12010-2017年上海高考英语完形填空真题+答案
2017 年上海高考英语真题
2016 年
In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers management, developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y in the art of . Theory X is
the idea that people instinctively （本能地）51work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction
in work.
In any case, despite so much evidence to the52, many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe,53, that their employees need constant supervision( 监督，管理 ) if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be （ impose sth on sb把? 强加给某人）impose d from54without consultation （咨询）. This, of course, makes for authoritarian ( 专制的 ) managers.
Different cultures have different ways of55people.Unlike
authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for
the consultative nature of decision-making — all members of the department or
work group are asked to56to this process. This is management by the
collective （集体的，共同的）opinion. Many western companies have tried to
imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general57 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional
58 managers cannot.
A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative （首创精神，主动权） , to make decisions on their own without59 managers first. This empowerment( 授权 ) has been part of the trend towards downsizing:60the number of management layers in companies.After de-layering （减少员工层） in this way, a company may be61with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public.Empowerment takes the idea of delegation(委托) much further than has62 been the case. Empowerment and delegation
mean new forms of management control to63 that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the
new organization, rather than less.
Another trend is off-site （不在现场的） or 64management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their
own houses. Project managers evaluate the65of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.
51.A. desire B. seek C. lose D. dislike
52.A. contrary B. expectation C. degree D. extreme
53.A. vice versa B. for example C. however D. otherwise （反过来也是一样的）
54.A. outside B. inside C. below D. above
55.A. replacing B. assess ing C. managing D. encouraging
（评价，估价）
56.A. refer B. contribute C. object D. apply
（~+to 有助于）
57.A. agreement B. practice C. election D. impression
58.A. bossy B. experienced C. western D. male
59.A. asking B. training C. warning D. firing
60.A. doubling B. maintaining C. reducing D. estimating
61.A. honored B. left C. crowded D. compared
62.A. economically B. traditionally C. inadequately D. occasionally
（不够地，不够好地）
63.A. deny B. admit C. assume D. ensure
(假定，承担 )
64.A. virtual B. ineffective C. day-to-day D. on-the-scene
65.A. opinion B. risk C. performance D. attractiveness
2015 年
If you studied pictures that ancient people left on rock walls and you tried
to determine their meaning, you would not detect （探测，察觉） interest in romance among the artists. 51 , you would see plenty of animals with people running after them. Life for anci ent people ’earneds to center on（集中在）hunting and gathering wild foods for meals.
In modern times, when food is available in grocery stores, finding love is more52in people’ s lives. The53 is all around us. It is easy to prepare a
list of modern stories having to do with love. An endless number of books and movies qualify as （作为?合适） love stories in popular culture.
Researchers are studying whether love, a highly valued emotional state,
can be54. They ask, what is love? Toothpaste companies want us to think attraction is all about clean teeth, but clean teeth go only so far. Scientists wonder how much the brain gets involved. You have probably heard that opposites attract but that 55attract,too. One thing is certain: The truth about love is not yet set in stone .(一层不变，板上钉钉 )
First Impression
To help determine the 56of attraction, researchers paired 164 college classmates and had them talk for 3, 6 or 10 minutes so they could get a sense
of each other’ s individuality. Then students were asked to 57what kind of relationship they were likely to build with their partners. After nine weeks, they reported what happened.
As it turned out, their 58judgments often held true. Students seemed
to 59at an early stage who would best fit into their lives.
The60Knows
Scientists have also turned to nonhumans to increase understanding of attraction. Many animals give off pheromones（信息激素）— natural chemicals that can be detected by, and then can produce a response in, other animals of
the same species. Pheromones can signal that an animal is either ready to fight or is feeling 61to partnerships. In contrast, humans do not seem to be
as62 as other animals at detecting such chemicals. Smell, however, does
seem to play a part in human attraction.Although we may not be aware of chemicals like pheromones consciously,we give and receive loads of information through smell in every interaction with other people.
Face Value
Being fond of someone seems to have a number of factors, including seeing something we find attractive.Researchers had people judge faces for63. The participants had 0.013 seconds to view each face, yet somehow
they generally considered the images the same as people who had more time
to study the same faces. The way we64attractiveness seem to be somewhat automatic.
When shown an attractive face and then words with good or bad associations,people responded to65words faster after viewing an attractive face. Seeing something attractive seems to cause happy thinking.
