高考英语高中英语阅读理解专题复习(专题训练)百度文库

一、高中英语阅读理解

1．阅读理解

When I was a kid, I was the girl who kept the training wheels on my bike as long as possible. Even my younger sister had got rid of them much earlier than me. But as I began to grow older, this changed.

All this happened on the Bike Safety Day. It is supposed to be a fun day at school when all of us kids bring our bikes to school and the school provides us with the opportunity to ride outside and learn proper bike safety. Sounds like fun, right? No. In fact, it caused me to panic. What was I going to say when my friends asked me about my training wheels?

With the pressure of everyone seeing my training wheels, I determined to let them go. This was the first big change I'd ever made on my own.

I went to my parents and told them all about my dilemma. They were more than happy to help. We went outside and got my bike. Instead of running away and hiding behind, I stood in front of my bike and took great pride in my decision as my dad removed the training wheels.

I got on and steadied myself. My heart raced but my feet and hands were calm. My dad started to push before my feet even moved and suddenly I was off. The fear faded away and a relaxed mind came into its place. It was crazy to think how quickly I learned something that took so long for me to even try!

My confidence soared. This was going to be the start of a brand new world for me. My accomplishment would carry me forth to new goals and wins. I realized that if I set my mind to something, I could achieve it.

（1）What does the school expect the students to do on Bike Safety Day?

A. Have their bikes checked.

B. Ride outside for fun.

C. Acquire bike safety skills.

D. Remove the training wheels.

（2）What does the underlined word "them" (in Paragraph 3)refer to?

A. The author's friends.

B. The author's parents.

C. The safety problems.

D. The training wheels.

（3）What happened when the author finally rode without the training wheels?

A.She felt extremely embarrassed.

B.Everything turned out to be easy.

C.She ended up flat on the ground.

D.Her sisters followed her example.

（4）What does the author think is necessary for her to achieve a goal?

A.Patience.

B.Determination.

C.Pressure.

D.Concentration.

【答案】（1）C

（2）D

（3）B

（4）B

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了作者学习骑自行车的故事，学会了骑自行车让作者拥有了自信，也让作者意识到决心的重要性。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的”It is supposed to be a fun day a t school when all of us kids bring our bikes to school and the school provides us with the opportunity to ride outside and learn proper bike safety.“这应该是一个有趣的一天，在学校，当我们所有的孩子把我们的自行车带到学校，学校为我们提供了在外面骑车的机会，学习适当的自行车安全。可知，学校希望学生在自行车安全日学习自行车安全技能。故选C。

（2）考查代词指代测。根据第三段中的”With the pressure of everyone seeing my training wheels, I determined to let them go.“在每个人都看到我的辅助轮的压力下，我决定不要它们了。可知，在每个人都看到我的训练轮的压力下，我决定不要它们了。由此可见，them指代上文中的training wheels。故选D。

（3）考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段”I got on and steadied myself. My heart raced but my feet and hands were calm. My dad started to push before my feet even moved and suddenly I was off. The fear faded away and a relaxed mind came into its place. It was crazy to think how quickly I learned something that took so long for me to even try!“我上了车，稳住自己。我的心怦怦直跳，但手脚却很平静。我的脚还没来得及挪动，爸爸就开始推我，突然我就走了。恐惧消失了，取而代之的是一种放松的心态。想想我花了这么长时间才学会的东西，竟然这么快就学会了，真是疯了!）可知，当作者最终决定不使用辅助轮时，发现结果一切都很容易了。故选B。

（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的”I realized that if I set my mind to something, I could achieve it.“我意识到，如果我下定决心，我可以实现它。可知，本文主要讲述了作者学习骑自行车的故事，从而意识到决心非常重要。故选B。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。

2．阅读理解

Harvard Pre-College Program

to pave the way for a successful college experience.

HERE YOU CAN:

Learn without limits

Pursue your interests in courses focusing on physics, law, writing, philosophy, and a dozen other subjects.

Live at Harvard

You will live in a historic undergraduate house near Harvard Square.

Your plan covers three meals a day, seven days a week.

Have fun outside the classroom

You might enjoy a Cirque du Sileil performance, a Red Sox game at Fenway Park, or a trip to the Museum of Science.

ELIGIBILITY (申请资格)

Students are academically motivated and will graduate in 2020 or 2021.

TO APPLY

Complete an online application and provide the following materials: the $50 nonrefundable application fee; transcripts (成绩单) with fall 2018 grades; signed rules and regulations.

INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS

Participants should apply for the B-2 tourist visa. If English is not your native language, submit scores from the TOEFLor IELTS language proficiency exam.

APPLICATION TIPS

No fee is required to start your application. You will be asked to pay the application fee only upon submitting the application.

The scores of successful applicants are typically above 103 on the TOEFL with 25 on the written section or at least 7.5 on the IELTS with 7 on the written section.

Use a desktop or laptop. You will be asked to write short essays as part of your application. This may be challenging to do on a mobile phone.

You will receive an email informing you of the application status approximately three weeks after you have completed your application.

（1）Harvard organizes such a program to ______.

A. reduce students' academic pressure

B. select good students to join in Harvard

C. make students obtain high grades in their study

D. help students prepare for their future college life

（2）What can we learn about the program?

A. Students are offered three meals except weekends.

B. It merely has two sessions during one summer.

C. It provides courses on various subjects for students.

D. Students can live in a hotel near Harvard.

（3）If you are a native student who wants to apply for the program, you need to provide ______.

A. a B-2 tourist visa

B. transcripts with your fall 2018 grades

C. scores from the TOEFL exam

D. a recommendation letter from your high school teacher （4）The applicants can learn from the application tips that ______.

