英国文学期末考试复习提纲()1
Terms:
Alexandrine亚历山大诗行: An iambic hexameter六音部line __that is, a poetic line consisting of six iambic feet.
Allegory寓言: A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities.
Alliteration头韵: The repetition of similar sounds, usually consonants or consonant clusters, in a group of words. Sometimes the term is limited to the repetition of initial consonant sounds.
Allusion典故:A reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to.
Analogy类比:A comparison made between two things to show the similarities between them.
Antagonist对手:A person or force opposing the protagonist in a narrative; a rival of the hero or heroine.
Antithesis对照: The balancing of two contrasting ideas, words, phrases, or sentences.
Aside旁白:In drama, lines spoken by a character in an undertone or directly to the audience.
Assonance元音: The repetition of similar vowel sounds, especially in poetry.
Aphorism警句：A concise, pointed statement expressing a wise or clever observation.
Atmosphere: The prevailing mood or feeling of a literary work.
Autobiography: A person’s account of his or her own life.
Ballad: A story told in verse and usually meant to be sung.
Ballad stanza: A type of four-line stanza.
Biography: A detailed account of a person’s life written by another person.
Blank verse: Verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.
Caesura停顿：A break or pause in a line of poetry.
Conceit: A kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things.
Conflict: A struggle between two opposing force or characters in a short story, novels, play or narrative poem.
Connotation隐含意义：All the emotions and associations that a word or phrase may arouse.
Canto长诗中的篇: A section or division of a long poem.
Caricature: The use of exaggeration or distortion to make a figure appear comic or ridiculous.
Characterization性格刻画：The personality a character displays, also, the means by which a writers reveals that personality.
Classicism: A movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome.
Climax: The (turning) point of the greatest intensity, interest, or suspense in a narrative.
Comedy: In general, a literary work that ends happily with a healthy, armistice between the protagonist and
society.
Consonance和音: The repetition of similar consonant sounds in a group of words.
Couplet:Two consecutive连续的lines of poetry that rhyme.
Denotation意义，指示：The literal or “dictionary” meaning of a word.
Denouement: The outcome of a plot.
Diction: A writer’s choice of words, particularly for clarity, effectiveness, and a precision.
Epic: A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.
Epigram:A short, witty, pointed statement often in the form of a poem.
Epilogue结语：A short addition or conclusion at the end of a literary work.
Epiphany: A moment of illumination, usually occurring at or near the end of a work.
Epitaph: An inscription on a gravestone or a short poem written in memory of someone who has died.
Essay: A piece or prose writing, usually short, that deals with a subject in a limited way and expresses a particular point of view.
Exemplum:A tale, usually inserted into the text of a sermon that illustrates a moral principle.
Exposition阐述：That part of a narrative or drama in which important background information is revealed.
Fable寓言: A brief story that is told to present a moral or practical lesson. The characters of fables are often animals who speak and act like human beings. See the fables by Aesop.
Farce滑稽剧: A type of comedy based on a ridiculous situation, often with stereotyped characters.
Figure of speech: a word or an expression that meant to be interpreted in a literal sense.
Flashback: A scene in a short story, novel, play, or narrative poem that interrupts the action to show an even that happened earlier.
Foil陪衬：A character who sets another character by contrast.
Foreshadowing铺垫: The use of hints or clues in a narrative to suggest what will happen later.
Free verse: Verse that has either no metrical pattern or an irregular pattern.
Imagery意象：Words or phrases that create pictures, or images in the reader’s mind.
Invocation祈祷: At the beginning of an epic (or other poem) a call to a muse, god, or spirit for inspiration.
Irony:A contrast or an incongruity between what is stated and what is really meant, or between what is expected to happen and what actually happens.
Symbol: Any object, person, place, or action that has a meaning in itself and that has a meaning in itself and also stands for something larger than itself, such as a quality, an attitude, a belief, or a value.
Symbolism:A literary movement that arose in France in the last half of the nineteenth century and that greatly influenced many English, particularly poets, of the twentieth century.
Synecdoche: A figure of speech that substitute a part for a whole.
Theme: The general idea insight about life that a writer wishes to express in a literary work.
Tone: The attitude a writer takes towards his or her subject, characters or audience.
