布消息
7. a combination of better technology and increased investment新科技与不断增长的投资的结合
8. led to the creation of Flood line and an automatic messaging system导致了热线电话以及自动语言播报系统的产生
9. in place 在工作中，准备就绪
10. local updates当地的新闻报导
11. take up开始从事
12. carry out their flood plan实行他们的防洪计划
【句子理解】
1. 请分析文中划线部分长难句子的结构并试译其义。
结构简析：本句的主语为anyone，其后有一个现在分词短语修饰主语；句子谓语为receive，宾语message，随后有两个分词短语telling…，giving…作它的定语，句子最末是不定式作状语，其中有一个定语从句修饰状语中的名词item.
译文：有这种服务的人们能在家里、办公室或通过一种特制的设备收到有关灾害方面的最新信息，这样他们就有足够的时间来安排计划，同时抢救那些今后无法弥补的诸如老照片、小孩喜欢的玩具之类的东西。
2．Which sentence in the passage can be replaced by the following sentence?
Actually, there was no effective way to stop the natural disaster, and numbers of people lost their lives.
答案：Indeed if the Flood Warning system that currently exists had been around on that cold, stormy night in January 1953, many lives would have been spared.
B
Edward Wilson is Americ a’s, if not the world’s, leading naturalist. In The Future of Life, he
takes us on a tour of the world’s natural resources(资源). How are they used? What has been lost? What remains and is it able to continue with the present speed of use? Wilson also points out the need to understand fully the biodiversity(生物多样性)of our earth.
Wilson begins with an open letter to the pioneer in environment (环境) protection, Henry David Thoreau. He compares today’s Walden Pond with that of Thoreau’s day. Wilson will use such comparisons for the rest of the book. The problem is clear: man has done great damage to his home over the years. Can the earth, with human help, be made to return to biodiversity levels that will be able to support us in the future?
Biodiversity, Wilson argues, is the key to settling many problems the earth faces today. Even our agricultural crops can gain advantages from it. A mere hundred species(物种) are the basis of our food supply, of which but twenty carry the load. Wilson suggests changing this situation by looking into ten thousand species that could be made use of, which will be a way to reduce the clearing of the natural homes of plants and animals to enlarge farming areas.
At the end of the book, Wilson discusses the importance of human values in considering the environment. If you are to continue to live on the earth, you may well read and act on the ideas in this book.
1. We learn form the text that Wilson cares most about ______.
A. the environment for plants
B. the biodiversity of our earth
C. the wastes of natural resources
D. the importance of human values
2. How many species are most important to our present food supply?
A. Twenty
B. Eighty
C. One hundred
D. Ten thousand
3. Wilson suggests that one way to keep biodiversity is to _______.
A. learn how to farm scientifically
B. build homes for some dying species
C. make it clear what to eat
D. use more species for food
4. We can infer that the text is _______
A. a description of natural resources
B. a research report
C. a book review
D. an introduction to a scientist
【答案速递】BADC
【文章概述】
文中作者对Edward Wilson所著书The Future of Life的内容，写作方法作了介绍并着重谈到了地球生物物种的多样性(biodiversity)。文章为一篇书评。文中讲《未来的生活》带我们游览世界自然资源，同时指出人们需要充分理解地球生物多样性。物种多样性能解决许多问题，农业生产也能获得从中获益。在书的结尾谈到环境的重要性，如果人们继续生活在地球上, 最好按照书中所表达的理念而行事。
【解题提示】
书评是以“书”为对象，实事求是地分析书籍的形式和内容，从而在作者、读者和出版商之间构建信息交流的渠道。书评不同于读后感，读后感的是记录个人阅读某种书籍后的所感、所想、所悟，是以读者的心理活动为中心。书评具有导读功能，它为读者在阅读时对所
读图书进行价值判断提供参考，同时向读者推荐优秀的图书。这类文章，常有以下考点：1、对文章体裁的判断； 2、“书”的主要内容、写作方式；3、对事实概括、分析及推理；4、书评的目的等。
【结构分析】
该文章分为三部分：第一部分（第一段）介绍是一本什么样的书；第二部分（第二、三段）比较可知人类家园破坏严重。提出问题：物种能否恢复到足够让我们较好生存的水平？指出物种多样性的重要意义；第三部分（第四段）读该书的重要意义。
