不定式的一些特殊用法重要区别

不定式的一些特殊用法重要区别
不定式的一些特殊用法重要区别

不定式一般式用法小议

不定式一般式就是指“to+动词原形”,其主要用法如下:

1. 表示未发生的动作,即表示发生在谓语动作之后的动作。如:

We decided to leave early. 我们决定早点动身。

He asked me to buy him some paper. 他叫我给他买些纸。

2. 表示同时发生的动作,即表示与谓语动作同时发生或略先于谓语动作的动作。如:

She is helping us to clean the window. 她在帮我们擦窗户。

I’m sorry to hear that. 听到这事我很难过。

3. 表示一般情况,即看不出动作的先后关系,而是表示一种情况或现象。如:

Washing the car seems to be your main hobby. 擦洗汽车似乎是你的主要爱好。

None of her many lovers seemed to want to marry her. 在她的许多情人节中似乎没有一个愿意娶她的

不定式的被动式的理解与用法

1. 概念理解

英语被动语态的基本结构是“be+过去分词”,由此我们可以推出不定式被动式的构成即为“to be+过去分词”,如to be sold, to be studied, to be seen, to be given等等。

我们在学习英语语态时知道,只有及物动词才有被动语态,同样地,对于不定式来说,也只有及物动词的不定式才有被动式。如果是不及物动词的不定式要用于被动式,要注意在其后加上合适的介词。如:

他不喜欢自己的想法受到嘲笑。

误:He did not like his idea to be laughed.

正:He did not like his idea to be laughed at.

2. 用法说明

不定式到底用主动形式还是被动形式,往往取决于句子的意思,即意思上为主动就用主动形式,意思上为被动就用被动形式。如:

I wish to be excused. 我请求原谅。

“请求原谅”其实就是指“请求被原谅”,所以不定式要用被动式。

I had to shout to be heard. 我必须叫喊对方才能听得见。

“大声叫”的目的是什么?就是为了被别人听见,所以不定式要用被动式。

Rules were made to be broken. 定了规则就准备有人违反。.

根据常识可知,“规则”与“违反”之间是被动关系,所以不定式用被动式。

He was the last person to be asked to speak. 他是最后一个应邀请发言的人。

“应邀发言”实际意思是“被邀请发言”,所以不定式用被动式。

3. 主动表被动

一般说来,表示主动意义,不定式用主动式;表示被动意义,不定式用被动式。但是,有个别时候,虽然意义上是被动的,但不定式却要用主动式。如:

The house is to let. 此屋出租。

在英语中,to let, to blame这两个不定式在用作表语时,习惯上是用主动形式表示被动意义。

The box was too heavy to lift. 箱子太重,拿不起来。

在too…to…句式中,若句子主语与其后的不定式具有被动关系,不定式习惯上用主动形式表不被动意义。

The question is difficult to answer. 这问题很难回答。

从意义上说,“问题”与“回答”之间的关系为被动关系,因为“问题”自己不能回答,它只被人们来回答,但句中的不定式to answer却用了被动式,这主要与difficult这一形容词的习惯搭配有关——当be difficult to句式的主语与其后不定式具有被动关系时,不定式总是用主动形式来表示被动意义。注意difficult的反义词easy也有类似用法特点。如:English is easy to learn. 英语易学。

“英语”与“学”之间显然为被动关系,但不定式to learn习惯上只用主动形式,不用被动形式。

不定式的完成式的理解与用法

一、概念理解

正如前面我们可根据进行时态推出不定式的进行式一样,我们也可以根据完成时态推出不定式的完成式。英语现在完成时的基本结构是“have+过去分词”,如果我们在该结构前加上不定式符号to,也就得到了“to have+过去分词”这样的结构,从而也就得到了不定式完成式的标准形式,如to have come, to have gone, to have left, to have found等等。

二、用法说明

不定式的完成式主要表示已经完成的动作——既可能是表示先于谓语动作已经完成,也可能是先于某个特定时间已经完成。如:

He seems to have been hurt. 他似乎受伤了。

It’s a mistake to have come here. 来到这里是一个错误。

I expect to have finished by tomorrow evening. 我看明天晚上之前可以完成。

第一句的意思是,“他受伤”在先,然后人们发现他好像是受伤了;第二句的意思是,“来到这里”在先,然后才发现这是一个错误,第三句的意思是,“完成”在先,先于特定时间tomorrow evening。

另外,不定式的完成式有时还可表示未曾实现的打算或想法,也就是说,过去本来打算做某事,但实际上没有做成。如:

They were to have been married last year. 他们本来去年要结婚的。

I meant to have telephoned, but I forgot. 我本来想打个电话,可是我忘了。

第一句的意思是,原计划是去年结婚,但实际上没有结成;第二句话的意思是,原本想打个电话,但实际上没有打成。

不定式完成式用法归纳

不定式完成式的基本形式为to have done,其主要用法如下:

1. 表示比谓语更早的动作,即不定式所表示的动作发生谓语动作之前。如:

I remember to have seen him do it. 我记得曾看见他这样做。

He is said to have written another TV play. 据说他又写了一部电视剧。

I am ashamed to have mentioned it.我很惭愧提到了这件事。

2. 表示比某特定时间更早的动作,即表示在某个特定的时间之前已完成的动作。如:

I expect to have finished by tomorrow evening. 我看明天晚上之前可以完成。

We hope to have finished the job by next Saturday. 我们希望下周六前完成这项工作。

3. 表示假想的更早的动作,尤其是表示过去本来打算要做某事,但实际上没有做成的动作。如:

They were to have left the next day. 他们本来决定第二天就离开的。

I should like to have been told the result earlier. 我本想让人把结果早点告诉我。

疑问词+不定式”的用法要点

一、弄清句法功能

“疑问词+不定式”是英语中一个很有用的结构,尤其在口语中用得很频繁。该结构在句子中主要用作宾语,有时也可用作主语或表语等。如:

A traffic light tells us when to cross the road. 交通信号告诉我们何时穿越马路。

When to start has not been decided. 何时动身尚未决定。

The question is how to carry out the plan. 问题是怎样执行这个计划。

第一句中的when to cross the road用作动词tell的宾语,第二句中的when to start用作句子主语,第三句中的how to carry out the plan用于连系动词后作表语。

二、记住why这个特例

只要语义允许,我们原则上可以根据需要选用疑问词用于“疑问词+不定式”结构中,但这有一个例外,也是唯一的例外,那就是why。如:

他向我解释了他为什么迟到的原因。

误:He explained to me why to be late.

正:He explained to me why he was late.

疑问词why后面不能接带to的不定式。但是,如果跟一个不带to的不定式(即动词原形)则是完全可以的。如:

Why not try again? 干嘛不再试试呢?

Why get upset just because you got a bad mark? 何必因为没有考好就想不开呢?

三、警惕易错的how

在汉语中,我们说“做某事”和“如何做某事”是不同的,后者侧重做事方法,其中的“如何”译为英语就是how。如:

He discovered how to open the safe. 他发现了打开保险柜的方法。

但是在英语中,有些动词后接“how+不定式”作宾语时,how可省略,意思不变。如:Any child can learn (how) to swim. 任何一个孩子都能学会游泳。

My mother taught me (how) to play the piano. 妈妈教我弹钢琴。

以上两句中的how均可省略,这主要与所搭配的动词learn, teach有关。原则上说,这类用法不会对我们的使用造成困难,因为即使我们弄不清楚,反正用不用how都没关系。但是,下面的句子就非常值得注意了——汉语句子中不一定有“如何”的意味,但英语句子中的how却不可省略(https://www.360docs.net/doc/974630403.html,):

我不知道这台像机怎么用。

误:I don’t know to use this camera.

正:I don’t know how to use this camera.

你能说明一下蛋糕的做法吗?

误:Can you explain to make a cake?

正:Can you explain how to make a cake?

按英语习惯,动词know, show, discover, see, explain, find out 等之后通常不宜直接跟不定式,但可跟“疑问词不定式”,所以在这类结构中,千万不要漏掉汉语中可以省略的how。

不定式的进行式的理解与用法

一、概念理解

我们在前面学过进行时态,知道进行时态的构成是“be+现在分词”,如果我们在该结

构前加上一个不定式符号to,就得到了“to be+现在分词”这样的结构,这就是不定式进行式的标准形式,如to be reading, to be studying, to be crying, to be sitting等等。

二、用法说明

顾名思义,不定式的进行式就是指用一个不定式去表示一个正在进行的动作,准确地说,是表示与谓语动作同时发生且正在进行的动作。如:

He seems to be following us. 他似乎在跟着我们。

It’s nice to be sitting here with you. 和你一起坐在这儿真好。

正如有时可用进行时态表示将来意义一样,不定式的进行式有时也可表示将来意义。如:

The old man seems to be dying. 这老人似乎要死了。

You are lucky to be going by air. 你挺幸运的,能乘飞机走。

I’m quite pleased to be leaving this country. 就要离开这个国家我很高兴。

不定式进行式用法归纳

不定式进行式的基本形式为to be doing,其主要用法如下:

1. 表示同时进行,即表示谓语动作同时发生且正在进行的动作。如:

He pretended to be studying. 他假装在学习。

I happened to be standing next to him when he collapsed. 他倒下的时候我恰巧站在他旁边。

2. 表示将来,正如可用进行时态表示将来意义一样,不定式的进行式有时也可表示将来。如:

I hope to be staying with you. 我希望和你住在一起。

The old man seems to be dying. 这老人似乎要死了。

I’m quite plea sed to be leaving this country. 就要离开这个国家我很高兴。

3. 表示一般情况,即看不出动作的先后关系,而是表示一种情况或现象。如:

I noticed that he seemed to be smoking a lot. 我发现他似乎烟瘾很大。

Just to be doing something was a help. 做点事是有益处的。

You are too young to be meeting young men. 你太小,不能交男朋友。

不定式被动式的构成与用法说明

■不定式被动式的构成

不定式主动式的基本形式是to do,不定式被动式的基本形式则是to be done。如:

I was very glad to invite him. 能邀请他我很高兴。(不定式to invite为主动式)

I was very glad to be invited. 我很高兴受到邀请。(不定式to be invited为被动式)

He ordered the soldiers to go by air. 他命令士兵乘飞机去。(不定式to go为主动式)

He ordered the goods to be sent by air. 他命令把货物空运。(不定式to be sent为被动式)■不定式的被动式的用法说明

1. 不定式到底用主动形式还是被动形式,往往取决于句子的意思,即意思上为主动就用主动形式,意思上为被动就用被动形式。如:

He asked to be forgiven. 他请求原谅他。

You are to be congratulated. 你应当受到祝贺。

3. 表示一般情况

即看不出动作的先后关系,而是表示一种情况或现象。如:

Washing the car seems to be your main hobby. 擦洗汽车似乎是你的主要爱好。

None of her many lovers seemed to want to marry her. 在她的许多情人中似乎没有一个愿意娶她的。

二、不定式进行式的用法

1. 表示同时进行

即表示与谓语动作同时发生且正在进行的动作。如:

He seems to be following us. 他似乎在跟着我们。

He pretended to be looking for a book. 他假装在找书。

I happened to be looking out of the window when they arrived. 他们到达时我碰巧正向窗外望去。

2. 表示将来

正如可用进行时态表示将来意义一样,不定式的进行式有时也可表示将来。如:

You are lucky to be going by air. 你挺幸运的,能乘飞机走。

He was happy to be coming home. 就要回家了他感到高兴。

I happened to be going that way. 我恰好也是到那里去。

I promised to be waiting at the door when he came out. 我答应在门口一直等到他出来。

3. 表示一般情况

即看不出动作的先后关系,而是表示一种情况或现象。如:

I noticed that he seemed to be smoking a lot. 我发现他似乎烟瘾很大。

Just to be doing something was a help. 做点事是有益处的。

You are too young to be meeting young men. 你太小,不能交男朋友。

三、不定式完成式的用法

1. 表示比谓语动作更早的动作

即不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前。如:

I hate to have quarreled with her. 我后悔和她吵架了。

They are said to have left London. 据说他们已经离开伦敦。

I happened to have driven that kind of car before. 碰巧我过去曾开过那种汽车。

I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble.对不起给了你这么多麻烦。

2. 表示比某特定时间更早的动作

即表示在某个特定的时间之前已完成的动作。如:

I hope to have finished the work by now. 我希望现在以前已完成这项工作。

By 2020, he hopes to have opened a branch overseas. 到2020年,他希望能在海外开一分店。

3. 表示假想的更早的动作

尤其是表示过去本来打算要做某事,但实际上没有做成的动作。如:

We were to have been married last year. 我们本来打算去年结婚的。

I wanted to have come to see you, but I was really too busy. 我本想来看你的,但我的确太忙了。

不定式的完成式有时还有明显的感情色彩,如表示遗憾、后悔或责备。如:

There is no need to have bought a new pair of shoes for me. 没有必要给我买一双新鞋。

四、不定式完成进行式的用法

不定式完成进行式主要表示在谓语动作之前一直在进行的动作。如:

He pretended to have been studying. 他假装一直在学习的样子。

He appears to have been waiting a long time. 看来他已经等了很久了。

He seems to have been spying for both sides 他似乎一直在为两方面搞秘密情报。

He is believed to have been waiting for a message. 据信他当时一直在等待消息。

He looked too young to have been publishing for five years. 他看上去很年轻,不像是已经干了5年出版的人。

I’d like to have been sitting there when she walked in. 我真希望当她走进来的时候我正坐在那里。

五、不定式被动式的用法

1. 基本用法

不定式到底用主动形式还是被动形式,往往取决于句子的意思,即意思上为主动就用主动形式,意思上为被动就用被动形式。如:

Not a sound was to be heard. 听不到一点声音。

I had to shout to be heard. 我必须叫喊对方才能听得见。

There remains one matter still to be discussed. 有一个问题尚待讨论。

It remains to be seen whether it will do us harm or good. 它对我们是利是害,还得看看再说。

2. 主动表被动

一般说来,表示主动意义,不定式用主动式;表示被动意义,不定式用被动式。但是,有个别时候,虽然意义上是被动的,但不定式却要用主动式。如:

The house is to let. 此屋出租。

The box was too heavy to lift. 箱子太重,拿不起来。

The question is difficult to answer. 这问题很难回答。

“动词+宾语+不定式”结构

可用这类结构的常用动词有advise, allow, ask, bear, beg, bother, cause, command, determine, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, hate, help, intend, invite, leave, like, mean, need, order, permit, persuade, prefer, request, remind, request, teach, tell, trouble, want, warn, wish等。如:

The doctor advised me to take a complete rest. 医生建议我完全休息。

Her boss doesn’t allow her to use the telephone.她的老板不允许她使用电话。

He’s always bothering me to lend him money.他老是闹着要我借钱给他。

His encouragement determined me to carry on with the work. 他的鼓励使我下定决心要把

工作继续干下去。

My wife encouraged me to apply for the job. 我妻子鼓励我申请这项工作。

The teacher forbids the students to read such books. 老师不准学生看那样的书。

How can we persuade him into joining us? 我们怎样才能说服他参加我们的活动呢?

The sight of the clock reminded me to leave at once. 一看钟使我想起我得马上走了。

注意:不要受汉语意思的影响误用这类句型,如汉语可说“希望某人做某事”,但英语习惯上不说 hope sb to do sth。类似地,以下动词习惯上也不用于这类结构:fear, excuse, forgive, suggest, insist, refuse, inform, arrange, demand, thank, prevent 等。如:他妻子建议他戒烟。

误:His wife suggested him to give up smoking.

正:His wife suggested that he (should) give up smoking.