Spenserian stanza: A nine-line stanza with the following scheme: ababbcbcc.
Stereotype: a common place type or character that appears so often in literature.
Stream of consciousness: the style of writing that attempts to initiate the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them.
Style: The author’s characteristic way of writings, determined by the choice of words, the arrangement of words in sentences, and the relationship of sentences to one another.
Suspense: The quality of a story, novel, or drama that makes the reader or audience uncertain or tense about the outcome of events.
Rhythm:The arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables into a pattern.
Romance:Any imagination literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures nad battles between good characters and villains or monsters.
Romanticism:A movement that flourished in literature, philosophy, music and art in Western culture during most of the nineteenth century, beginning as a revolt against classicism.
4.作品赏析(共八人，重点是诗歌)
1. Wordsworth
（1）Lucy poems
?“She dwelt among the untrodden ways
?Beside the springs of Dove,
?A maid whom there were none to praise
?And very few to love,
?A violet by a mossy stone
?Half hidden from the eye!
?---fair as a star, when only one
?Is shining in the sky.
?She lived unknown, and few could know
?When Lucy ceased to be;
?The difference to me!”
?A slumber did my spirit seal;
?I had no human fears;
?She seemed a thing that could not feel
?The touch of earthly years.
?No motion has she now, no force;
?She neither hears nor sees;
?Rolled round in earth’s diurnal course, ?With rocks, and stones, and trees.
（2）William’s Poems(6)
'Tis past, that melancholy dream!
Nor will I quit thy shore
A second time; for still I seem
To love thee more and more.
Among thy mountains did I feel
The joy of my desire;
And she I cherish'd turn'd her wheel
Beside an English fire.
Thy mornings show'd, thy nights conceal'd
The bowers where Lucy play'd;
And thine too is the last green field
That Lucy's eyes survey'd.
2. Byron
(1) Don Juan
?And thus they wandered forth, and hand in hand, ?Over the shining pebbles and the shells,
?And in the worn and wide receptacles
?Worked by the storms, yet worked as it were planned,
?In hollow halls, with sparry roofs and cells,
?They turned to rest; and each clasped by an arm,
?Yield to the deep twilight’s pu rple charm.
She loved, and was beloved—she adored,
And she was worshipped; after nature’s fashion,
Their intense souls, into each other poured.
If souls could die, had perished in that passion,
But by degrees their senses were restored
Again to be o’e rcome, again to dash on,
And, beating against his bosom, Haidee’s heart
Fell as if never more to beat apart.
3. Keats
(1) Endymion恩底弥翁
"A thing of beauty is a joy for ever:
Its loveliness increase; it will never
Pass into nothingness; but still will keep
A bower quiet for us. And a sleep
Full of sweet dreams, and health. And quiet breathing;
?And she forgot the stars, the moon, the sun,
?And she forgot the blue above the trees,
?And she forgot the dells where waters run. And she forgot the chilly autumn breeze: (2) The story of “Isabella, or the pot of Basil”伊莎贝拉，又叫紫苏花盆的故事?She had no knowledge when the day was done,
?And the new morn she saw not: but in peace
?Hung over her sweet basil evermore,
?And moistened with tears unto the core.
(3)Ode to a Nightingale
?―The weariness, the fever, and the fret ?Here, where men sit and hear each other groan; ?Where palsy shakes a few, sad, last grey hairs, ?Where youth grows pale, and spectre-thin, and
dies
?Where but to think is to be full of sorrow
?And leaden-eyed despairs;
?Where beauty cannot keep her lustrous eyes,
?Or new love pine at them beyond tomorrow.
4. Shelly
(1)Queen Mab
?Those gilded flies
?That basking in the sunshine of a court, ?Fatten on its corruption; what are they?
?The drones of the community; they feed
?On the mechanic’s labor; the starved hind
?For them compels the stubborn glede to yield ?Its unshared harvest; and you squalid form, ?Leaner than fleshless misery, that wastes
?A sunless life in the unwholesome mine,
?Drags out in labour a protracted death
?To glut their grandeur; many faint with toil
?That few may know the cares and woe of sloth.