A. their TOEFL or IELTS scores should meet the requirements

B. the application fee should be paid before they start applying

C. it is convenient to use any electronic products to apply

D. they can check the application status in a week

【答案】（1）D

（2）C

（3）B

（4）A

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇应用文，介绍了哈佛大学帮助学生为大学生活做准备而开设的一个暑期项目的情况。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段”Our summer program for high school students is designed to pave the way for a successful college experience.“我们的高中生暑期项目是为成功的大学生活铺平道路的。）可知哈佛大学组织了这样一个项目来帮助学生为他们未来的大学生活做准备。故选D。

（2）考查细节理解。根据Learn without limits部分中的”Pursue your interests in courses focusing on physics, law, writing, philosophy, and a dozen other subjects.“在物理、法律、写作、哲学和其他十几个学科上追求你的兴趣。可知项目为学生提供不同学科的课程。故选C。

（3）考查细节理解。根据TO APPLY部分中的”Complete an online application and provide the following materials: the $50 nonrefundable application fee; transcripts (成绩单) with fall 2018 grades; signed rules and regulations.“完成网上申请，并提供以下材料:50美元的不可退还的申请费;2018年秋季成绩单;签署规章制度。可知如果你是本地学生，想要申请这个项目，你需要提供2018年秋季的成绩单。故选B。

（4）考查细节理解。根据APPLICATION TIPS部分中”* The sc ores of successful applicants are typically above 103 on the TOEFL with 25 on the written section or at least 7.5 on the IELTS with 7 on the written section.“成功申请者的托福成绩一般在103分以上，写作部分25分，雅思至少7.5分，写作部分7分。可知申请者可以从APPLICATION TIPS中了解到他们的托福或雅思成绩应该达到的分数要求。故选A。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解题型的考查，是一篇介绍类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并结合题目要求，从而选出正确答案。

3．阅读理解

"If they hated me they didn't talk to me about it," says a young German manager at a media firm in Frankfurt. Still, he says it was noticeable that when an employee 20 years older than him thanked him for buying lunch he had to swallow twice before adding the word "boss".

Older workers sometimes envy being managed by a younger colleague. Precocious (老成的) youngsters, too, can feel awkward about bossing their elders around. But in Germany a shortage of skilled workers means that such situations are becoming even more common.

The country's population is projected to shrink. As more Germans retire, fewer youngsters are entering the work-place to replace them. As a share of the working population the number of 15-to-24-year-olds has fallen by ten percent since the 1980s, says the German Federal Employment Agency. Firms competing to hire young talent have to promote them earlier as a result. A paper by professors at the university of Cambridge and WHU, a German business school, to be published in the Journal of Organizational Behavior, suggests this could be a problem.

As in many countries, German work-places are legally obliged to overlook age when deciding whom to promote. Yet according to Jochen Menges, one of the authors, when an ordinary worker leap-frogs a more experienced one it can leave the latter with feelings of "anger, fear and disgust." People tend to judge their own standing by the success of their peers, and to see failure in being bossed about by someone younger. The relationship between feelings of anxiety and the age of the boss is clear, according to Mr Menges. A manager who is younger by one year is somewhat unsettling; a gap of 20 years is far more discouraging.

German firms certainly shouldn't return to a system in which age equals to rank. But young people tend to be sensitive about managing upwards. And older workers should be encouraged to see the bright side of learning new skills. Daimler, a big German car firm, says it promotes age- mixed teams, so that knowledge can be transferred between generations. It also supports young managers by asking retired employees to provide temporary support.

（1）For what does the author mention a young German manager and his experience in Paragraph 1?

A. To introduce the topic.

B. To present an argument.

C. To attract readers' interest.

D. To describe his own idea.

（2）Why are some precocious youngsters bossing their elders around in Germany?

A. Precocious youngsters are all skilled workers.

B. Such situations are becoming more common.

C. Fewer youngsters would like to do hard work.

D. Companies compete fiercely to hire young talent.

（3）In which of the following situations might an employee regard himself as a failure according to the passage?

A. When he has to decide whom to promote.

B. When he leap-frogs a more experienced worker.

C. When he is being bossed about by someone younger.

D. When he experiences feelings of anger, fear and disgust.

（4）What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 4 mean?

A. A younger boss is more likely to be nervous and anxious.

B. An employee with a younger boss tends to suffer from anxiety.

C. There is a connection between anxiety and the age of promotion.

D. The age of the boss and anxiety are closely related.

（5）What can we learn from the passage?

A. Qualified workers should be promoted to boss.

B. Older workers should support younger managers.

C. Older workers are no better than younger colleagues.

D. You are never too old to learn, or too young to manage.

【答案】（1）A

（2）D

（3）C

（4）B

（5）D

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，由于德国年轻人数量下降，竞相雇佣年轻人才的公司不得不更早地提拔年轻人来做管理人员，拥有一位年轻的老板对员工无形中也产生了焦虑感。就此应该鼓励老员工看到学习新技能的光明面，以及组建年龄混合的团队。

（1）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的”Still, he says it was noticeable that when an employee 20 years older than him thanked him for buying lunch he had to swallow twice before adding the word ’boss‘.“不过，他说，值得注意的是，当一名比他大20岁的员工感谢他买了午餐时，他不得不吞下两口，然后才加上“老板”一词。提到的事例以及第二段中的”Older workers sometimes envy being managed by a younger colleague. Precocious youngsters, too, can feel awkward about bossing their elders around. But in Germany a shortage of skilled workers means that such situations are becomin g even more common.“年长的员工有时会羡慕被年轻的同事管理。早熟的年轻人也会因为对长辈颐指气使而感到尴尬。但在德国，熟练工人的短缺意味着这种情况变得更加普遍。对第一段的现象进行解释说明，可知作者在第一段中提到了一个年轻的德国经理和他的经历是为了引入主题。故选A。