51.A. Instead B. Therefore C. Moreover D. Otherwise
52.A. romantic B. stressful C. central D. beneficial
53.A. priority B. proof C. possibility D. principle
（原则，原理）
54.A. tested B. imposed C. changed D. created
55.A. appearances B. virtues C. similarities D. passions
56.A. illustrations B. implication s C. ingredients D. intentions
（暗示，含意）（配料，材料）
57.A. predict B. investigate C. diagnose D. recall
（判断）
58. A. critical B. initial C. random D. mature
（批评的，决定性的）
59. A. memorize B. distinguish C. negotiate D. question
（谈判，协商）
60.A. Nose B. Eye C. Heart D. Hand
61.A. open B. alert C. resistant D. superior
（警觉的，灵敏的）
62.A. disappointed B. amazed C. confused D. gifted
63.A. emotions B. attractiveness C. individuality D. signals
64.A. enhance B. possess C. maintain D. assess
65.A. familiar B. plain C. positive D. insulting
（侮辱的）
2014 年
Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we've just watched or books we've just finished reading, but plain and simple __51__.
Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we __52__ do with it? We gossip. About others' behaviour and private lives, such as who's doing what with whom, who's in and who's out-and why; how to deal with difficult __53__ situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues.
So why are we keen on gossiping? Are we just natural __54__, of both time and words? Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to （敢于面对） the really important issues of life? It's not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these
really__55__issues.
Dunbar __56__ the traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural .（超自然的） Instead he suggests that language evolve d（进化） among women. We don't spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar —__57__, he goes on to say, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip.
Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the __58__ of the higher
primates （灵长类动物） like monkeys. By means of groom ing （打扮，梳理毛发，新郎，马夫） --cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind
of conflict within the group or__59__ from outside it.
As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar __60__ that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the
__61__ it provided; on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to __62__ the pressure
and calm everybody down.
But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in
grooming activities also had to be __63__ to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly,
a more __64__ kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal（有声的）grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one __65__ contact.
51.A. claim B. description C. gossip D. language
52.A. occasionally B. habitually C. independently D.originally
（习惯地）（原本，起初，独创地）
53.A. social B. political C. historical D. cultural
54.A. admirers B. masters C. users D. wasters
（挥霍者，废物）
55.A. vital B. sensitive C. ideal D. difficult
56.A. confirms B. rejects C. outline s D. broadens
（概述）
57.A. for instance B. in addition C. on the contrary D. as a result
58.A. motivation B. appearance C. emotion D. behaviour
59.A. attack B. contact C. inspection D. assistance
（视察，检查）
60.A. recalls B. denies C. concludes D. confesses
61.A. prospect B. responsibility C. leadership D. protection
62.A. measure B. show C. maintain D. ease
（减轻，放松，安逸自在）63.A. saved B. extend ed C. consumed D. gained
（扩展，提供）
64.A. common B. efficient C. scientific D. Thoughtful
65.A. indirect B. daily C. physical D. secret
2013 年
Over the past few decades, more and more countries have opened up
the markets, increasingly transforming the world economy into one free-
flowing global market. The question is ：Is economic globalization 50 for all?
According to the World Bank, one of its chief supporters, economic globalization has helped reduce 51 in a large number of developing countries. It quotes one study that shows increased wealth 52 to improved education and
longer life in twenty-four developing countries as a result of integration ( 融合 ) of local economies into the world economy. Home to some three billion people,
these twenty-four countries have seen incomes 53 at an average rate of five percent —compared to two percent in developed countries.
Those who 54 globalization claim that economies in developing countries
will benefit from new opportunities for small and home-based businesses. 55 , small farmers in Brazil who produce nuts that would originally have sold only in
56 open-air markets can now promote their goods worldwide by the Internet.
Critics take a different view, believing that economic globalization is
actually 57 the gap between the rich and poor. A study carried out by the U.N.-sponsored World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization shows
that only a few developing countries have actually 58 from integration into the
world economy and that the poor, the uneducated, unskilled workers,
and native peoples have been left behind. 59 , they maintain （维持，保养，断言）that globalization may eventually threaten emerging （新兴的）businesses.
For example, Indian craftsmen who currently seem to benefit from
globalization because they are able to 60 their products may soon face fierce competition that could pot them out of 61 . When large-scale manufacturers
start to produce the same goods, or when superstores like Wal-Mart move in,
these small businesses will not be able to 62 and will be crowded out.
One thing is certain about globalization—there is no 63 . Advances in technology combined with more open policies have already created
an interconnected world. The 64 now is finding a way to create a kind
of globalization that works for the benefit of all.
