单片机外文翻译

Ratemeter and monolithic integrated circuit

The traditional automobile rotational speed odometer's function has two; first, with indicator instruction automobile travel instantaneous vehicle speed; second, records the automobile travel with the mechanical counter the accumulation course. The modern automobile is developing to the high speed direction, along with the vehicle speed enhancement, the tradition speedometer which actuates with the flexible axle receives the unprecedented challenge, this is because of the flexible axle when high speed revolving, as a result of steel wire alternate stresses limit limit, but easy to break, simultaneously, the flexible axle will arrange long will have presented the deformation oversized or the movement sluggish and so on phenomena, moreover, regarding the different vehicle type, the rotational speed odometer's installment position will also receive the flexible axle length and bending limit. All these, causes based on the non-contact type tachometer generator's electronic formula rotational speed odometer to be able the rapidly expand.

Present's automobile measuring appliance automaticity is very high, what the old style mechanical flexible axle transmission's measuring appliance already eliminated displaces is present's liquid crystal gauge board, is impossible through to dial the digital code wheel adjustment odometer again. When in the driver needs to increase the number of passes, runs the table with this kind to be possible very with ease to

realize. This kind runs the table use medium scale integration design to become, the volume is exquisite, the movement is stable, is suitable uses on each kind of electronic transducer's automobile. This kind of exquisite instrument has compared to the other similar products obvious merit: 1st, the circuit design is exquisite, strict. Has used the high performance integrated circuit and the electronic component, the guarantee circuit has the high quality; The use optimization's circuit design, considered many disadvantageous use environment, enable the instrument as far as possible in the voltage, the temperature, the humidity, the dust pollution and so on under complex change factor many conditions to be able the steady work. 2nd, the reliability is good. In order to enhance the electric circuit work the

reliability, not only the part passes through screens carefully, moreover passes through 2400 hours to roast machine the experiment, its outer covering is exquisite, may install conveniently in the pocket, momentarily may take the use. 3rd, simplicity of operator, easy to operate. Only needs to insert to the cigar lighter on, does not need to get out, all OK. 4th, the use security, felt relieved. Even if meets instead, also will not damage the instrument, will not damage on the vehicle anything. 5th, the speed may adjust. You may the speed

regulation highest, may also adjust to a fixture, for instance 300 step. Is different based on the vehicle type, the speed differs from, may the speed knob change speed through the regulating instrument on.

Monolithic integrated circuit AT89C2051 by its low price, the low power loss, the reliability high and easy to program and so on characteristics to be famous, X25045 is a MCS-51 series monolithic integrated circuit electric circuit's auxiliary chip, mainly takes on the replacement, the voltage examination, the watch-dog and the EEPROM function, this chip's use enhanced system's reliability greatly, reduced the periphery chip number, may realize the power failure which the course accumulates to save. LCM1010 is ten type belt back light liquid crystal display module, uses three serial interfaces, it has the power loss to be low and programming convenient characteristic. This demonstration is divided two lines of demonstrations, the first line of 6 demonstration accumulation course, second line of 4 (1 decimal) uses

in demonstrating the sub-total course. In the chart K1 is the sub-total course reset key, R4 uses in adjusting liquid-crystal display's angle of view contrast gradient. Chip X25045 is Xicor Corporation promotes has programmable μP

monitor's CMOS serial EEPROM, has 4096, according to 512×8 organizes. It has 4 bytes pages to write the way and 100,000 use cycles, the data may preserve for 100 years. In order to guarantee the accumulation course unit the units place or sub-total unit decimal place reliable refurbishing, when these unit close limit use cycle, may adopt the form feed the means to cause these data to move to the new unit continues to count.

The Hall sensor has many merits, their structure is reliable, the volume is small, the weight is light, the life is long, the easy installation, the power loss is small, the frequency

high (may reach 1MHZ), bears the vibration, does not fear the dust, the greasy dirt, the water vapor and the salt mist and so on pollution

or the corrosion. The Hall linear unit's precision is high, the

linearity is good; The Hall switch component non-contact, does not have the attrition, the output wave shape clearly, not to have the vibration, not to have the rebound, the position repeat accuracy high (to be possible to reach μm level). Has used each kind of compensation and the protective measures Hall component's operating temperature scope width may reach - 55?~150?. this design realizes the course by

monolithic integrated circuit AT89C2051 to accumulate, the sub-total, the reset and the memory, and actuates the cross coil meter by the

LM1819 integrated circuit, thus has realized the vehicle speed instruction. Again using Hall sensor transmission signal. Realizes this design proposal cost to be inexpensive, the indicator stability is good, the speed of response is quick, the anti-knocking property is strong,

the reliability and the performance-to-price ratio are very high. After the actual use proof, this odometer definitely may substitute for the tradition the speedometer which actuates by the flexible axle. Certainly, this is only one kind realizes the plan, may also actuate the cross coil meter by the monolithic integrated circuit through the software, namely

controls the meter separately by the monolithic integrated circuit the sine coil and the cosine coil omits the LM1819 integrated circuit. Regarding this, here no longer gives unnecessary detail.