（2）考查推理判断。根据第四段中的”15-to-24-year-olds has fallen by ten percent since the 1980s, says the German Federal Employment Agency. Firms competing to hire young talent have to promote them earlier as a result.“德国联邦职业介绍所表示，自上世纪80年代以来，15至24岁的年轻人数量下降了10%。因此，竞相雇佣年轻人才的公司不得不更早地提拔他们。可知在德国有些早熟的年轻人对长辈颐指气使，这是因为公司为雇佣年轻人才的激烈竞争，导致年轻人更早地被提拔为管理人员。故选D。

（3）考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段中的”People tend to jud ge their own standing by the success of their peers, and to see failure in being bossed about by someone younger.“人们倾向于根据同龄人的成功来判断自己的地位，并认为被年轻人左右是失败的。可知当员工被更年轻的人颐指气使的时候，他会认为自己是失败的。故选C。

（4）考查词义猜测。根据第四段中的”A manager who is younger by one year is somewhat uns ettling; a gap of 20 years is far more discouraging. “一个年轻一岁的经理有点让人不安；20年的差距更让人沮丧。可推知老板年龄越年轻，员工的焦虑感越明显，故可推知划线句子意思是：拥有年轻老板的员工往往会感到焦虑。故选B。

（5）考查主旨大意。根据最后一段中的”But young people tend to be sensitive about managing upwards. And older workers should be encouraged to see the bright side of learning new skills. Daimler, a big German car firm, says it promotes age- mixed teams, so that knowledge can be transferred between generations. It also supports young managers by asking retired employees to provide temporary s upport.“但年轻人往往对向上管理很敏感。应该鼓励老员工看到学习新技能的光明面。德国大型汽车公司戴姆勒表示，他们提倡年龄混合的团队，这样知识就可以在几代人之间传递。它还通过要求退休员工提供临时支持来支持年轻的管理者。结合文章主要内容围绕着德国管理者倾向年轻化的问题，主要是说明了人们应当活到老学到老，永远不会因为太年轻而无法管理。故选D。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇社会现象类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。

4．阅读理解

The age of adulthood is by definition arbitrary. If everyone matured at the same, fixed rate, it wouldn't be a human process. Indeed, maturation happens at varying speeds across different categories within the same individual, so I'd say I was easily old enough to vote at 16, but nobody should have given me a credit card until I was 32, and I've got the county court judgment to prove it.

However, we broadly agree that there's a difference between a child and an adult, even if we might argue about the transition point. So the political theorist David Runciman's view that six-year-olds should be allowed to vote goes against any standard argument about the age of civic responsibility. Nobody would say that a six-year-old could be held criminally responsible, could be sent to war, could be capable of consent, could be given responsibility for anything. So allowing them the vote—along with, unavoidably, seven-year-olds who are even sillier, if anything—is quite an amusing proposal.

Runciman's argument is that this is the only way to rebalance political life, which is currently twisted in favor of the old, who don't (he added) ever need to demonstrate mental capacity, even long after they've lost it.

The first part of his case is self-evident: pensions are protected while children's centers are closed, concepts such as sovereignty (最高权威) are prioritized over the far more urgent business of the future: climate change. Nostalgia (怀念) for a past the young wouldn't even recognize plays a central role, which is completely unfair.

Most of the arguments against giving six-year-olds a vote are that children would end up voting for something damaging and chaotic, if someone made unrealistic promises to them, which could never be realized. Well, it's not children's fault.

Having said that, children do tend towards the progressive, having a natural sense of justice (which kicks in at the age of six months, psychologists have shown, by creating scenes of great unfairness to babies, and making them cry) and an underdeveloped sense of self-interest. My kid, when he was six, made quite a forceful case against private property, on the basis that, since everybody needed a house, they shouldn't cost money, because nobody would want anyone else not to have one. Also, food should be free. It was a kind of pre-Marx communism, where you limit the coverage of the market to only those things that you wouldn't mind someone else not having.

On that particular day, when we were registered as voters, my kid was quite far to the left of me, but in the normal run of things, we're united, which brings us to the point of the problem: children obey you on almost nothing, but they do seem to believe in your politics until they're adolescent. So giving kids the vote is really just a way of giving parents extra votes. And what can stop us having even more children, once there's so much enfranchisement (选举权) in it for us? Now, if parents could be trusted to use their influence wisely, and hammer into children the politics it will take to assure a better future, then I wouldn't necessarily have a problem with that, apart from, obviously, that culture is already wildly twisted towards parents, and I can imagine a few non-parents boiling with fierce anger. But that's not worth talking about anyway, because

parents can't be trusted, otherwise we'd all already vote Green(绿党).

In short: no, six-year-olds should not get the vote; but while we're here, if any votes come up in the near future, which will have an impact on the next five decades of British political life, alongside EU migrants, 16-year-olds certainly should be enfranchised.

（1）The author refers to his age of adulthood to prove that ________.

A. certain rights are granted at different stages of life

B. there's a common standard for the age of adulthood

C. people mature at different rates in various aspects

D. a credit card is more difficult to get than the vote

（2）People reject David Runciman's proposal because ________.

A. they believe children are far from mature in many ways

B. they are uncertain whether children can assume responsibility

C. they know the age to get the vote is not to be questioned

D. they don't think a child can grow into adulthood earlier

（3）What is the base for David Runciman's argument?

A. Public ignorance of children's abilities.

B. Inequalities of opportunity.

C. A cultural preference for the old.

D. The imbalance in political life.

（4）The author talks about his kid to indicate that ________.

A. children are in favor of a just society and tend to be idealistic

B. children are innocent and don't want to be involved in politics

C. children are simple-minded and can fall for an adult's trick

D. children are good-natured and like to help people in need

（5）The author thinks allowing children the vote may lead to ________.

