习题参考答案(2)

习题参考答案(2)
习题参考答案(2)

思考题题解

1 、建筑工程中将经过一系列的物理、化学作用后,由液体或膏状体变为坚硬的固体,同时能将砂、石、砖、砌块等散粒或块状材料胶结成具有一定机械强度的整体的材料,统称为胶凝材料。

胶凝材料根据其化学组成可分为:无机胶凝材料和有机胶凝材料。其中无机胶凝材料根据其硬化条件可分为气硬性胶凝材料和水硬性胶凝材料。只能在空气中硬化,并只能在空气中保持和发展强度的胶凝材料称为气硬性胶凝材料;既能在空气中硬化,又能在潮湿环境或水中更好地硬化,并保持和发展强度的胶凝材料称为水硬性胶凝材料。

二者在性能上最显著的差异是:气硬性胶凝材料的耐水性较差,即软化

系数K p小。而水硬性胶凝材料的耐水性很好,即软化系数K p较大。此外,大多数气硬性胶凝材料的强度也低于水硬性胶凝材料,并且气硬性胶凝材料的抗渗、抗冻等耐久性也明显低于水硬性胶凝材料。

2、生石灰的主要成分是CaO+MgO熟石灰的主要成分是Ca(OH),硬化中石灰的主要成分是Ca(OH)2+CaCO3。

3、生石灰(CaO加水后与水反应生成熟石灰[Ca(OH)2]的过程称为生石灰的熟化或消解。此过程的特点有二个:一是放热量大、放热速度快;二是伴随着体积膨胀(1~ 2.5倍)。

4、当石灰中含有过火石灰时,会对石灰及其制品的性能产生极大的破坏作用。这主要是过火石灰的熟化(消解)速度很慢,在石灰凝结硬化后才开始逐步消解(该过程可能需几个月、几年或更长时间),引起体积膨胀,造成隆起或开裂,故对石灰的应用极为不利。不经处理,不能使用。

当石灰中含有欠火石灰时,主要是降低了石灰中有效CaO的含量(因欠

火石灰即是含有未分解的CaCO内核的石灰),使石灰的质量降低,利用率下降,但对石灰及其制品的性能影响较小。对较小的欠火石灰颗粒可不作处理,但较大的欠火石灰颗粒需消除掉,以避免影响到施工质量。

在熟化时,利用筛网将较大的欠火石灰颗粒或过火石灰颗粒过滤掉,较小的过火石灰颗粒可通过陈伏使其熟化。

5、生石灰与水接触后会快速反应,即熟化,此过程会放出大量的热,且体积

膨胀1?2.5倍,如直接使用难以成型并保持其初始结构。所以(除生石灰粉 腹胀用于生产硅酸盐制品外)石灰使用前通常需进行熟化。

熟化的石灰在使用前还要进行陈伏,其目的主要是通过陈伏期使过火石 灰充分熟化,以免用于工程后产生不良后果,即隆起或开裂。

陈伏的时间应在二周以上。

6、石灰浆体的凝结硬化过程主要靠浆体中水分的蒸发, Ca(OH)的结晶,和 Ca(OH 》与空气中CO 的碳化作用(生成CaCO 。但由于Ca(OH >吸附水的能力 强水分蒸发慢,结晶速度慢且结晶量少,另一方面,空气中 CO 的浓度很低, 碳化过程受湿度的影响也较大,因此碳化过程很慢。碳化由表及里,而结晶 主要在内部。一旦形成表面形成致密的碳化层,既阻碍 CO 的渗透使其继续碳 化,又阻碍了内部水分的蒸发。所以石灰浆体在相当长的时间内是由和 CaCO 3 组成,而Ca(OH)吸附水的能力较强,且微微溶于水。所以石灰不耐水。根据 以上分析, (1) (2) (3) 较

大的收缩变形(碳化也造成体积收缩,但相对较小)

石灰在硬化后是不耐水的,软化系数(K p )很小,在水中甚至会溃散,因 而只能在空气中使用或在干燥环境中使用。

石灰土或三合土是由消石灰粉和粘土等配制而得。粘土中的 和Ai 2Q 具有潜在活性,在消石灰 Ca(OH)的激发和参与下会发生缓慢

的水化 反应,生成少量具有水硬性的水化硅酸钙、水化铁酸钙和水化铝酸钙。同时 由于石灰的可塑性好,与粘土等拌合后经压实或夯实,使灰土或三合土的密 实度大大提高,降低了孔隙率,使水的浸入大为减少。此外,石灰土或三合 土的强度和耐水性随使用时间延长而逐渐提高,因而可用于基础的垫层、道 路的基层等潮湿部位。

7、熟石灰Ca(OH 》晶粒小,比表面积大,吸附水的能力强,在 Ca(OH)晶粒周 围有较厚的水膜,流动性好,可塑性好,用石灰膏配制砂浆或在水泥砂浆中 掺入石还可得到以下结论。