【答案全解】
1. We learn form the text that Wilson cares most about ______.
【点拨】考查主旨大意→寻读法→段层次上对明示细节的理解。
A. the environment for plants
C. the wastes of natural resources
D. the importance of human values
【考查意图】本题是考查考生根据语篇的陈述对文章主要内容的辨别能力。
【试题解析】推理判断题。文中都是围绕The Future of Life《未来的生活》中地球物种多样性的相关内容展开的。文章第一段讲到The Future of Life不仅让我们对资源的来龙去脉有一个很好地了解，而且指出“我们有必要对地球的生物多样性有一个充分的了解”；第三段第一句Biodiversity, Wilson argues, is the key to settling many problems the earth faces today（生物多样性Biodiversity是解决地球面临许多问题的关键），这些都表明Edward Wilson最关注地球的多样性。
2. How many species are most important to our present food supply?
【点拨】考查细节→寻读法→句层次上对明示细节的理解。
B. Eighty
C. One hundred
D. Ten thousand
【考查意图】本题是考查考生根据语篇的陈述进行事实细节的辨别能力。
【试题解析】细节理解题。从文章第三段信息A mere hundred species(物种) are the basis of our food supply, of which but twenty carry the load可知为我们提供事物供给的只有20种物种最重要。
3. Wilson suggests that one way to keep biodiversity is to _______.
【点拨】考查细节→寻读法→句层次上对明示细节的理解。
A. learn how to farm scientifically
B. build homes for some dying species
C. make it clear what to eat
【考查意图】本题是考查考生根据语篇的陈述进行事实细节的辨别能力。
【试题解析】细节理解题。文章第三段谈到Wilson suggests changing this situation by looking into ten thousand species that could be made use of, which will be a way to reduce the clearing of the natural homes of plants and animals to enlarge farming areas. 这可知Wilson在书中建议保持地球生物多样性的方法之一就是寻求更多的可以利用的物种。
4. We can infer that the text is _______
【点拨】考查文章体裁→寻读法→篇层次上对明示细节的理解。
A. a description of natural resources
B. a research report
D. an introduction to a scientist
【考查意图】本题是考查考生根据语篇的陈述对文章体裁的判断能力。
【试题解析】推理判断题。从文章开头的In The Future of Life, he takes us on a tour of the world’s natural resources(资源)到结尾处的At the end of the book, Wilson discusses the importance of human values…可知该文是书评，客观地介绍了一本书的内容。
【语境记忆】
1. leading naturalist领先的自然科学工作者
2. take sb. on a tour of带领某人参观…
3. point out指出，指明；解释
4. the need to …的需要
5. begin with以…开始；开始于
6. compare…with…与…相比较
7. the rest of其余的(人/物)
8. has done great damage to已损坏，损害...
9. with one’s help在…的帮助下
10. be made to return to biodiversity levels使恢复多样性水平
11. the key to …的钥匙、方法
12. settle many problems解决许多问题
13. gain advantages获得很多的优势
14. the basis of …的基础
15. carry the load承担重任(食物供应)
16. look into调查，观察
17. be made use of被利用
18. are to continue to live准备或要继续生存
19. act on按照…而行动
C
More than 10 years ago, it was difficult to buy a tasty pineapple (菠萝). The fruits that made it to the UK were green on the outside and, more often than not, hard with an unpleasant taste within. Then in 1966, the Del Monte Gold pineapple produced in Hawaii first hit our shelves.
The new type of pineapple looked more yellowy-gold than green. It was slightly softer on the outside and had a lot of juice inside. But the most important thing about this new type of pineapple was that it was twice as sweet as the hit-and-miss pineapples we had known. In no time, the Del Monte Gold took the market by storm, rapidly becoming the world’s best-selling pineapple variety, and delivering natural levels of sweetness in the mouth, up until then only found in tinned pineapple.
In nutrition (营养) it was all good news too. This nice tasting pineapple contained four times more vitamin C(维生素C) than the old green variety. Nutritionists said that it was not only full of vitamins, but also good against some diseases. People were understandably eager to be able to buy this wonderful fruit. The new type of pineapple was selling fast, and the Del Monte Gold pineapple rapidly became a fixture in the shopping basket of the healthy eater.
Seeing the growing market for its winning pineapple, Del Monte tried to keep market to itself. But other fruit companies developed similar pineapples. Del Monte turned to law for help, but failed. Those companies argued successfully that Del Monte’s attempts to keep the golden
pineapple for itself were just a way to knock them out the market.