高中英语动词不定式用法大全

高中英语动词不定式用法大全(名师总结必考语法知识点,值得下载) 英语动词的非谓语形式为三种:动词不定式、动名词和分词。非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化。 动词不定式是一种非谓语动词形式,其结构为“to+动词原形”,其中to 不是介词,而是动词不定式的符号,称为小品词,动词不定式没有人称和数的变化。动词不定式和其后面的名词等构成不定式短语,在句子中可以用作主语、表语、宾语、补足语、定语、状语等。 一. 作主语例如: To be a doctor is hard. 做医生很难。 To learn English well is not easy. 学好英语不容易。 To say is to believe.眼见为实。 动词不定式(短语)作主语时,为了避免句子的头重脚轻,可以用“it”作形式主语,而把真正的主语--动词不定式(短语)放在句子的后部。例如上面的句子可以表示为: It is hard to be a doctor. It is not easy to learn English well. 再如: It’s important to pla nt trees in spring. 如果动词不定式的动作是谁做的,可以在动词不定式前面加一个由介

词for引导的短语,称为不定式的复合结构。例: It’s good for us to read English aloud in the morning. 对我们来说每天早晨大声读英语是很有益的。 It is important for students to use English every day. 对学生来说每天使用英语是很重要的。 二. 作表语:(在形式上,位于系动词后的就是表语。从含义上讲,表语是回答主语“是什么”或“怎么样”的语法成分。) 动词不定式(短语)作表语常用于系词be的后面。例: His work is to drive a car. 他的工作是开车。 My job is to feed animals. 我的工作是饲养动物。 Her ambition is to be a doctor. 她的理想是当医生。 三. 作宾语 动词不定式(短语)可以放在一些动词后面用作宾语,能以动词不定式作宾语的动词有:begin, start, want, forget, remember, show, learn, like, hate, love, ask等。例: I want to tell you a story. 我想给你讲个故事。 They begin to work at eight every morning. 他们每天早晨8点开始工作。 Don’t forget to lock the door.别忘了锁门。 Would you like to go and have a picnic with us tomorrow?明天和我们一

初中不定式todo的用法

初中不定式todo的用法

1. 不定式的用法------1.1 不定式作主语 不定式作主语,往往用it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式放至句子的后面。 例如:It's so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴。 It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的。 It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们,他真好。 It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了。 但是,用不定式作主语的句子中还有一个不定式作表语时,不能用It is… to…的句型。另外,这样的句子,不能用动名词作表语。例如: (对)To teach is to learn. (错)It is to learn to teach. (错)To teach is learning. (错)Teaching is to learn. 典型例题 The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___. A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on 答案:B. 如果不定式为不及物动词,其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时,常位于"形容词+动词不定式"结构的末尾。 1.1.1 不定式做主语It's for sb/It's of sb to do sth 这样的句子中,由于表语形容词性质的不同,导致了不定式逻辑主语标志用for或of 的区别。 1)for sb.句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等:例如: It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。

不定式的特殊用法小结

不定时的用法 to do 的其它用法: 1. 时态和语态形式to do/to be done/to be doing/to have done/to have been done/to have been doing (1) 一般式表动作通常与谓语动词所表动作同时或在其后发生; 进行式表动作与谓语动作同 时进行;完成式表动作发生在谓语动作之前; pretend / believe /say/seem/happen/prove/plan/hope/expect/should like/would like + to have done 表未曾实现的行为; 完成进行式表动作在谓语动作之前已开始并一直进行着,到说话时为止,该动作可能停止,也可能还在继续。 People began to wonder how long the disaster would last. The children pretended to be reading aloud when the teacher came in. I didn’t expect you to be waiting for me so long. The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, who was reported to have broken. the world record in the 110- metre hurdle race. He’s said to have written a new novel. I would like to have had your help. I hoped to have seen her . He planned to have gone abroad. He was said to have been living in New York for twenty years. (1)主动式表逻辑主语为不定式动作的执行者;被动式表逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者。 I hope to finish reading the book tonight. We are invited to a party to be held in our club next Friday. 2.to do 的主动表被动 (1)to do 作定语与被修饰词构成动宾关系,同时又和句子主语构成主谓关系。 I have a lot of papers to deal with. (2) be + 性质adj. + to do . easy/hard/difficult/interesting/heave/pleasant/comfortable/safe/dangerous/impossible Tom is pleasant to work with. This book is difficult to understand. I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good to breathe. (2)be + let /blame/ seek It seemed that water was to blame. The cause isn’t far to seek. The house is to let. (3)wh- + to do I had no idea who to turn to for help the time I lost. How to divide labor among them is still a question. (5) there be + 主语+ to do 中,当强调某人完成某事时用主动形式;当强调某事必须被完成用被动形式。 There’s many work to do. (sb. has to do the work. )/ to be done.(the work has to be done.) 3.to do 的逻辑主语是其所表动作的承受者时用被动。 It’ an honor for me to be invited to the party. The books and mag azines aren’t allowed to be taken out of the reading room. I wanted the letter to be typed at once She asked to be assigned to do a heavy job. 4.如果逻辑主语没出现,只要意义是被动的,to do仍用被动。 It’s great honor to be elected a delegate to the Party. To be attacke d by the enemy isn’t a bad thing but a good thing. 5.to do中动词的省略,只保留to . (1)to do作某些动词的宾语时:当作宾语的不定式再次出现时,为避免重复,只留to. afford/ agree/ expect/ forget/ hate/ hope/ intend/ mean/ plan/ prefer/ refuse/ try/ want/ wish/ would like/ love/ care