The monolithic integrated circuit curriculum was already the

practical very strong specialized technology curriculum, the beginner only then through the massive programming, the experiment, the debugging, the design manufacture and so on a series of practice link's training, could understand truly the monolithic integrated circuit software and

the hardware design and the debugging skill, could the nimble

utilization monolithic integrated circuit's each command system and each kind of development debugging aids, design highly effective, reliable, the low power loss, the volume smaller monolithic integrated circuit application system, manifested monolithic integrated circuit's embedded application characteristic fully. Must carry on monolithic integrated circuit's development, the experiment and the curriculum project and so on, must have a set of software and

hardware development kit, like this may save many precious time and the energy, raises the working efficiency. The monolithic integrated circuit is a computer family's important branch, it has the volume to be young, price low, face control characteristic, is suitable in each industrial control, the instruments and meters installment, has the extremely widespread application in the human production and life each domain.

In recent years, microcomputer's development speed let the common people exclaim in surprise sufficiently that took one kind of brand-new productive forces take the computer as the leading information technology, to society's each domain seepage, also made the integration of machinery the advancement to speed up greatly.

The integration of machinery is now the technique of manufacture and the product development main trend, is also our country mechanical and electrical industrial development way that must be taken. May believe

that it is with the system engineering viewpoint and the method, how studies in the mechanical and electrical system and the product the machinery, the computer, the information processing and the automatic control technology synthesis application, in order to the mechanical and electrical system and the product achieves the best combination. What

the integration of machinery product needs is the embedded microcomputer, but the monolithic integrated circuit has the volume to be small, the integration rate is high, function strong and so on characteristics, is suitable for the embedded application. The smart instrument, the domestic electric appliances, the numerically-controlled machine tool, the industrial control and so on the electromechanical device and the product uses the monolithic integrated circuit unexpectedly.

In the present case, monolithic integrated circuit's development momentum still does not reduce, each kind of model and a function stronger monolithic integrated circuit and the super connection chip appear unceasingly, is further constitutes the multi-computer system and

the distribution network to the top level development's important symbol. In the world the monolithic integrated circuit chip's output by every

year 27% speed increase, to had reached 3,000,000,000 pieces at the beginning of the century, but our country's year demand has also surpassed hundred million piece of quantities, this indicated that the

monolithic integrated circuit has the broad application prospect.

This curriculum mainly aims at the present our country early time application quite widespread “MCS-51” the

monolithic integrated circuit to carry on system's explanation and

the analysis. In order to use and develop each kind of integration of machinery equipment and the measuring appliance establishment foundation.

On the rotational speed table design has many available, but mostly

by mechanical or simulated digital circuits to achieve. There are large

in size, precision low, not visual, electronics large, less functional

and sampling time, it is difficult to detect instantaneous rotational speed. As the Micro Controller Unit with both small and control

functions such strong characteristics, so it widely in control applications. We want multifunctional rotational speed control system is designed to the Micro Controller Unit as the core to achieve intelligent meters. It is more functional, small electronics, and visual accuracy, showing time, speed warning systems, printing, such as instant

rotational speed advantage. The article explained the photoelectric sensors such rotational speed table operating principles, structure and

rotational speed switching circuit design. The design is a decoder

MC14499, which is integrated high degree LED Motorola companies that drive, a dynamic scanning driven four LED digital display control. It sets Suocun, decoding, driving, scanning, the clock on integration.

Has given take AT89C2051 as the core, using monolithic integrated circuit's operation and the control function, and uses the serial port liquid crystal display module real time display to measure the speed and the course speed odometer design proposal. Because this plan has used the serial port liquid crystal display module and EEPROM, as well as highly effective fast algorithm, thus may in saves the system resources and in the reduced program design foundation guarantees the measuring accuracy and system timeliness.