50.A. possible B. smooth C. good D. easy
51.A. crime B. poverty C. conflict D. population
52.A. contributing B. responding C. turning D. owing
53.A. remain B. drop C. shift D. increase
54.A. doubt B. define C. advocate D. ignore
55.A. In addition B. For instance C. In other words D. All in all
56.A. mature B. new C. local D. foreign
57.A. finding B. exploring C. bridging D. widening
58.A. suffered B. profit ed C. learned D. withdrawn
（获利，有益于）（撤回，撤退，取款）
59.A. Furthermore B . Therefore C. However D. Otherwise
60.A. consume B. deliver C. export D. advertise
61.A. trouble B. business C. power D. mind
62.A. keep up B. come in C. go around D. help out
63.A. taking off B. getting along C. holding out D. turning back
（起飞，脱掉，开始成功）（伸出，坚持）（返回）64. A. agreement B. prediction C. outcome D. challenge
2012 年
People on a college campus were more likely to give money to the
March of Dimes if they were asked for a donation by a disabled woman in a wheelchair than if asked by a nondisabled woman. In another 50 , subway
riders in New York saw a man carrying a stick stumble （绊脚） and fall to the floor. Sometimes the victim had a large red birthmark on his 51 ; sometimes he did not. In this situation, the victim was more likely to 52 aid if his face was spotless than if he had an unattractive birthmark. In 53 these and other research findings, two themes are 54 : we are more willing to help people we like for some reason and people we think 55 assistance.
In some situations, those who are physically attractive are more likely to receive aid. 56 , in a field study researchers placed a completed application to graduate school （研究所） in a telephone box at the airport. The application
was ready to be 57 , but had apparently been "lost" . The photo attached to the application was sometimes that of a very 58 person and sometimes that of a
less attractive person. The measure of helping was whether the individual who found the envelope actually mailed it or not. Results showed that people were more likely to 59 the application if the person in the photo was physically attractive.
The degree of 60 between the potential helper and the person in need
is also important. For example, people are more likely to help a stranger who
is from the same country rather than a foreigner. In one study, shoppers on a busy street in Scotland were more likely to help a person wearing a(n) 61 T-
shirt than a person wearing a T-shirt printed with offensive words.
Whether a person receives help depends in part on the "worth" of the case. For example, shoppers in a supermarket were more likely to give someone 62
to buy milk rather than to buy cookies, probably because milk is thought more essential for 63 than cookies. Passengers on a New York subway were more likely to help a man who fell to the ground if he appeared to be 64 rather than drunk.
50.A. study B. way C. word D. college
51.A. hand B. arm C. face D. back
52.A. refuse B.beg C. lose D. receive
53.A. challenging B. recording C. understanding D. publishing
54.A. important B. possible C. amusing D. missing
55.A. seek B. deserve C. obtain D. accept
56.A. At first B. Above all C. In addition D. For example
57.A. printed B. mailed C. rewritten D. signed
58.A. talented B. good-looking C. helpful D. hard-working
59.A. send in B. throw away C. fill out D. turn down
（递送，提出）（填写，长胖）
60.A. similarity B. friendship C. cooperation D. contact
61.A. expensive B. plain C. cheap D. strange
62.A. time B. instructions C. money D. chances
63.A. shoppers B. research C. children D. health
64.A. talkative B. handsome C. calm D. sick
（健谈的，多嘴的）
2011 年
Everyone in business has been told that success is all about attracting and retaining(留住 ) customers. It sounds simple and achievable. But,50 , words of wisdom are soon forgotten.Once companies have attracted customers they often51the second half of the story. In the excitement of beating off （击退） the competition, negotiating prices,securing （固定，使安全，获得） orders,and delivering the product,managers tend to become carried away .（冲昏?头脑 ,带走，冲走） They forget what they regard as the boring side of business — 52 that the customer remains a customer.
53to concentrate on retaining as well as attracting customers costs business huge amounts of money annually. It has been estimated that the average company loses between 10 and 30 per cent of its customers every
years. In constantly（不断的，经常的）changing54 , this is not surprising. What is surprising is the fact that few companies have any idea how many customers they have lost.
Only now are organizations beginning to wake up to（意识到） those lost opportunities and calculate the55implication s.（暗示，牵连）Cutting down the number of customers a company loses can make a big56in its performance. Research in the US found that a five per cent decrease in the
number of defecting ( 流失的 ) customers led to57increases of between 25 and 85 per cent.
In the US,Domino’ s Pizza estimates that a regular customer is worth more than $5,000 over ten years. A customer who receives a poor quality product or service on their first visit and58never returns, is losing （使?失去，可接双宾语） the company thousands of dollars in59profits(more if you consider how many people they are likely to tell about their bad experience).