1. We learn from the text that the new type at pineapple is __________.
A. green outside and sweet inside
B. good-looking outside and soft inside
C. yellowy-gold outside and hard inside
D. a little soft outside and sweet inside
2. Why was the new type of pineapple selling well?
A. It was rich in nutrition and tasted nice.
B. It was less sweet and good for health.
C. It was developed by Del Monte.
D. It was used as medicine.
3. The underlined word “fixture” in Paragraph 3 probably refers to something _________.
A. that people enjoy eating
B. that is always present
C. that is difficult to get
D. that people use as a gift
4. We learn from the last paragraph that Del Monte _________.
A. slowed other companies to develop pineapples
B. succeeded in keeping the pineapple for itself
C. tried hard to control the pineapple market
D. planned to help the other companies
【答案速递】DABC
【文章概述】
本文介绍了一种新型菠萝。文章体裁为说明文。该文章从一种常见的青菠萝入手，抛出了文段要介绍的事物——在夏威夷（Hawaii）生产的一种金色菠萝（the Del Monte Gold pineapple），接下来作者对这种新型菠萝的色、味、营养以及它对市场的影响等方面作了介绍。文中说明对象明确，层次清楚，实用性强，是一篇很好的、短小精悍的说明文。
【解题提示】
说明文实用性很强，它包括广告、说明书、提要、提示、规则、章程、解说词、科学小品等。这类文章以介绍说明为主要表达方式侧重对客观事物或事理作如实的介绍、简要的解说，力求使人有所知，文章中一般没有强烈的感情色彩或作者的倾向。对这类文章，考生在阅读时要注意弄清说明对象，抓住段落的主题，把握文章的说明方法。在认真理解和领会文章的事实细节以及弄清上下文说明顺序的基础上，对文段进行深层次的推理判断。
【结构分析】
该文章为四部分：第一部分（第一段）：交代说明的对象：the Del Monte Gold pineapple 一种新型菠萝；第二部分（第二段）：介绍这种新型菠萝色、香、味俱全，风靡市场。第三部分（第三段）：介绍这种新型菠萝营养丰富，能防病；第四部分（第四段）：因新型菠萝畅销，有公司企图控制市场。
【答案全解】
1. We learn from the text that the new type at pineapple is __________.
【点拨】考查细节→寻读法→句层次上对明示细节的理解
A. green outside and sweet inside
B. good-looking outside and soft inside
C. yellowy-gold outside and hard inside
【考查意图】本题是考查考生根据语篇的陈述进行事实细节的辨别能力。
【答题分析】细节理解题。文段第二段前三句讲这种新型菠萝较软，而且有丰富的果汁，是老品种菠萝的两倍甜。
2. Why was the new type of pineapple selling well?
【点拨】考查细节→寻读法→句层次上对明示细节的理解
B. It was less sweet and good for health.
C. It was developed by Del Monte.
D. It was used as medicine.
【考查意图】本题是考查考生依据语篇陈述进行归纳推理的能力。
【答题分析】考查对段落大意的总结归纳。文章第二段可看出这种新型菠萝口感好，味美；第三段这种新型菠萝有营养，维生素C丰富，而且助于强身防病。
3. The underlined word “fixture” in Paragraph 3 probably refers to something _________.
【点拨】考查词义→寻读法→句层次上对明示细节的理解
A. that people enjoy eating
C. that is difficult to get
D. that people use as a gift
【考查意图】本题是考查考生根据材料所提供的信息推断生词含义的能力。
【答题分析】词义猜测题。第三段谈到信息…the Del Monte Gold pineapple rapidly became a fixture in the shopping basket of the healthy eater.这种新型菠萝很快成为了在健康饮食者购物篮中之物。
4. We learn from the last paragraph that Del Monte _________.
【点拨】考查隐含信息→寻读法→句层次上对明示细节的逻辑推理
A. slowed other companies to develop pineapples
B. succeeded in keeping the pineapple for itself
D. planned to help the other companies
【考查意图】本题是考查考生根据材料所提供的信息进行推断的能力。
【答题分析】考查深层含义。最后一段谈到信息…Del Monte tried to keep market to itself. Del Monte’s attempts to keep the golden pineapple for itself were just a way to knock them out the market. Del Monte公司想方设法控制市场，并企图将其它公司挤出市场。
【语境记忆】
1. more often than not时常，在更多情况下
2. first hit our shelves第一次摆上货架
3. the new type of…新型的
4. twice as sweet as…甜两倍
5. hit-and-miss 粗制滥造的，时好时坏的
6. in no time立刻，很快
7. took the market by storm风靡市场
8. up until then 直到那时
9. in nutrition在营养方面
10. was full of vitamin C 维生素C丰富
11. was good against diseases助于强身防病
12. were understandably eager to可理解，（人们）渴望……
13. was selling fast 正畅销
14. in the shopping basket of the healthy eater在健康饮食者的购物篮中
15. the growing market for日益扩大的……市场
16. keep market to itself 控制……的市场
17. turned to law for help向法律求助
18. …attempts to ……的企图
19. a way to knock them out the market将某人挤出市场
D
Plants can’t communicate by moving or making sounds, as most animals do. Instead, plants produce volatile compounds, chemicals that easily change from a liquid to a gas. A flower’s sweet smell, for example, comes from volatile compounds that the plant produces to attract insects such as bugs and bees.