动词不定式用法归纳

动词不定式用法归纳 动词不定式没有人称和数的变化,在句中不能独立作谓语。但动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词特征,在句中可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、表语和状语等多种成分。另外,动词不定式具有动词特点,可以有自己的宾语和状语,组成动词不定式短语。动词不定式的肯定形式是to+do;其否定形式是not to+do。 1.作主语 可以直接作主语。如: To see is to believe. 但在英语中,常用it作形式主语,真正的主语即动词不定式放在后面。如: It's wrong to play tricks on other people. It's our duty to keep our environment clean and tidy.(Lesson 10). 点击规律:动词不定式在句中作主语时,常放在It is +adj.(形容词)+to do sth.或 It is +n.(名词)+to do sth.句型中,it仅作形式主语。 2.作宾语 a.以下动词只能to do 作宾语。 attempt企图 enable能够 neglect忽视 afford负担得起 demand要求 long渴望 arrange 安排 mean意欲,打算 begin开始 expect期望 appear似乎,显得 determine决定 manage设法 cease停止 hate憎恨,厌恶 pretend假装 ask问 need需要 agree同意 desire愿望 love爱 swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望 bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供 beg请求 fail不能 plan计划 bother扰乱;烦恼 forget忘记 prefer喜欢,宁愿 care关心,喜欢 happen碰巧 prepare准备 decide决定 learn学习 regret抱歉,遗憾 choose选择 hesitate犹豫 profess表明 claim要求 hope希望 promise承诺,允许 start 开始 undertake承接 want想要 intend想要 refuse拒绝 decide决定 learn学习 contrive设法,图谋 incline有…倾向 propose提议 seek找,寻觅 try试图 b.love,like ,begin,start,hate ,prefer等词后面可以接不定式。 点击规律:上述动词后面除接不定式外,还可以接动名词,意思无很大区别。 提示板:like doing指经常性动作,而like to do指一次性的动作。如: I like swimming,but I don't like to swim now.我喜欢游泳,但我现在不想游。 c.stop,forget,remember,go on ,try等词或短语后面可以接不定式。 点击规律:上述动词后面接不定式和接动名词意思大不相同。 1)stop to do sth.:停止一件事,去做另一件事。 stop doing sth.:停止正在做的事。 例句:When the teacher came in,the students stopped talking;when he came out,the students stopped to talk. 当老师走进来时,学生们停止说话;当老师走出去时,学生们又开始说话。 2)思考:forget,remember,go on,try等词或短语后面接不定式和动名词用法有何区别d.在find/feel+it+adj.+to do sth.句型中,it是形式宾语,真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式。如: The man downstairs found it difficult to get to sleep. I feel it easy to recite the text. 点击规律:某些动词或短语后面既可以接动词不定式作宾语,又可接动名词作宾语,二者用法上的区别可以通过造句子加以区分,如上面stop例句。 3.作宾语补足语 a.下面的动词要求不定式做宾补:动词+宾语+动词不定式 ask要求,邀请 get请,得到 prompt促使 allow允许 forbid禁止 prefer喜欢,宁愿 announce

动词不定式用法大全

动词不定式用法大全 英语动词的非谓语形式为三种:动词不定式、动名词和分词。非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化。 动词不定式是一种非谓语动词形式,其结构为“to+动词原形”,其中to 不是介词,而是动词不定式的符号,称为小品词,动词不定式没有人称和数的变化。动词不定式和其后面的名词等构成不定式短语,在句子中可以用作主语、表语、宾语、补足语、定语、状语等。 一. 作主语例如: To be a doctor is hard. 做医生很难。 To learn English well is not easy. 学好英语不容易。 To say is to believe.眼见为实。 动词不定式(短语)作主语时,为了避免句子的头重脚轻,可以用“it”作形式主语,而把真正的主语--动词不定式(短语)放在句子的后部。例如上面的句子可以表示为: It is hard to be a doctor. It is not easy to learn English well. 再如: It’s important to plant trees in spring. 如果动词不定式的动作是谁做的,可以在动词不定式前面加一个由介词for引导的短语,称为不定式的复合结构。例: It’s good for us to read English aloud in the morning. 对我们来说每天早晨大声读英语是很有益的。 It is important for students to use English every day. 对学生来说每天使用英语是很重要的。 二. 作表语:(在形式上,位于系动词后的就是表语。从含义上讲,表语是回答主语“是什么”或“怎么样”的语法成分。) 动词不定式(短语)作表语常用于系词be的后面。例: His work is to drive a car. 他的工作是开车。 My job is to feed animals. 我的工作是饲养动物。 Her ambition is to be a doctor. 她的理想是当医生。 三. 作宾语 动词不定式(短语)可以放在一些动词后面用作宾语,能以动词不定式作宾语的动词有:begin, start, want, forget, remember, show, learn, like, hate, love, ask等。例: I want to tell you a story. 我想给你讲个故事。 They begin to work at eight every morning. 他们每天早晨8点开始工作。 Don’t forget to lock the door.别忘了锁门。 Would you like to go and have a picnic with us tomorrow?明天和我们一