The logic behind cultivating customer60is impossible to deny. “ In practice most companies ’marketing effort is focused on getting customers, with little attention paid to61them” ,says Adrian Payne of Cornfield University’ School of Management.“ Research suggests that there is a close
relationship between retaining customers and making profits.62 customers tend to buy more, are predictable and usually cost less to service
than new customers. Furthermore, they tend to be less price63, and may provide free word-of-mouth （口头的，口头传达的）advertising.Retaining customers also makes it64for competitors to enter a market or increase their share of a market.
50. A. in particular B. in reality C. at least D. first of all
51. A. emphasize B. doubt C. overlook D. believe
（忽视，俯瞰）
52. A. denying B. ensuring C. arguing D. proving
（确保，保证）
53. A. Moving B. Hoping C. Starting D. Failing
54. A. markets B. tastes C. prices D. expenses
55. A. culture B. social C. financial D. economical
（经济的，节俭的）
56. A. promise B. plan C. mistake D. difference
57. A. cost B. opportunity C. profit D. budget
58. A. as a result B. on the whole C. in conclusion D. on the contrary
59. A. huge B. potential C. extra D. reasonable
60. A. beliefs B. loyalty C. habits D. interest
61. A. altering B. understanding C. keeping D. attracting
（局部轻微的改变）
62. A. Assumed
63. A. agreeable B. Respected
B. flexible
C. Established
C. friendly
D. Unexpected
D. sensitive
（可弯曲的，柔韧的，可变通的，灵活的）
64. A. unfair B. difficult C. essential D. convenient
2010 年
The first attempt of even the most talented artists, musicians, and writers
is seldom a masterpiece, If you consider your drafts as dress rehearsals (彩排 ), or tryouts , （试用，预赛）revising will seem a natural part of the writing ___50___.
What is the purpose of the dress rehearsals and the out-of-town preview s （试映，预告，预习）that many Broadway shows go through? The answer is adding, deleting, replacing, reordering, ___51___revising.Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical Phantom of the Opera underwent（经历） such a process.
When Lloyd Webber began writing in 1984,he had in mind a funny, exciting production. However, when Phantom opened in London in 1986, the audience saw a moving psychological love story set to music.（被谱曲） The musical had___52___ several revisions due,in part,to problems with costuming and makeup (戏服和化妆 ). For instance,Lloyd Webber ___53___ some of the music because the Phantom's makeup prevented the actor from singing certain sounds.
When you revise, you change aspects of your work in ___54___ to your evolving （进化的） purpose, or to include ___55___ ideas or newly discovered information.
Revision is not just an afterthought （事后想法）that gets only as much time as you have at the end of an assignment. ___56___, it is a major stage of
the writing process, and writers revise every step of the way. Even your decision to ___57___. topics while prewriting is a type of revising. However.
don't make the mistake of skipping the revision stage that follows ___58___. Always make time to become your own ___59___and view your dress rehearsal, so to speak. Reviewing your work in this way can give you ___60___ new ideas.
Revising involves ___61___ the effectiveness and appropriateness of all aspects of your writing, making your purpose more clearly, and refocusing or developing the facts and ideas you present. When you revise, ask yourself the following questions, keeping in mind the audience for whom you are writing: Is
my main idea or purpose ___62___ throughout my draft? Do I ever lose sight
of my purpose? Have I given my readers all of the ___63___ that is, facts, opinions, inference s（推理，推断） --- that they need in order to understand my main idea? Finally, have I included too many ___64___ details that may confuse readers?
50.A. technique B. style C. process D. career
51.A. in particular B. as a result C. for example D. in other words
52.A. undergone B. skipped C. rejected D. replaced
53.A. rewrote B. release d C. recorded D. reserved
（释放、赦免、发行）（保留、预订）54.A. addition B. response C. opposition D. contrast
（反对）
55.A. fixed B. ambitious C. familiar D. fresh
56.A. However B. Moreover C. Instead D. Therefore
57.A. discuss B. switch C. exhaust D. cover
（开关，转换）（使筋疲力尽，耗尽）
58.A. drafting B. rearranging C. performing D. training
59.A. director B. master C. audience D. visitor
60.A. personal B. valuable C. basic D. delicate
(纤细的，精美的，微妙的 )
61.A. mixing B. weakening C. maintaining D. assessing
62.A. amazing B. bright C. unique D. clear
63.A. angles B. evidence C. information D. hints
（暗示）64.A. unnecessary B. uninteresting C. concrete D. final
（混凝土，具体的）