This speed odometer by the signal pretreatment electric circuit,

AT89C2051 monolithic integrated circuit, the serial port liquid crystal display electric circuit, the serial port data storage electric circuit and the system software is composed. And the signal pretreatment

electric circuit contains the signal to enlarge, the profile transformation and

the wave shaping. System hardware diagram as shown in Figure 1. In the signal pretreatment electric circuit's amplifier uses to the testing signal carries on the enlargement, reduces to the testing signal scope request; The profile transformation and the wave shaping electric

circuit uses for signal conversion Cheng Ke who and the monolithic

integrated circuit connection TTL signal will enlarge; May enable the INT0 pin through monolithic integrated circuit's establishment to carry on the control to the internal timer T0 work, like this can the precise surveying leave adds to the INT0 pin the pulse width (i.e. to determine signal impulse cycle); The speed display part uses the serial port

liquid crystal display module, the obtained data uses the I2C main line and saves through E2PROM, thus saved has needed monolithic integrated circuit's mouth line and the periphery component, simultaneously also simplified the demonstration part software programming. the system software including the monolithic integrated circuit and the liquid crystal module's initialization module, the liquid crystal module writes the data/order submodule, the cyclical survey module, the speed course computation module, the data storage module, the speed and the course demonstrated that the data transfers the BCD code module, the demonstration data to disappear the unnecessary zero module, the data display module as well as the real-time interrupt servicing module and so on.

This design can real-time the speed display which measured, simultaneously can also accumulate demonstrates the total course number. This speed odometer can input the sensor to monolithic integrated

circuit's signal impulse width (sensor transforms vehicle speed corresponding width signal impulse) real-time to survey, then calculates the speed and the course through the monolithic integrated circuit, again the obtained data storage to the serial port data-carrier storage,

and will measure the speed by the serial port liquid crystal display module real time display. This design controls the demonstration speed

or the course with two pressed keys. Considers the signal influences and so on weaken, disturbance, before the signal sends in the monolithic integrated circuit to deal with it to carry on the enlargement reshaping, then inputs again to the monolithic integrated circuit carries on measures fast. Monolithic integrated circuit determines input signal

after the

timer T0 control function the cycle, again using monolithic

integrated circuit's arithmetic operation function the cycle transforms the speed, simultaneously each second carries on a course to accumulate, thus calculates the total course. Finally will obtain the speed, the course value save in E2PROM, and demonstrates the speed or the course according to two pressed key's choice situations. For the convenience computation must demonstrate data value Duan Ma, may transform again it the compression the BCD code, then in the data value which is going to demonstrate through the table look-up each compression BCD code transforms 8 sections of codes to deliver the demonstration buffer,

finally passes through the serial port to deliver to the liquid crystal display module demonstrated measured speed or course.

When design, should the overall evaluation measure the fast

precision and the system reaction time. This design with measuring impulse frequency computation speed, thus has high measures the fast

precision. For guarantee system's timeliness, system's speed change module and the demonstration data transfer the BCD code module to use the fast algorithm. Moreover, but should also guarantee other submodule in programming time versatility and highly effective as far as possible. This design's speed and the course value use 8 demonstrations, and contains two decimal places.

The speed course metering circuit selects AT89C2051 to take frequency meter's signal processing core. AT89C2051 contains 2kB to dodge saves, 128B RAM, 15 I/O mouth line, 2 16 fixed time counters, 5 vector second-level interrupt structure and 1 full-duplex's serial port, meanwhile has the encryption array second-level program memory to lock the function. In the design used AT89C2051 T0, the T1 timer and the INT0 pin, as well as P1 port's 6 mouth line. Because this monolithic integrated circuit and 89C51 compatible, therefore is more convenient in the hardware circuit design and the software programming aspect. Considered AT89C2051 itself inherent characteristic, when design must pay attention to the following several points: First, its program memory space is 2kB, therefore all skipping and the branch branch instruction must limit in this scope. Next, it does not have the MOVX instruction,

i.e., it does not support the exterior memory operation, when

this point design certainly must consider. In addition, AT89C2051 oneself also has some other characteristics, for example may use the order to cause its work at the low power loss pattern and so on. The

monolithic integrated circuit surveys input square-wave signal using the T0 timer and the INT0 pin the cycle, but uses the external interrupt 0

to control timer T0 whether to start fixed time. When timer T0 operating control position replacement, no matter the P3.2 pin is what value, the timer does not work. When after timer T0 operating control position setting, can according to the P3.2 pin condition decide whether the

timer does work. When the P3.2 pin presents the high level, timer T0 starts fixed time; But when it presents the low level, timer T0 stop work, and measuring signal cyclical preservation in timer's 16 registers. When system initialization, may cause T0 and the T1 timer work through the establishment at the pattern 1 way. The T1 timer mainly uses in forming 1 second timing signal, with thought that the survey course provides the time condition.