(2) Ode to the West Wind
57 Make me thy lyre, even as the forest is:
58 What if my leaves are falling like its own!
59 The tumult of thy mighty harmonies
60 Will take from both a deep, autumnal tone,
61 Sweet though in sadness. Be thou, Spirit fierce,
62 My spirit! Be thou me, impetuous one!
63 Drive my dead thoughts over the universe
64 Like wither'd leaves to quicken a new birth!
65 And, by the incantation of this verse,
66 Scatter, as from an unextinguish'd hearth
67 Ashes and sparks, my words among mankind!
68 Be through my lips to unawaken'd earth
69 The trumpet of a prophecy! O Wind,
70 If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?
(3) To a Skylark
?Hail to thee, blithe Spirit!
Bird thou never wert,
?That from Heaven, or near it,
?Pourest thy full heart
?In profuse strains of unpremeditated art.
?Higher still and higher
?From the earth thou springest
?Like a cloud of fire;
?The blue deep thou wingest,
?And singing still dost soar, and soaring ever singest.
5. Coleridge
(1)Kubla Khan 忽必烈汗
①"It was a miracle of rare device,
A sunny pleasure dome with caves of ice!"
②"For he on honeydew hath fed,
And drunk the milk of Paradise (2)Christabel 克里斯塔贝尔
?“ The re is not wind enough to twirl 微风就能刮起
?The one red leaf, the last of its clan,那片红红的叶子，剩下的最后一片?That dances as often as dance it can,尽情地舞蹈着回旋着
?Hanging so light, and hanging so high, 在空中轻轻地悬浮，高高盘旋?On the topmost twig that looks up at the sky”
?“ There is not wind enough to twirl 微风就能刮起
?The one red leaf, the last of its clan,那片红红的叶子，剩下的最后一片?That dances as often as dance it can,尽情地舞蹈着回旋着
?Hanging so light, and hanging so high, 在空中轻轻地悬浮，高高盘旋?On the topmost twig that looks up at the sky” 落在最高的树枝仰望天空6. Thomas Hardy
(1) The Walk
“You did not walk with me
Of late to the hilltop tree
By the gated ways
As in earlier days.”
(2) Let Me Enjoy
“Let me enjoy the earth no less
Because the all-enacting might
That fashioned forth its loveliness
Had other aims than my delight .”
(3)Hap
How arrives it joy lies slain
And why unblooms the best hope ever sown?
Crass casualty obstructs the sun and rain,
And dicing Time for gladness casts a moan…
These purblind Doomsters had as readily strown
Blisses about my pilgrimage as pain.”
(4) In Neutral Tones
“the smile on your mouth was the deades t thing
Alive enough to have strength to die;
And a girl of bitterness swept thereby
Like an ominous bird a-wing.”
(5) going and staying
“The mooing sun-shape on the spray,
The sparkles where the brook was flowing,
Pink faces, plightings, moonlit May,-
These were the things we wished to stay;
But they are going.
“Seasons of blankness as of snow,
The second bleed of a world decaying,
The moan of multitudes in woe,-
These were the things we wished would go;
But they were staying.”
7. T.S.Eliot
(1) The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock
Let us go then, you and I
When the evening is spread out against the sky
Like a patient etherized upon a table;
Let us go, through certain half-deserted streets,
The muttering retreats
Of restless nights in one-night cheap hotels
(2) The waste land
?April is the cruellest month, breeding
?Lilacs out of the dead land, mixing ?Memory and desire, stirring
?Dull roots with spring rain
?Winter kept us warm, covering
?Earth in forgetful snow, feeding
?A little life with dried tubers
?Summer surprised us, coming over the Starnbergersee ?With a shower of rain; we stopped in the colonnade ?And went on in sunlight, into the Hofgarten ?And drank coffee, and talked for an hour.
8. Robert Browning
Home-thoughts From Abroad
Oh, to be in England, Now that April’s there,
And whoever wakes in England
Sees, some morning, unaware,
That the lowest boughs and the brushwood sheaf Round the elm-tree bole are in tiny leaf,
While the chaffinch sings on the orchard bough
In England-now!
And after April, when May follows,
And the whitethroat builds, and all the swallows!