石灰浆体的凝结硬化慢; 硬化后的强度很低(早期相当长的时间

内) ; 收缩大,Ca(OH 》晶粒小,比表面积大,浆体需水多,硬化

脱水引起

SiO 2、 Fe 2 O 3

灰膏可显著地改善砂浆的和易性。此外,由于石灰在硬化过程中体积收缩大(是所有胶凝材料中最大的,且硬化速度也是最慢的),所以需掺入砂(及纸筋、麻刀等纤维材料)起限制收缩的作用。由于砂的骨架作用,使石灰浆体的收缩受限,且形成微小的裂缝(利于外部CO2 的渗入和内部水分的蒸发),有助于石灰的硬化。

8、此种说法是错误的。古建筑中石灰砂浆的强度较高并不是古代的石灰强度高,而是在使用过程中,石灰吸收空气中的二氧化碳,逐步产生碳化作用的结果。在经历几百年或上千年后,石灰的碳化程度较高,因而石灰砂浆表现出坚硬、强度较高。

9、根据加热的方式不同可制得:半水石膏(p型为建筑石膏、a型为高强石膏)、可熔性熟石膏、无水石膏等。建筑工程中应用较多的p型半水石膏,即建筑石膏,其成分为p - CaSO4 -0.5^0,其色白者可用作模型石膏。

10、由于生产工艺的不同,建筑石膏的晶粒较细,且呈鱼鳞状,所以总的表

面积大,达到施工要求的稠度需要的水较多,为石膏质量的60?80%高强石

膏晶粒粗大,呈块状,总表面积小,需拌和水少,为石膏质量的35?45%(二种石膏的理论需水量均为18.6%)。由于建筑石膏需水量大,多余水分多,导致结构中孔隙多,故强度低。

11、一方面是建筑石膏制品的化学成分为CaS02H0,即二水石膏,可微溶于水。另一方面建筑石膏制品内部含有大量的毛细孔隙,孔隙率很高(达40%?60%)。因而水或水蒸汽易进入建筑石膏制品内部,加快了二水石膏晶体溶解于水的速度。特别是晶体间的搭接处更易受到溶解破坏,使建筑石膏制品的强度大大降低,所以说,建筑石膏制品不耐水。

12、在室外使用建筑石膏制品难免要受到雨水、冰冻等的作用,而建筑石膏制品的耐水性差,且其吸水率高、抗渗性、抗冻性差,因而不宜用于室外。

13、建筑石膏(半水石膏)溶解度大,水化快,形成的二水石膏溶解度小, 很快达饱和,结晶析出。二水石膏结晶析出后又促进了半水石膏的溶解消化。所以建筑石膏凝结快,数分钟内可初凝,半小时内可终凝。

建筑石膏的凝结速度快,在几分钟内便开始失去可塑性,给成型或施工带来困难。故在拌合时,常需加入动物胶(经石灰处理)或亚硫酸盐酒精废液、硼砂等也

延缓凝结速度,使成型或施工能顺利进行,保证制品或工程的

质量。

14、这主要是建筑石膏在凝结硬化后具有下述优良性质:(1) 颜色洁白。加入颜料后,可具有各种色彩。建筑石膏在凝结硬化时产生微膨胀,故其制品的形状、尺寸准确、表面光滑、细致,即制品的装饰性好;(2) 硬化后的建筑石膏,其内部孔隙率很高,故其保温性、吸声性好; ( 3)具有一定的防火性, 可防止火灾蔓延;

(4)具有较高的热容量和一定的吸湿性,故可调节室内的温度和湿度,改变室内的小气候。

15、水玻璃可吸收空气中的二氧化碳,形成硅酸凝胶。

Na20 ? nSiO2 + CO2 + mH20 —nSQ - mHQ + Na2CO3

但由于空气中C02的浓度低,此过程进行的很慢,故常需加入12%- 15%勺氟

硅酸钠来加速水玻璃的硬化过程:

Na20 ? nSiO2 + Na2SiF6 + mH20 —(2n+1)SiO2 - mH20 + 6NaF 硬化后的主要产物仍为硅酸凝胶。

16、水玻璃在硬化后,具有良好的粘结力、较高的强度、很高的耐热性和耐酸性。

水玻璃主要用于配制耐酸混凝土、耐酸砂浆、耐酸胶泥与耐热混凝土、砂浆和胶泥等。也常用于材料表面的防风化处理、土壤或地基加固、配制速凝防水剂等

17、通常使用的水玻璃都是NQO?nSiO2的水溶液,即液体水玻璃。

从第15题可见,水玻璃主要起胶结作用的是硅胶,模数n越大,析出的

硅胶nSi02?mH0越多。一般地说,水玻璃的模数n越大时,水玻璃的粘度越大、硬化速度越快、干缩越大、硬化后的粘结强度、抗压强度等越高、耐水性越好、抗渗性及耐酸性越好。

水玻璃的密度越大,即有效成分NaC?nSiO2的含量越多,故水玻璃的粘度越大。水玻璃的密度对其性能的影响基本上与模数的影响相同。因密度大,硬化时析出的二氧化硅凝胶也多。