A. twisted culture

B. parents' objections

C. misuse of rights

D. unusual maturation （6）What is the main point of the passage?

A. There is a difference between adults and children.

B. Allowing children the vote is not altogether absurd.

C. The definition of adulthood is quite controversial.

D. Parents should introduce politics to their children.

【答案】（1）C

（2）A

（3）D

（4）A

（5）C

（6）B

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，讲述了儿童成熟的速度是不同，所以作者认为允许儿童投票的提议并不完全是荒谬的，如果将对未来50年的英国政治生活产生影响，16岁的孩子应该被授予选举权。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“Indeed, maturation happens at varying speeds across different categories within the same individual, so I'd say I was easily old enough to vote at 16, but nobody should have given me a credit card until I was 32, and I've got the county court

judgment to prove it.”可知，作者以他的成熟年龄来证明人们在各个方面的成熟速度是不一样的。故选C。

（2）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“Nobody would say that a six-year-old could be held criminally responsible, could be sent to war, could be capable of consent, could be given responsibility for anything.”没人说6岁的孩子会被追究刑事责任，会被送上战场，会有同意的能力，会被赋予任何责任。由此推断，人们拒绝David Runciman的提议是因为他们认为孩子在很多方面还不够成熟，不能被赋予相应的责任。故选A。

（3）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“Runciman's argume nt is that this is the only way to rebalance political life”可知，Runciman论点的基础是，这是重新平衡政治生活的唯一途径，即政治生活的不平衡导致他提出这个提议。故选D。

（4）考查推理判断。根据倒数第四段中的“My kid, when he was six, made quite a forceful case against private property, on the basis that, since everybody needed a house, they shouldn't cost money, because nobody would want anyone else not to have one. Also, food should be free. It was a kind of pre-Marx communism, where you limit the coverage of the market to only those things that you wouldn't mind someone els e not having.”可知，孩子反对私有财产，因为他们觉得每个人需要房子，他们不应该花钱买房，此外食物也应该是免费的，这是一种前马克思共产主义的想法，由此可推测孩子更加公平，更期待理想社会。故选A。

（5）考查推理判断。根据倒数第三段中的“So giving kids the vote is really just a way of giving parents extra votes.”可知，给孩子投票权其实只是给父母额外投票权的一种方式，由此推断作者认为给孩子投票权可能会导致投票权的滥用。故选C。

（6）考查主旨大意。根据最后一段“In short: no, six-year-olds should not get the vote; but while we're here, if any votes come up in the near future, which will have an impact on the next five decades of British political life, alongside EU migrants, 16-year-olds certainly should be enfranchised.”可知，作者认为6岁的孩子不应该获得选举权，但是如果将来有任何会影响英国以及欧盟移民未来50年政治生活的投票出现话，16岁的孩子应该被赋予选举权，由此可知作者认为儿童被赋予选举权并不完全是荒谬的。故选B。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇社会类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

5．阅读理解

Imagine your body is like the house you live in. Every day, your family creates rubbish. The rubbish builds up until it is put out for the weekly garbage collection.

Now, say you put three bags of garbage out, but because one of the collectors was away sick, only two bags are collected. You take the leftover bag inside to be put out again next week. The following week you put out another three bags, plus the leftover bag from last week. But again, only two bags are collected. Imagine this cycle is repeated over the following weeks.

This is a simple description of what happens to your body when your kidneys (肾) don't work efficiently. Your body is not thoroughly emptied of waste products. Other areas of the body such as blood pressure and red blood cell production are affected and the insidious process that may

lead to kidney failure begins.

It's not uncommon for people to lose up to 90 percent of their kidney function before developing any symptoms. There may be no warning signs. This makes early detection(诊察) difficult.

Kidney's main job is to remove toxins (毒素) and unwanted water from our blood. Every day our kidneys clean an average of 200 litres of blood. Kidney failure may be a gradual and silent process, going unnoticed because there is no apparent pain.

Research shows that more than 25 percent of patients found to require dialysis (透析) do not see a kidney specialist until less than 90 days before dialysis starts. Some risk factors for kidney disease such as age and genetic make-up are out of our control; however, some changes in lifestyle may help prevent kidney damage. Two major risk factors for kidney disease, diabetes and high blood pressure, have been on the rise over the last few decades. Both conditions are chiefly affected by being overweight and not getting enough exercise, which are the potential factors for the disease.

（1）The author gives the example of the house we live in to indicate that ________.

A. it's safe and harmless for our body to keep some waste

B. it doesn't matter much if the waste in our body is not emptied in time

C. it's important for our body to empty the waste in time every day

D. our body will not produce any waste if our kidneys work efficiently

（2）The underlined word "insidious" (in Paragraph 3) means ________.

A. gradual and unnoticed

B. apparent and fast

C. smooth and safe

D. painful and long

（3）We can infer that when we find some symptoms related to our kidneys, ________.

A. the kidney failure begins

B. the kidneys may have been seriously damaged

C. we have lost about 10 percent of kidney function

D. the kidneys can still work properly

（4）How many factors of kidney disease are mentioned in the passage?

A. Three.

B. Four.

C. Five.

D. Six.

（5）Which of the following helps prevent kidney damage?