英语动词不定式的完成式用法小结

英语动词不定式完成式在使用语境中的学习与考查 江苏省沛县湖西中学鹿俊先221611 综观近年的英语高考试题,我们可以看到题目的设置往往强调语言知识在特定语境中的使用,把语言知识放在了语用层面上,即考察实际应用知识的能力。 英语动词不定式的完成式,即(to) have +动词的过去分词形式,是中学英语学习中的重点及难点知识之一,也是高考试题中频繁出现的形式。对于这一形式考查的题目设置通常围绕三类语境,即陈述已经发生过了的事实,推测可能已经发生过了的事实,表达与过去实际情况相反的事实。下面分别加以叙述,以便从语用角度掌握这一语言知识。 1.陈述已经发生过了的事实。 1.1.置于表示情感反应的动词、形容词、分词之后,作为引起该反应的刺激,表示情感反应之前完成的动作。例如: I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble. (=I'm sorry that I gave / have given you so much trouble.) It is good to have finished work for the day. (=I am pleased because I have finished.) She said she was sorry to have missed you. (=She said she was sorry that he had missed you.) There was a smile on the boy's face, which seemed to show that he was happy to have given his life to his country. (=…he was happy that he had given his life to his country.) 1.2.置于be said, be considered, be believed, seem, appear, happen, turn out,等之后表示这些动作之前完成的动作。例如: I don't know whether you happen to have heard, but I am going to study in the U.S.A. this September. Charles Babbage is generally considered to have invented the first computer. (=It is generally considered that Charles Babbage invented the first computer.) He is said to have studied abroad, but I don't know which country he studied in. (= It is said that he studied abroad, b ut….) I appear to have made a small mistake. (=It appears that I made / have made a small mistake.) He seems to have missed the train. (=It seems that he missed the train.) 1.3.置于should之后,表达说话人对已发生了的事实的情感的反应,如惊奇、遗憾、喜悦、不安、失望,等,should相当于汉语中的“竟然”,“居然”。例如:They were surprised (that) a child should have worked out the problem while they themselves couldn't. It is strange that she should have married such an old man. 2.推测可能已经发生过了的事实。 2.1.置于must, will, would, can't, couldn't 之后,表示很有把握的推论。例如: The city must have been prosperous, for it enjoyed a high level of civilization. An ambulance is waiting in the street. Somebody must have been hurt or killed. --I met her soon after the war.

特殊疑问词动词不定式的用法归纳

读书破万卷下笔如有神________________________ ________ “特殊疑问词+动词不定式”的用法归纳 由两部分构成:疑问词和动词不定式(wh-+to do)。疑问词部分包括疑问一. 代词who, whom, what, which 禾口whose 以及疑问畐U词when, where 和how。此外,连接词“ whether ”也适用.它主要具有以下几种功 厶匕 冃能: ⑴当主语,如: ? Whe n to hold the meeti ng has not yet bee n decided. ? Where to live is a problem. forget, find out, discuss, decide, tell, teach, kno w, lear n, ⑵当宾语,常接在wonder, remember等动词之后作宾语如: ? We must know what to say at a meeti ng. ? He could not tell whom to trust. ? Do you know how to play bridge? ⑶当表语,如: ? The problem is where to find the financial aid. ? The questi on is who to elect. ⑷当名词同位语,如: ? Tom had no idea which book to read first. ? The questi on whether to con fess troubled the girl. ⑸用于宾语补足语,双重宾语。某些动词后可接“ sb.+疑问词+不定式”构成 的双重宾语,这类动词常用的有advise, ask, show, teach, tell 等如: ? I can tell you where to get this book. ? I ask her how to lear n En glish. ? He will advise you what to do. ? Will you show me how to use the mach ine? (6)作介词宾语:某些介词后面可接疑问词+不定式作宾语,这类介词常用的有about, as, from, in, of, on, with等。例如: He has no idea of how to an swer this questio n. 题。 Della had only $1.87 with which to buy Jim a present. 他不知道怎样回答这个问 德拉仅有$1.87为你有很多题目可以选

动词不定式的基本用法

动词不定式的基本用法 一、概述 动词不定式是一种非谓语动词形式,它能起名词、形容词和副词的作用,在句子中作主语、宾语、定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语。其形式如下:(主动形式) ◆一般式(not)to do 一般现在时表示的动词有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。 He seems to know this. 我希望再见到你。_____________________________________________________ ◆完成式(not)to have done 完成时:表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。 He seems to have caught a cold. 很抱歉给你带来这么多的麻烦。____________________________________________ ◆进行式(not)to be doing 进行时:表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。 He seems to be eating something. 他假装在学习。_______________________________________________________________ 二、动词不定式的语法功能 (一)作宾语 1) 动词+ 不定式 The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。 我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。 ____________________________________________________________________ ★常用的动词有afford, aim, appear, agree, arrange, ask, decide, bother, care, choose, come, dare, demand, desire, determine, expect, hope, fail, happen, help, learn, long(渴望), mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, wish… 2)动词+疑问词+ to Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。

动词不定式的用法荟萃

动词不定式的用法荟萃 不定式在句子中可做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾语补语。 1)不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作。 【例如】 To complete the 30storied building in one year was quite a difficult task. To do that implies taking responsibility. 当主语较长,谓语较短时,常用it做形式主语,而将不定式放到 谓语的后面。 【例如】 It is important for modern young people to master at least two foreign languages. It做形式主语,不定式放在谓语动词之后常用于下列结构中: a) It is+形容词(easy, important, difficult, foolish,

inconvenient, unnecessary, right, wrong...)+( for/of sb.)+ 不定式 【例如】 It is essential to reserve a table in advance of Christmas Eve. hard to put my hopessintoswords. It is not easy to catch fish with your hands only. It is important for us young people to learn English and master it. b) It is+名词(a pleasure, a pity, a pleasant thing, one’s du ty, an honor, a shame, a crime, no easy job...) +不定式 It is a sheer waste of time to read that kind of trash. It is a pity to have to go without her. It is a glorious death to die for the people.