This article introduced one kind based on the monolithic integrated circuit AT89C2051 speed odometer's design method. Because in this plan has used the serial port section code liquid crystal display module EEPROM reservoir, thus has saved the hardware source, enhanced the system performance-to-price ratio. At the same time, is also beneficial

in expands other functions in this electric circuit foundation using monolithic integrated circuit's resources.

The monolithic integrated circuit and the ratemeter are inseparable.

转速表与单片机

传统的转速表的功能有两个，一是用指针指示汽车行驶的瞬时车速，二是用机械计数器记录汽车行驶的累计里程。现代汽车正向高速化方向发展，随着车速的提高，用软轴驱动的传统车速里程表受到很大的挑战，这是因为软轴在高速旋转时，由于受钢丝承受能力极限的限制而容易断裂，同时，软轴布置过长会出现形变过大或运动迟缓等现象，而且，对于不同的车型，转速里程表的安装位置也会受到软轴长度及弯曲度的限制。凡此种种，使得基于非接触式转速传感器的电子式转速里程表得以迅速发展。

现在的汽车仪表自动化程度很高，老式的机械软轴传动的仪表已经淘汰取代的是现在的液晶仪表盘，不可能再通过拨数码轮调整里程表。司机又需要增加里程数时，用这种跑表器就可以很轻松地实现。这种跑表器使用中规模集成电路设计而成，体积小巧，运行稳定，适用于各种电子传感器的汽车上使用。这种小巧的仪器有着比其它同类产品明显的优点: 1、电路设计精湛，严密。使用了高性能的集成电路和电子元件，保证电路有高度的品质;使用最优化的电路设计，考虑到尽可能多的不利的使用环境，使仪器能在电压、温度、湿度、灰尘污染等复杂的变化因素多的条件下都能稳定工作。 2、可靠性好。为了提高电路工作的可靠性，不但元件经过精心筛选，而且经过2400个小时的烤机试验，它的外壳小巧，可以方便地装在口袋中，随时可以拿出来使用。 3、操作简单，使用方便。只需要插到点烟器上，不用下车,一切OK。4、使用安全，放心。即使接反，也不会损坏仪器，更不会损坏车上任何东西. 5、速度可以调整。你可以把速度调整到最高，也可以调整到一个固定值，比如300迈. 依据车型不同，速度有所不同，可以通过调整仪器上速度旋钮改变速度。

单片机AT89C2051以其低价、低功耗、可靠性高和易于编程等特点著称，

X25045则是MCS,51系列单片机电路的一个辅助芯片，主要担当复位、电压检测、看门狗和EEPROM功能，该芯片的采用大大提高了系统的可靠性，减少了外围芯片

数，可实现里程累计的掉电存储。LCM1010为十位八段式带背光液晶显示模块，采用三线串行接口，它具有功耗低和编程方便的特点。该显示共分两行显示，第一行6位显示累计里程，第二行4位(,位小数)用于显示小计里程。,1为小计里程清零键，,,用于

调节液晶显示器的视角对比度。芯片X25045是Xicor公司推出的带有可编程μ, 监控器的CMOS串行EEPROM，带有4096位，按512×8来组织。它具有4字节页写方式和10万次使用周期，数据可保存100年。为了保证累计里程单元的个位或小计单元的小数位可靠刷新，当这些单元接近极限使用周期时，可采取换页的办法来使这些数据移动到新单元以继续计数。

霍尔传感器具有许多优点，它们的结构牢固，体积小，重量轻，寿命长，安装方便，功耗小，频率高(可达1MHZ)，耐震动，不怕灰尘、油污、水汽及盐雾等的污染或腐蚀。霍尔线性器件的精度高、线性度好;霍尔开关器件无触点、无磨损、输出波形清晰、无抖动、无回跳、位置重复精度高(可达μm级)。取用了各种补偿和保护措施的霍尔器件的工作温度范围宽可达,55?,150?。

本设计以单片机AT89C2051来实现里程累计、小计、清零及存储，并以LM1819集成电路驱动十字线圈表头，从而实现了车速的指示。再利用霍尔传感器传输信号。实现该设计方案成本低、指针稳定性好、响应速度快、抗震性强、可靠性和性价比都很高。经实际使用证明，该里程表完全可以取代传统的以软轴驱动的车速里程表。当然，这只是一种实现方案，也可以由单片机通过软件来驱动十字线圈表头，即由单片机分别控制表头的正弦线圈和余弦线圈而省去LM1819集成电路。