A. Go to see a kidney specialist shortly before dialysis starts.

B. Go to see a kidney specialist whenever you find any warning sign.

C. Try to keep low blood pressure and a stable lifestyle.

D. Take enough exercise and make early detection of kidney disease.

【答案】（1）C

（2）A

（3）B

（4）D

（5）D

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了肾脏出现问题的原因，以及巨大危害，分析了肾脏问题出现的重要因素，并指出如何预防肾病。

（1）考查推理判断。根据一二段的内容，以及第三段中的“This is a simple description of what happens to your body when your kidneys (肾) don't work efficiently.”可推断，作者列举家庭处理垃圾情况的主要目的是让我们明白身体和家一样需要及时处理垃圾，不然对身体有害。故选C。

（2）考查词义猜测。根据第三段中的“Other areas of the body such as blood pressure and red blood cell production are affected and the insidious process that may lead to kidney failure begins.”和第四段中的“There may be no warning signs.”可知，肾功能的变化是由身体其它变化引起的，是一个渐变的过程，而且这个变化没有任何警示，故推测划线词的意思是“逐渐的/慢慢的，无法察觉的”。故选A。

（3）考查推理判断。根据第四段中的“It's not uncommon for people to lose up to 90 percent of their kidney function before developing any symptoms. There may be no warning signs.”可知，90%的症状在被确诊之前是看不出来的，而且没有任何的预警，故推测当人们发现肾病症状时，肾可能已经严重受损。故选B。

（4）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的"age and genetic make-up, diabetes and high blood pressure, overweight and not getting enough exercise,"衰老，基因组成，糖尿病，高血压，超重和不运动,可知，这六项都是导致肾病的原因。故选D。

（5）考查推理判断。根据第四段中的“There may be no warning signs. This makes early detection(诊察) difficult.” 和第六段中的“Both conditions are chiefly affected by being overweight and not getting enough exercise, which are the potential factors for the disease.”可推测，早期诊察，做足够的锻炼可以预防肾损伤。故选D。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇医学类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。

6．阅读理解

By analyzing the fossilized teeth of some of our most ancient ancestors, a team of scientists led by the universities of Bristol (UK) and Lyon (France) have discovered that the first humans significantly breastfed their infants (婴儿) for longer periods than their contemporary relatives.

The results, published in the journal Science Advances, provide a first insight into the practice of weaning (断奶)that remain otherwise unseen in the fossil record.

The team sampled minute amounts from nearly 40 fossilized teeth of our South African fossil relatives, early Homo, Paranthropus robustus and Australopithecus africanus. They measured the proportions of their stable calcium isotopes (同位素）in the tooth enamel(牙釉质), which are a function of the mother milk intake by infants. They show that early Homo offspring(后代) was breastfed in significant proportions until the age of around three to four years, which likely played a role in the apparition of traits that are specific to human lineage(血统), such as the brain development.

In contrast, infants of Paranthropus robustus, that became extinct around one million years ago and were a more robust species in terms of dental anatomy, as well as infants of Australopithecus africanus, stopped drinking sizeable proportions of mother milk in the course of the first months

of life.

These differences in nursing behaviors likely come with major changes in the social structures of groups as well as the time between the birth of one child and the birth of the next.

One of the study's lead authors, Dr Theo Tacail said: "The practice of weaning -- the duration of breastfeeding, age at non-milk food introduction and the age at cessation of suckling -- differs among the modern members of the hominid family which includes humans and modern great apes: orangutan, gorillas, chimpanzees and bonobos.

The development of such behavioral differences likely played major roles in the evolution of the members of human lineage, being associated for instance with size and structure of social groups, brain development.

However, getting insights into these behavioral changes from fossils that are millions of years old is a challenge and, so far, little evidence allow discussing nursing practices in these fossil species.

The findings stress the need for further exploration of calcium stables isotopes compositions in the fossil record in order to understand the co-evolution of weaning practices with other traits such as brain size or social behaviors."

https://www.360docs.net/doc/9517216101.html,/first-human-ancestors-breastfed-for-longer-than-contemporary-relatives/

https://https://www.360docs.net/doc/9517216101.html,/releases/2019/08/190829115427.htm

（1）What do we know the findings of the team?

A. It takes the lead in focusing on Practice weaning.

B. It has disclosed the link between the weaning practice and other traits.

C. It is evident that nursing practice is associated with behavioral changes.

D. It's contemporary humans that spend more time breastfeeding their infants.

（2）What does the underlined phrase "such behavioral differences" in Paragraph 7 most probably refer to?

A. Differences in the calcium isotope in the teeth.

B. Differences in the social structure of groups.

C. Differences in the practice of weaning.

D. Differences in the change of behaviors.

（3）What does the passage mainly talk about?

A. The evolution of human lineage.

B. The possible influence of nursing behaviors.

C. The exploration of compositions in the fossil.

D. The function of mother milk at the age of infants.

【答案】（1）A

（2）C

（3）B

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，通过对祖先牙齿化石的研究，科学家们发现第一批用母乳喂养婴儿的人类比同时代的其他的近亲在时间上要长很多，而这种育幼差异可能在人类进化中扮演了重要角色，比如大脑发育和社会群体方面。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“The results, published in the journal Science Advances, provide a first insight into the pract ice of weaning ”可知这项研究结果发表在《科学进展》杂志上，为断奶行为提供了第一手资料，而这在化石记录中是看不到的。故选A。

（2）考查句义猜测。根据第六段中的“The practice of weaning -- the duration of breastfeeding, age at non-milk food introduction and the age at cessation of suckling -- differs among the modern members of the hominid family which includes humans and modern great apes: orangutan, gorillas, chimpanzees and bonobos.”可知现代人和古代人的断奶行为不同，而且人类和猩猩以及猿猴在断奶的时间上是不同的，即不同时代/不同物种的断奶行为是有差异的，而画线部分的such 就是指上文提到的内容。故选C。

（3）考查主旨大意。根据第七段中的“The development of such behavioral differences … in the evolution of the members of human lineage, being associated for instance with size and structure of social groups, brain development.”可知，这种行为差异的发展可能在人类血统成员的进化中扮演了重要角色，例如与社会群体的大小和结构，大脑的发展有关。所以短文主要是关于育幼行为可能带来的影响。故选B。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，句义猜测和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

7．阅读理解

The Outdoor City Adventure Book Festival

For one week in July, Sheffield Central Library becomes the center of adventure in the Outdoor City. Check out some of the events. Most of them are free but early booking is recommended.