特殊疑问词+动词不定式结构

“特殊疑问词+不定式”的用法 “疑问词+不定式”结构(question word + to-infinitive) 4)疑问代词who, what, which等和疑问副词when, where, how等后面跟不定式,以及连接副词whether与不定式连用构成不定式短语(在作用上相当于一个名词性从句,名词成分)。这种结构在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、复合宾语的直接宾语、状语、同位语等句子成分。注意:疑问副词why 后不能跟动词不定式 一、“疑问词+不定式动词”结构的几种功用: 1)作主语 Where to go is still a question. 到哪里去还是个问题。(作主语时,谓语动词常用单数形式) When to hold the meeting has not yet been decided. Choosing what to eat is no longer as easy as it once was. 选择吃什么,已经不像以前那么... When to start has not been decided. 何时动身尚未决定。 What to read is an important question. 该读些什么是一个很重要的问题。 How to begin is more difficult than where to stop. 如何开始比到哪里停止还困难。 2)作宾语(作用相当于名词性从句) A. 用作动词宾语 He asked how to open the box. 他询问如何打开盒子。 She couldn’t think what to say. 她想不出说什么。 He could not tell whom to trust. Our teacher explained how to use the word processor. 老师向我们说明如何使用文字处理机。 I know where to find the boy. 我知道到哪里能找到这个男孩。(作动词know的宾语) B. 作于间接宾语后作直接宾语 I’ll show you how to do it. 我将给你讲这怎么做。 She kindly advised me what to do. 她好心的劝告我该做什么。 My sister taught me how to fold paper into a crane. 我姐姐教我如何折纸鹤。 C. 用作介词宾语 I have no idea of how to do it. 我不知道如何做此事。 Bill said something to her about what to do. 比尔给她讲了讲应当怎样做。 I found a book on how to avoid having a heart attack. 我找到一本书谈如何避免心脏病复发。 We must first solve the problem of whom to serve. ....为谁服务的问题。(作介词of的宾语) 3)作表语 The question is how to learn English well. 问题是怎样学好英语。(作表语) The problem is where to find the financial aid. The question is what to do next. 问题是下一步怎么办。 The question is how to carry out the plan. 问题是怎样执行这个计划。

动词不定式用法及练习题-L105

动词不定式用法小结 动词不定式用法小结 动词不定式是一种非谓语动词形式,其结构为“to+动词原形”,其中to不是介词,而是动词不定式的符号,称为小品词,动词不定式没有人称和数的变化。动词不定式和其后面的名词等构成不定式短语,在句子中可以用作主语、表语、宾语、补足语、定语、状语等。 一. 作主语例如: To be a doctor is hard. 做医生很难。 To learn English well is not easy.学好英语不容易。 动词不定式(短语)作主语时,为了避免句子的头重脚轻,可以用“it”作形式主语,而把真正的主语--动词不定式(短语)放在句子的后部。例如上面的句子可以表示为: It is hard to be a doctor. It is not easy to learn English well. 再如: It’s important to plant trees in spring. 如果动词不定式的动作是谁做的,可以在动词不定式前面加一个由介词for引导的短语,称为不定式的复合结构。例: It’s g ood for us to read English aloud in the morning. 对我们来说每天早晨大声读英语是很有益的。 It is important for students to use English every day. 对学生来说每天使用英语是很重要的。 二. 作表语: 动词不定式(短语)作表语常用于系词be的后面。例: His work is to drive a car.他的工作是开车。 My job is to feed animals.我的工作是饲养动物。 Her ambition is to be a doctor.她的理想是当医生。 三. 作宾语 动词不定式(短语)可以放在一些动词后面用作宾语,能以动词不定式作宾语的动词有:begin,start,

情态动词+不定式完成式

“情态动词+不定式完成式”用法解析 【摘要】本文在分析历年高考中有关“情态动词+不定式完成式”试题的基础上,总结了“情态 动词 +不定式完成式”结构常见的几类用法,并辨析了其联系与区别。 【关键词】情态动词,不定式完成式 情态动词的“情态动词 +不定式完成式”结构是英语语法中的难点。在掌握情态动词基本用法的基础上,学习者需进一步结合各种句式与虚拟语气的用法才能更容易理解“情态动词+不定式完成式”这一结 构。 一、“情态动词+不定式完成式”结构表示对过去发生的事实的可能性的推测 当“情态动词 +不定式完成式”结构表示推测过去某动作发生的可能性时,在这些情态动词中,就表示的可能性程度而言, must最大, will /would其次, should/ought to再次,could又次之, may更次之, might 最小(杨兆民, 1993)。 1.may/might+have+过去分词 “ may/ might+have+ 过去分词”译为“也许已经” ,表示对过去发生的动作或存在的状态的推测,其表示可能性的语气最弱;该结构的否定形式可译为“当时也许没有” 。表示可能性时一般用 might 指过去,用 may 指现在; may 有时也可用于完成式或完成进行式,指过去发生的动作或过去持续的动作。另外,“ may+have+过去分词”含有“至今可能仍存在”的意思;might 只用于间接引语中(薄冰, 1998)。例如: You may have read some account of the matter. 你也许读过关于这件事的一些报道。 He may have been waiting for us for an hour. 他也许等我们一个小时了。(指持续的动作) Whatever your parents may have told you —— there is a real Santa Claus. And I should know, because I've seen him myself! 不管你父母告诉过你什么——在我看来,圣诞老人真的存在。我当然知道,因为我曾亲眼见过。 Sorry I'm late. I might have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again. 对不起,我迟到了。可能我当时把闹钟按了之后又睡着了。( might have turned off 显得辩解苍白而底气不足。) They might not have gone to the movies yesterday evening. The light was still on at their home then. 昨晚他们可能没有去看电影,因为当时他们家的灯亮着。 You may have met each other before. 或许你们以前已经见过面。 He may not have achieved all his aims. But his effort is praise worthy. 他可能没有达到他的全部目标,但他的努力值得赞扬。 She may/might have gone to the hospital. 她或许到医院去了。 The children may have gone to bed. 孩子们可能已经上床睡觉了。 They might not have settled the problem. 他们可能尚未解决那个问题。 2.can/could+have+过去分词 ( 1)“can/ could+have+ 过去分词”可译为“当时可能” ,表示对过去发生的动作或存在状态的推测,其可能性要强于“ may/ might+have+ 过去分词”,可用于否定句、疑问句和感叹句中。 can 一般不用于肯定句,肯定句中多用 could ,用于疑问句时 could 的可能性比 can 弱(李丙尧, 2002)。 试比较: I didn 't see her at the meeting this morning; she can 't/ couldn 't have spoken at the meeting. 今天上午我在会议上没有见到她,她不可能在会上发言。