单片机课程是已们实践性很强的专业技术课程，初学者只有通过大量的编程、实验、调试、设计制作等一系列的实践环节的训练，才能真正理解单片机软件及硬件设计和调试技巧，才能灵活的运用单片机的各条指令系统和各种开发调试工具，

设计出高效、可靠、低功耗、体积更小的单片机应用系统，充分体现单片机的嵌入式应用特色。要进行单片机的开发、实验及课程设计等，必须有一套软硬件开发工具，这样可以省下许多宝贵的时间及精力，提高工作效率。单片机是计算机家族的一个重要分支，它具有体积小、价格低、面向控制的特点，适用于各种工业控制、仪器仪表装置，在人类生产和生活的各个领域都有极为广泛的应用。

近年来，微型计算机的发展速度足以让人们惊叹，以计算机为主导的信息技术作为一种新的生产力，正在向社会的各个领域渗透，也使机电一体化的进程大大加快。

机电一体化是当今制造技术和产品发展的主要倾向，也是我国机电工业发展的必由之路。可以认为，它是用系统工程学的观点和方法，研究在机电系统和产品中如何

将机械、计算机、信息处理和自动控制技术综合应用，以求机电系统和产品达到最佳的组合。机电一体化产品所需要的是嵌入式微机，而单片机具有体积小、集成度高、功能强等特点，适于嵌入式应用。智能仪器、家用电器、数控机床、工业控制等机电设备和产品中竟相使用单片机。

就目前而言，单片机的发展势头依然不减，各种型号和功能更强的单片机和超级接口芯片不断出现，进一步向高层次发展的重要标志就是构成多机系统和分布式网络。世界上单片机芯片的产量以每年27%的速度递增，到本世纪初已达30亿片，而我国的年需求量也超过了亿片的数量，这表明单片机有着广阔的应用前景。本课程主要针对目前我国早期应用比较广泛的“MCS-51”单片机进行系统的讲解和分析。为使用和开发各类机电一体化设备和仪表建立基础。

关于转速表的设计已经有很多可供参考,但大部分都是由机械式或模拟数字电路来实现的。存在着体积大、精度低、不直观、功耗大、功能少，而且采样时间

长，难以测得瞬时转速。由于单片机具有体积小、控制功能强等特点,故它在控制方面得到了广泛的应用。我们所要设计的多功能转速控制系统就是以单片机为核心来实现智能化仪表。它具有功能多,功耗小、直观准确,可显示时间、限速报警系统、打印、瞬间转速等优点。文中阐述了该类转速表的光电传感器工作原理、结构及转速转换电路的设计。本设计采用的译码器是MC14499，它是MOTOROLA公司的高集成度LED显示驱动器，采用动态扫描方式显示驱动4个LED数码管。它集锁存、译码、驱动、扫描、时钟于一体。

该设计能实时地将所测的速度显示出来，同时也能够累计显示总里程数。该速度里程表能将传感器输入到单片机的脉冲信号的宽度(传感器将车速转变成相应宽度的脉冲信号)实时地测量出来，然后通过单片机计算出速度和里程，再将所得的数据存储到串口数据存储器，并由串口液晶显示模块实时显示出所测速度。本设计用两个按键来控制显示速度或里程。考虑到信号的衰减、干扰等影响，在信号送入单片机前应对其进行放大整形，然后再输入到单片机进行测速。单片机利用定时器T0的控制功能测出输入信号的周期后，再利用单片机的算术运算功能将周期转换成速度，同时每秒钟进行一次里程累计，从而计算出总里程。最后将得出的速度、里程值存储在EEPROM中，并根据两个按键的选择情况来显示速度或里程。为了方便计算要显示数

据值的段码，可再将其转换成压缩的BCD码，然后通过查表将要显示的数据值中每一位的压缩BCD码转换成8段码送到显示缓冲区，最后经串口送至液晶显示模块以显示所测的速度或里程。

设计时，应综合考虑测速精度和系统反应时间。本设计用测量脉冲频率来计算速度，因而具有较高的测速精度。为了保证系统的实时性，系统的速度转换模块和

显示数据转BCD码模块都采用快速算法。另外，还应尽量保证其它子模块在编程时的通用性和高效性。本设计的速度和里程值采用8位显示，并包含两个小数位。

介绍了一种基于单片机AT89C2051的速度里程表的设计方法。由于该方案中使用了串口段码液晶显示模块EEPROM储存器，因而节省了硬件资源，提高了系统性价比。同时，也有益于在此电路基础上利用单片机的资源扩展其它功能。

单片机与转速表是密不可分的。