July 10

Bee Quest - A Hunt for the World's Most Elusive (难以捕捉的) Bees Central library Carpenter Room, 7:00-8:30pm.

A hunt for the world's most elusive bees leads Professor Dave Goulson from Poland to Patagonia, deep into the Ecuadorian Jungle. He also explores closer to home.

Among secret places hidden right under our noses and through his scientific expertise (专业知识), shows us that beauty hides in the most surprising places.

July 11

Clarion Call: A Heartfelt Tribute to Sheffield's Access Pioneers

Central library Carpenter Room, 10:30-11:30am.

Well-known walker, activist and campaigner, Terry Howard takes us back a hundred years and shares the story of the role Sheffielders played in the first fights for our right to freely walk on the Peak District moors (旷野). The Clarion Ramblers is thought to be the first working class walking club. This is the story of their important role in gaining us the access we all enjoy today.

July 12

The Wainwrights in Color Central Library Carpenter Room, 1:30-2:30pm.

Inspired by the work of the great Alfred Wainwright, over 10 years Andy Beck has reproduced in watercolor all 1, 500 pictures drawn in A Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells. Andy speaks

about how the scenes in the Lake District have changed during the last 50 years.

July 13

Craft (制作) Your Own Adventure Journal-A Workshop Central Library Reading Room, 2:00-3:00 pm,￡5.

Learn paper craft techniques to make your own beautiful travel journal. Get advice from our expert tutor on using old photos adventures and holidays.

Collecting stories and memories from your.

（1）Which event should you choose if you're interested in bees?

A. Bee Quest.

B. Clarion Call.

C. The Wainwrights in Color.

D. Craft Your Own Adventure Journal.

（2）What day is the right time to share the story of Sheffielders?

A. July 10.

B. July 11.

C. July 12.

D. July 13.

（3）What is special about Craft Your Own Adventure Journal?

A. It lasts the longest.

B. It needs reservation.

C. It calls for admission charges.

D. It offers the most interesting stories.

【答案】（1）A

（2）B

（3）C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇应用文，介绍了几个户外城市探险书展。在七月的一个星期里，谢菲尔德中央图书馆成为户外城市的冒险中心。这些事件，大部分都是免费的，但建议大家要提前预订。

（1）考查细节理解。根据 July 10部分中的”Bee Quest - A Hunt for the World's Most Elusive (难以捕捉的) Bees Central library Carpenter Room“,可知，Bee Quest中可寻找世界上最难以捉摸的蜜蜂，如果你对蜜蜂感兴趣，可以到Bee Quest，故选A。

（2）考查细节理解。根据July 11 部分中的”Central library Carpenter Room,... This is the story of their important role in gaining us the access we all enjoy today"可知，在7月11日的Clarion Call是分享谢菲尔德故事的最佳时机。故选B。

（3）考查细节理解。根据July 13部分中的个"Craft (制作) Your Own Adventure Journal-A Workshop Central Library Reading Room, 2:00-3:00pm, ￡5."可知，在这个活动中，要收取费用5英镑。而上文其他的活动中都不收取费用，这是这个活动与其他不同之处，故选C。【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解题型的考查，是一篇介绍类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，结合题目要求，从而选出正确答案。

8．阅读理解

Scientists at the University of Oxford have developed new artificial intelligence(AI) software to recognize and follow up the faces of chimpanzees(黑猩猩)in the wild. The new software will allow researchers and wildlife conservationists to significantly cut back on time spent analyzing videos, according to the new paper published in Science Advances.

For species(物种)like chimpanzees which have complex social lives and live for many years, getting photos of their behavior taken from short-term field research can only tell us so much,"

says Dan Schofield, researcher and DPhil student at Oxford University's Private Models Lab, School of Anthropology. "By taking advantage of the power of machine learning to unlock large video files, it makes it possible to measure behavior over the long term."

The computer model was trained using over 10 million images(影像):from Kyoto University s Primate Research Institute(PRI) video files of wild chimpanzees in Guinea, West Africa. The new software is the first to continuously track and recognize individual a wide range of poses, performing with high accuracy in difficult conditions such as low lighting and poor image quality. "Access to this large video file has allowed us to use deep neural networks to train models to a degree that was previously not possible," says Arsha Nagrad, co-auther of the study and DPhil student at the Department of Engineer Science, University of Oxford." Additionally, our new software differs from previous primate face recognition software in that it can be applied to videos with limited manual intervention(人工干预), saving hours of time."

The technology can be potentially used to monitor species for conservation Although the present application focuses on chimpanzees, the AI software provided will be applied to other species, and help drive the adoption of AI systems to solve(解决)a range of problems in the wildlife sciences.

（1）What is the purpose of developing the new soft?

A.To save wildlife researchers' time spent in the labs.

B.To keep track of wildlife conservationists' behaviors.

C.To protect chimpanzees and help them to live longer.

D.To recognize and track the faces of wild chimpanzees.

（2）What does the underlined word "it" in paragraph 2 refer to?

A.Getting photos.

B.Analyzing videos.

C.A powerful machine

D.The new AI software.

（3）What does paragraph 4 mainly talk about?

A.The working principle of the new software.

B.Some limitations of using the new software.

C.The unique advantages of the new software.

D.Controversial attitudes to the new software.

（4）What can be known from the last paragraph?

A.Technology advance is the final goal of science

B.The new software won't just be applied to chimpanzees.

C.AI systems are widely used in the wildlife sciences.

D.The application of the new technology isn't easy.