(完整版)省略to的动词不定式用法归纳

省略to的动词不定式用法归纳 一、使役动词与to的省略 当不定式用于let, make, have等使役动词后作宾语补足语,不定式必须省略to。如: Let me have another cup of tea.给我再来一杯茶。 She had him dig away the snow.她让他把雪挖走。 They made him tell them everything.他们强迫他把一切全告诉他们。 但是,当使役动词用于被动语态时,其后的不定式则必须要带to。如: 他被迫一天工作20小时。 误:He was made work twenty hours a day. 正:He was made to work twenty hours a day. 注意,表示使役意义的let和have很少用于被动语态。 另外注意,force, oblige等虽然也表示“使”,但它们后用作宾语补足语的不定式必须带to。如: They forced her to sign the paper.他们强迫她在文件上签字。 The law obliged parents to send their children to school.法律要求父母送子女上学。 考例: 1.The teacher forbade ________ our seats. https://www.360docs.net/doc/974630403.html, to leave https://www.360docs.net/doc/974630403.html, leaving C.to leave D.to leaving 2.Mary had her friend ________ the best one. A.choose B.chosen C.chose D.to choose 3.The girl was ma de _________ she didn’t love at all. A.marry a man B.to marry a man C.to marry with a man D.married with a man 二、感觉动词与to的省略 当不定式用于表示感觉的动词feel, hear, notice, observe, see, watch, look at, listen to等作宾语补足语时,不定式必须省略to。如: We all felt the house shake.我们都感觉这房子在震动。 I heard him go down the stairs.我听见他下楼了。 Did you notice her leave the house?她离开屋子你注意到了吗? I watched her get into the car.我看着她上了车。 但是,当feel后用作宾语补足语的不定式为to be时,则不能省略to。如:They all felt the plan to be unwise.他们都认为这个计划不明智。 注意,当这些动词变为被动语态时,不定式前的to不能省略。如: They were heard to break a glass in the next door.听见他们在隔壁打破了一个

非谓语动词之动词不定式(todo)的用法

非谓语动词之动词不定式(to do)的用法 非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词,主要形式有:不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词)。 “to do”动词不定式的变形 动词不定式的用法 充当主语(一般会用it 当形式主语) To swim here is dangerous. = It is dangerous to swim here. To pass this English exam is unlikely. = 充当表语(多数情况下,可以转换成动词不定式做主语) My job is to help with your English learning. To help with your English learning is my job. 充当宾语(只能做某些动词的宾语,一般不做介词的宾语;有时用“it”做形式宾语) I decided to attend this meeting last night. I find it necessary to learn a foreign language. 注意:当以下动词欲接动词作宾语时,只能跟不定式作宾语。 decide, determine, learn, wish, hope agree, plan, pretend, dare, refuse, fail prepare, try, manage, help, promise offer, beg, demand, afford, arrange, be supposed

充当宾语补足语 I persuaded him to make a speech in public. 注意:在感官动词/使役动词/help后(see, hear, watch, notice, make, have, let后不定式做宾补时,可省略“to”) I saw them have a disagreement on who should sweep the floor. (我看到了他们争论的整个过程) 但,感官动词后面也可接Ving形式,表示正在进行。 I saw them arguing about who should sweep the floor. (我看到他们正在争论谁该扫地,并不一定看到了整个过程) 充当状语(目的,原因,结果状语,其逻辑主语与句子主语一致) I wrote him a letter to further explain this matter. (目的状语) I’m sorry to bother you.(原因状语) He queued for hours at the box office only to find that the show was sold out. (结果状语,only + to find/realize/discover表示出乎意料的结果) 充当定语(不定式作定语,要放在所修饰的词的后面) I have a lot of dishes to wash. Do you have anything to say There are 3 questions to answer. 一些固定句型中不定式省略“to” had better would rather do… than do… why not do “except/but” 有“do” 无“to”,有”to”无“do” have nothing to do but do… do everything but/except have no choice but to want nothing but/except to 当两个或多个作用相同的不定式并列(and/or/than)时,通常只保留第一个不定式的“to”. He told me to stay there and wait for him. It’s easier to persuade people than force them. To try and fail is better than not to try at all. (否定式中“to”不能省略)

相关文档
最新文档