模数或密度太大,往往由于粘度太大而影响到施工质量和硬化后水玻璃的性质,故不宜太大。

18、水玻璃在空气中吸收CO而分解成硅胶与NaCO,但分解很不充分,即使加入NaSiF6后也不能完全分解,还有30%仍为水玻璃NaOnSiQ。由于水玻璃

NaO?nSiO2和分解产物NaCQ、NaF可溶于水,故水玻璃在硬化后,不耐水。为提高耐水性,常采取酸洗处理方法。即用中等浓度的盐酸或硫酸进行酸洗,以溶液掉NaCO,促进水玻璃的分解,经过几次的酸洗可提高硅胶的含量,提高其密实程度,改善耐水性。

19、水玻璃成分是NaO?nSiO2,与石膏制品成分CaSQPHO接触后形成NaSO, 含有NaSO的溶液在干燥结晶时会产生较大的体积膨胀,导致石膏制品结构破坏(用饱和硫酸钠溶液浸泡干燥循环试验来评定砂石等材料的坚固性就是应用这一原理)。

新视野大学英语第二册(第二版)课后翻译原题与答案

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新视野大学英语4册第二版课后习题答案.doc

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VI. 1. service 2. help/hand 3. influence 4. guarantee 5. visit 6. span . 7. welcome 8. spirit 9. duties 10. buildings Word Building

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新视野大学英语Book II课后练习题答案 Unit 1 Section A Language focus 3.Words in use 1.condense 2.exceed 3.deficit 4.exposure 5.asset 6.adequate https://www.360docs.net/doc/916666988.html,petent 8.adjusting 9.precisely 10.beneficial 4.Word building Words learned new words formed -al/ial manager managerial editor editorial substantial substance survive survival traditional tradition marginal margin -cy Consistent consistency Accurate accuracy Efficiency efficient -y Recover recovery Minister ministry assemble assembly 5. 1.editorial 2.recovery 3.accuracy 4.substance 5.managerial 6.margin 7.assembly 8.Ministry 9.survival 10.tradition 11.consistency 12.efficient

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新视野大学英语(第2版)第1册Unit1答案 III. 1. rewarding 2. communicate 3. access 4. embarrassing 5. positive 6. commitment 7. virtual 8. benefits 9. minimum 10. opportunities IV. 1. up 2. into 3. from 4. with 5. to 6. up 7. of 8. in 9. for 10.with V. 1.G 2.B 3.E 4.I 5.H 6.K 7.M 8.O 9.F 10.C Sentence Structure VI. 1. Universities in the east are better equipped, while those in the west are relatively poor. 2. Allan Clark kept talking the price up, while Wilkinson kept knocking it down. 3. The husband spent all his money drinking, while his wife saved all hers for the family. 4. Some guests spoke pleasantly and behaved politely, while others wee insulting and impolite. 5. Outwardly Sara was friendly towards all those concerned, while inwardly she was angry. VII. 1. Not only did Mr. Smith learn the Chinese language, but he also bridged the gap between his culture and ours. 2. Not only did we learn the technology through the online course, but we also learned to communicate with friends in English. 3. Not only did we lose all our money, but we also came close to losing our lives. 4. Not only do the workers want a pay increase, but they also want reduced working hours. 5. Not only is the house expensive, but it is also too far away from my company. Translation VIII. 1. Not only can students choose when and where to learn for an online course, but they can also take time to think through answers before making a reply. 2. She is excited by the idea of online learning while be considers it meaningless and useless. 3. Communicating with native English speakers is a very rewarding experience from which we can learn a lot. 4. Today, more and more people have access to the Internet through which they look for the information they need. 5. He wants her to give up working and stay home to look after the children. She feels, however, that this is too much for her. 6. Now that we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work. IX. 1. 我永远都不会忘记那位老师,是他告诉我学外语是有趣的、有价值的。如果没有他,我的英语说得不会像现在这样好。 2 没有任何其他语言能像英语那样让你感受到多姿多彩的世界文化。有了过硬的英语知识,你就可以体验奇妙的文化之旅。 3. 写作不仅仅要写老师布置的话题,而且要写自己感兴趣的东西,例如,给朋友写电子邮件。 4. 远程教学课程是指授课者与学生通过计算机通信技术进行交流的课程。 5. 英语不但是世界上最有用的语言,也是世界上最易学、易用的语言之一。 6远程教学课程在时间安排上给予学生更多的自由,但与其他课程比,这些课程要求学生有更强的自律能力。Cloze 1. B 2.A 3.B 4.B 5.C 6,C 7.B 8.A 9.a 10.B 11.A 12.A 13.B 14.A 15.B Structured Writing XII. I am proud to say that I succeeded in learning a foreign language. It was a real challenge and, needless to say, it took a lot of practice. I carried a small dictionary with me everywhere I went as well as a notebook in which I listed new words I came across. I also managed my time carefully so that I met the standards of the course and finished assignments on time. After years of persistence, I reaped the benefits of all my hard work. Section B Reading Skills 1. 1.C 2.B 3.D 4. A 5. B Comprehension of the Text II. 1.C 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.B 7.C 8.D Vocabulary 1. community 2. effective 3. unique 4. committed 5. reinforce 6. perspective 7. explicit 8. challenge 9. hindered 10. arose IV. 1. for 2. with 3. on 4. on 5. on 6. of 7. in 8. up 9. of 10.In

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