Hark, where my blossomed pear-tree in the hedge
Leans to the field and scatters on the clover
Blossoms and dewdrops—at the bent spray’s edge—
That’s the wise thrush; he sings each song twice over,
Lest you should think he never could recapture
The first fine careless rapture!
And though the fields look rough with hoary dew,
All will be gay when noontide wakes anew
The buttercups, the little children’s dower
Far brighter than this gaudy melon-flower!
五．大题（本学期作家(9)）
20世纪后
1. **Generally speaking, Jane Austen was a writer of the 18th-century , though she lived mainly in the nineteenth century . Based on her writings, discuss Jane Austen’s greatest contribution to English literature.
Jane Austen is one of the most important Romantic novelists in English literature. She creates six influential novels.
Her main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships. She makes trivial daily life as important as the concerns about human belief or career and salient social event. This is what makes her important in English literature .
Jane Austen has brought the English novel, as an art of form, to its maturity because of her sensitivity to universal patterns of human behavior and her accurate portrayal of human individuals.
She describes the world from a woman’s point of view , and depicts a group of authentic and common women .
I. What kind of character is “Jane Eyre” in Charlotte’s novel?
Jane Eyre , an orphan child with a fiery spirit and longing to love and to be loved , a poor , plain , little governess who dares to love her master , and brave enough to declare her love for him . She has quick wit , honesty , frankness and a spirit of independence and self-dignity .
II. What does Thomas Hardy think of fate and chance ?
Hardy thinks that the nature I shown as some mysterious supematural force , powerful but half-blind , uncaring to the individual’s will , hope , passion or suffering . It play s practical jokes upon human beings by producing a series of mistimed actions and unfortunate coincidences . Man proves impotent before fate .
III. Browning’s style is very different from that of any other Victorian poets His poetic style belongs to the twentieth century rather than to the Victorian age . What is the art of his poems ?
A.In his poems , Browning chosses a dramatic moment or a crisis , in which his characters are made to talk about their lives , and about their minds and hearts .
B.Browning ‘s poetry is not easy to read . His rhythms are often too fast , too rough and unmusical . The syntasx is usually clipped and highly compressed . the similes and illustration s appear too profusely .
C.The allusions and implications are sometimes odd and farfetched. All this makes up his obscurity .
D.There are abundanbt metaphors in his poems .
IV. Charles Dickens is one of the greatest Victorian writers in his own unique way . Discuss Dickens’ art of novels : the setting , the language , and the characters , etc . based on his nivel Olive Twist .
A.He uses a mixture of the contemporary and recollected past as his fictionl settings .
B.With his first sentence, he engages the reader’s attention and holds it to the end .
C.His best –depicted characters are those innocent , virtuous , persecuted, helpless child characters such as Oliver Twist .
D.The figures that he depicted, marked out by some peculiarity in physical , speech or manner , are both types and individuals .
E.Dicken’s works are also characterized by a mingling of humor and pathos.
I. George Bernard Shaw is the leading playwright of his time .What’s Bernard Shaw’s viewpoint on literature ?（历史地位，代表作，写作风格）
Shaw attacked the Neo-Romantic tradition and the fashionable drawing drama . He hold that art should serve social purposes by reflecting human life , revealing social contradictions and educating people . The mission of his drama was to reveal th emoral , political and economic truth from a raical rformist point of view .（要点：讽刺，修辞手法，幽默）
II(1). What are the modernistic characteristics of D. H. Lawrence’s novels ?
Lawrence introduces psychology into his works . He believes that the healthy way of the individual’s psychological development lay in the primacy of the life impulse , the sexal impulse . \By presenting the psychological experience of individual human life and of human relationship, he opens up a wide new territory to the novel.
II (2). Discuss the striking feature of Paul, the main character in “Sons and Lovers”?
A.He gradually comes under the strong influence of the mother in affections, aspiration and mental habits, and sees his father with his mother’s eyes.
B.Paul depends heavily on his mother’s love and help to make sense of world around him.
C.In order to become an independent man and a true artist he has to make his own decisions about his life and work, and has to struggle to become free from his mother’s influence.
D.Paul is proved to be incapable of escaping the over powering emotional bond imposed by his mother’s love, so he fails to achieve a fulfilling relationship with either girl.
e. Finally, Paul determined to face the unknown future.