Plants can also detect volatile compounds produced by other plants. A tree under attack by hungry insets, for instance, may give off volatile compounds that let other trees know about the attack. In response, the other trees may send off chemicals to keep the bugs away —or even chemicals that attract the bugs’ natural enemies.
Now scientists have created a quick way to understand what plants are saying: a chemical sensor（传感器）called an electronic nose. The “e-nose” can tell compounds that crop plants make when they’re attacked. Scientists say the e-nose could help quickly detect whether plants are being eaten by insects. But today the only way to detect such insects is to visually inspect individual plants. This is a challenging task for managers of greenhouses, enclosed gardens that can house thousands of plants.
The research team worked with an e-nose that recognizes volatile compounds. Inside the device, 13 sensors chemically react with volatile compounds. Based on these interactions, the e-nose gives off electronic signals that the scientists analyze using computer software.
To test the nose, the team presented it with healthy leaves from cucumber, pepper and tomato plants, all common greenhouse crops. Then scientists collected samples of air around damaged leaves from each type of crop. These plants had been damaged by insects, or by scientists who made holes in the leaves with a hole punch（打孔器）.
The e-nose, it turns out, could identify healthy cucumber, pepper and tomato plants based on the volatile compounds they produce. It could also identify tomato leaves that had been damaged. But even more impressive, the device could tell which type of damage—by insects or with a hole punch—had been done to the tomato leaves.
With some fine-tuning, a device like the e-nose could one day be used in greenhouses to quickly spot harmful bugs, the researchers say. A device like this could also be used to identify fruits that are perfectly ripe and ready to pick and eat, says Natalia Dudareva, a biochemist at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Ind. who studies smells of flowers and plants. Hopefully, scientists believe, the device could bring large benefits to greenhouse managers in the near future.
1. We learn from the text that plants communicate with each other by____.
A. making some sounds
B. waving their leaves
C. producing some chemicals
D. sending out electronic signals
2. What did the scientists do to find out if the e-nose worked?
A. They presented it with all common crops.
B. They fixed 13 sensors inside the device.
C. They collected different damaged leaves.
D. They made tests on damaged and healthy leaves.
3. According to the writer, the most amazing thing about the e-nose is that it can________.
A. pick out ripe fruits
B. spot the insects quickly
C. distinguish different damages to the leaves
D. recognize unhealthy tomato leaves
4 We can infer from the last paragraph that the e-nose_____.
A. is unable to tell the smell of flowers
B. is not yet used in greenhouses
C. is designed by scientists at Purdue
D. is helpful in killing harmful insects
【答案速递】CDCB
【文章概述】
植物靠挥发性化学物质进行交流。花的香味就来自于它本身的一种挥发性化学物质。植物也可侦测出其它植物的化合物，一棵受到饥饿害虫攻击的植物会放出一种化合物以便于让其植物提高警惕。作为回应，其它甚至会放出化合物吸引害虫的天敌。科学家们发明了一种叫电子鼻(e-nose)的化学传感器来辨别植物遭到攻击时会释放什么样的化合物。实践表明这种电子鼻(e-nose)很有效果。不过，能否在温室里使用一种像电子鼻(e-nose)的设备还不得而知。科学家们相信在不久的将来温室管理者会使用上这种设备，并用来识别果实是否成熟等。【解题提示】
本文属于科学研究报告类文章。这类文章信息量大，长句多，句子结构复杂；且词汇较为生疏，有时有会出现诸多专用名词。长句理解要从分析结构入手，采取显微距焦法，抓住关键词；阅读时要根据构词法及上下文猜测新词或者短语的含义，要运用阅读经验排除专用名词的干扰。试题多是细节理解题和分析归纳题，要求考生理解文章基本结构，把握文段中有效的事实和细节并以此进行推理和判断，进而掌握好文章的主旨和大意。
【结构分析】
文章分为三部分：第一部分(一、二段)讲植物怎样交流；第二部分(三、四、五、六段)介绍科学家们发明了一种叫电子鼻(e-nose)的化学传感器; 第三部分(七段) 像电子鼻(e-nose)的设备在不久的将来可能运用到生产生活中。
【答案全解】
1. We learn from the text that plants communicate with each other by____.
【点拨】考查具体事实→寻读法→句层次上对相关细节的理解。
A. making some sounds
B. waving their leaves
D. sending out electronic signals
【考查意图】C 本题是考查考生搜寻、辨别、理解文中具体信息能力。
【答题分析】细节理解题。文中第一段信息讲植物不能通过走动或发出声音交流。相反，植物可通过它本身产生的一种易挥发性化学物质进行交流。
2. What did the scientists do to find out if the e-nose worked?
【点拨】考查隐含信息→寻读法→句层次上对明示细节的逻辑理解。