【答案】（1）D

（2）D

（3）C

（4）B

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一种新的人工智能软件，这种软件可以识别

和追踪黑猩猩的面孔,大大节省了研究者和野生动物保护者的时间，而且它还可以应用到其他的物种研究。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的”Scientists at the University of Oxford have developed new artificial intelligence(AI) software to recognize and follow up the faces of chimpanzees(黑猩猩)in the wild. ”可知，新软件的开发是为了识别和追踪野外黑猩猩的面孔。故选D。

（2）考查代词指代。根据第一段的叙述及第二段中的“B y taking advantage of the power of machine learning to unlock large video files…”可推断it指代第一段中提到的新的人工智能软件。故选D。

（3）考查段落大意。根据第四段的叙述可知，本段主要介绍了新软件与其他软件相比所具有的独特的优势。故选C。

（4）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“The technology can be potentially used to monitor species for conservation Although the present application focuses on chimpanzees, the AI software provided will be applied to other species. 可知，新的软件不仅被用在黑猩猩身上，它还将被用于其他物种。故选B。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，代词指代和段落大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科技类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

9．阅读理解

It seems every major city and town around the world hosts an annual marathon, with thousands of athletes running a gruelling 42.1 kilometres. While many runners' motivation is to beat their personal best and cross the finishing line without collapsing, they're also doing it for a good cause—to generate funds for charity. But like other major events, the marathon also generates a massive carbon footprint. Thousands travel —some by plane—to the location, and waste from food packaging and goody bags gets left behind by spectators and runners. This is becoming a big issue for cities—how to host a worthwhile event, encouraging people to exercise and help charities, while protecting the environment? Several cities have developed formal plans to reduce their environmental impact and promote sustainable (可持续的) ideas. One event in Wales, for example, introduced recycling for old running kit.

It's something that this year's London Marathon tried to tackle by reducing the number of drink stations on the running route, giving out water in paper cups and offering some drinks in eatable seaweed capsules. They also trialled new bottle belts made from recycled plastic so 700 runners could carry water bottles with them during their run. London Marathon event director Hugh Brasner told the BBC: "There are a lot of initiatives (倡议) we are using this year that we think will lead to some huge behavioural changes in the future."

Meanwhile, some people still think running a marathon could be our best foot forward in helping the planet. Dr Andrea Collins from Cardiff University told the BBC: "Training for a marathon makes you more sustainable in day-to-day activities. I started walking or running to work every day and shunning public transport altogether. Being environmentally friendly while training sticks with you and becomes a way of life. "

（1）Why do many people enter for a marathon?

A. To achieve their own ambitions.

B. To generate a massive carbon footprint.

C. To improve themselves both physically and mentally.

D. To challenge their personal limitations and raise money for charities.

（2）What did Hugh Brasner think of this year's London Marathon?

A. It may bring a large profit to London.

B. It saved a lot of water resources and power.

C. It may improve people's behaviour in the future.

D. It may make Londoners more friendly when running a marathon.

（3）Which of the following can replace the underlined word "shunning" in the last paragraph?

A. Damaging.

B. Avoiding.

C. Choosing.

D. Changing.

（4）What can we infer from the last paragraph?

A.Running a marathon can make more money.

B.Running a marathon can do great damage to the earth.

C.Running a marathon can change people's life completely.

D.Running a marathon can contribute to protecting the earth.

【答案】（1）D

（2）C

（3）B

（4）D

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，现如今，许多城市和乡镇都举办了马拉松比赛，马

拉松旨在为一些公益活动募集资金，但马拉松的举办也为城市带来了环境问题。有一些城

市已经采取了一些措施，来保证马拉松比赛的可持续性发展，如减少马拉松赛程中的供水站，以水囊的形式代替等等。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的"many runners' motivation is to beat their personal best and cross the finishing line without collapsing, they're also doing it for a good cause—to generate funds for charity"许多参赛的动机是打破他们的个人最好记录，同时还为了一个非常好的目的，就是为了慈善机构募款。故选D。

（2）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的"There are a lot of initiatives （倡议） we are using this year that we think will lead to some huge behavioural changes in the future.“ Hugh Brasner认为，在这几年马拉松比赛中使用的一些环保倡议会引起将来一些行为上的巨大改变，故选C。

（3）考查词义猜测。根据最后一段中的"Training for a marathon makes you more sustainable

in day-to-day activities. I started walking or running to work every day"为马拉松做出的训练可

以使人能够更加适应每天的日常活动，Dr Andrea Collins也开始每天走路或跑步上下班，这

样的通勤方式可以避免交通拥堵，因此可以用avoid代替shun，故选B。

（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的"running a marathon could be our best foot forward

in helping the planet"跑马拉松是在用个人的力量帮助这个星球，以及"Being environmentally friendly while training sticks with you and becomes a way of life."这样做既能运动同时对环境也

有帮助，成为新兴的生活方式，故选D。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇社会现象类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

10．阅读理解

"What kind of rubbish are you?" This question might normally cause anger, but in Shanghai it was brought about weary complaints over the past few months. On July 1st, the city introduced strict rubbish-sorting regulations that are expected to be used as a model for our country. Citizens must divide their waste into four separate categories and put it into specific public bins. They must do so at scheduled times, when monitors are present to ensure that rules are obeyed and to examine the nature of one's rubbish.

Violators could be hit with fines of up to 200 yuan ($29). For repeat violators, the city can add black marks to their credit records, making it harder for them to obtain hank loans or even buy train tickets.

Shanghai authorities are responding to obvious environmental problem. It produces 9 million tons of garbage a year. But like other cities in china, it lacks a recycling system. Instead, it has relied on rubbish pickers to pick out whatever can be reused. This has limits. As people get wealthier, fewer of them want to do such dirty work. The waste, meanwhile, just keeps piling up. China produces 80 billion pairs of one-off chopsticks a year.

Many citizens appear to support the idea of recycling in general but are frustrated by the details. Rubbish must be divided according to whether it is food, recyclable, dry or hazardous(有害的), the distinctions among which can be confusing, though there are apps to help work it out. Some have complained about the rules surrounding food waste. They must put it straight in the required public bin, forcing them to tear open plastic bags and toss(投掷）it by hand, Most annoying are the short periods for throwing trash, typically a couple of hours, morning and evening. Along with the monitors at the bins, this means that people go at around the same time and can keep an eye on what is being thrown out; no one wants to look bad.

（1）What's the purpose of Paragraph 1?

A. To complain about rubbish dividing.

B. To explain the four categories of the waste.

C. To introduce the rules on waste sorting.

D. To show the goal of rubbish, sorting regulations.

（2）What does the underlined word "Violators" in Paragraph 2 refer to?

A. People who don't pay for train tickets.

B. People who argue with the monitors.

C. People who obtain bank loans.

D. People who are against the regulations.

（3）What makes the citizens upset most about the rules?

A. Complex distinction among the four categories of rubbish.

B. Short scheduled time for tossing rubbish.

C. Being observed by monitors when throwing the garbage.

D. Being fined when blamed due to improper behavior.

（4）What can be the best title for the text?

A. A Restart of Waste-sorting

B. A New Age of Garbage Classification

C. Learning to Classify Rubbish

D. Rubbish-sorting Benefits the World

【答案】（1）C

（2）D

（3）B

（4）B

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇新闻报道，介绍了7月1日上海市出台的垃圾分类规定，有望成为我国的一个典范。文章说明了垃圾分类规定的部分内容以及违反者将面临的处罚，这项政策出台的原因是上海日益增多的垃圾，以及居民们对此政策的看法和态度。

（1）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“Citizens must divide their waste into four separate categories and put it into specific public bins. They must do so at scheduled times, when monitors are present to ensure that rules are obeyed and to examine the nature of one's rubbish.”市民必须将垃圾分为四类，并将其放入特定的公共垃圾箱。他们必须在规定的时间这样做，当监督员在场时，以确保规则得到遵守，并检查垃圾的性质。可知主要是在说明垃圾分类的相关规定，故第一段的目的是介绍垃圾分类的规则。故选C。

（2）考查词义猜测。根据第二段中的“They could be hit with fines of up to 200 yuan ($29).”他们将面临最高200元(29美元)的罚款。可推测他们此处指违反垃圾分类规定的人们，故划线单词意思为“违反规定的人”，故选D。

（3）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“Most upset are the short windows for throwing trash, typically a couple of hours, morning and evening.”最让人心烦的是扔垃圾的短暂开放期，通常是早上和晚上的几个小时，可知，扔垃圾的时间很短让居民对这些规定最不满。故选B。

（4）考查主旨大意。根据第一段中的“On July 1st, the city introduc ed strict trash-sorting regulations that are expected to be used as a model for our country. Residents must divide their waste into four separate kinds and put it into specific public bins. They must do so at scheduled times, when monitors are present to ensure compliance and to inquire into the nature of one's rubbish.”7月1日，该市出台了严格的垃圾分类规定，有望成为我国的一个典范。居民必须将他们的垃圾分成四类，并将其放入特定的公共垃圾箱。他们必须在规定的时间这样做，当监督员在场时，以确保遵守和调查一个人的垃圾的性质）以及文章主要内容围绕着上海垃圾分类规定标志着一个垃圾分类的新时代的开始而展开，故选B。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测，推理判断和主旨大意四个题型的考查，是一篇新闻报道，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

11．阅读理解

Artificial intelligence can predict when patients with a heart disorder will die, according to scientists.

The software learned to analyze blood tests and scans of beating hearts to spot signs that the organ was about to fail. The team, from the UK's Medical Research Council, said the technology

could save lives by finding patients that need more aggressive treatment. The results were published in the Journal of Radiology.

According to the researchers, high blood pressure in the lungs damages part of the heart, and about a third of patients die within five years after being diagnosed. There are treatments: drugs, injections straight into the blood vessels, a lung transplant. But doctors need to have an idea of how long patients might have left, in order to pick the right treatment.

The software was given scans of 256 patients' hearts, and blood test results. When this data was combined with eight years of patient health records, the artificial intelligence predicted when patients would die.

The software could look about five years into the future. It correctly predicted those who would still be alive after one year about 80% of the time. The figure for doctors is 60%.

The team now want to test the software works in other patients in different hospitals before assessing whether it should be made widely available to doctors. The researchers also want to use the technology in other forms of heart failure, such as cardiomyopathy, to see who might need a pacemaker or other forms of treatment.

Dr Mike Knapton, from the British Heart Foundation, said, "This exciting use of computer software in medical practice will help doctors in the future to make sure that patients are receiving the correct treatment before the condition deteriorates and leaves them needing a lung transplant. The next step is to test this technology in more hospitals with heart disease."

（1）What can artificial intelligence do according to the passage?

A. Predicting how long a person with heart disease can survive.

B. Helping doctors diagnose people with heart disease.

C. Obeying orders and reminding heart disease patients to take pills.

D. Producing medicine without side effects for heart disease patients.

（2）What can we know about the software from the passage?

A. It can make accurate long-term predictions.

B. It has not yet been widely put into use.

C. It can prevent high blood pressure in the lungs damaging part of the heart.

D. It can help doctors make sure that patients are receiving the correct treatment.

（3）The underlined word "deteriorates" in the last paragraph probably means "________."

A. continues

B. worsens

C. exists

D. improves

（4）The author's purpose of writing the text is most likely to _________.

A. advertise

B. persuade

C. inform

D. entertain

【答案】（1）A

（2）B

（3）B

（4）C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，科学家称，人工智能可以预测心脏病患者何时死亡，这项技术可以通过找到需要更积极治疗的病人来挽救生命。以及该软件对病人的预测方式和未来应用领域。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“Artificial intelligence can predict when patients with a