专八真题语言知识

1995-2018年英语专业八级改错真题及答案

2018年真题

Mass media is media that is intended for a large audience. It may

take the form of broadcast media, as in case of television and radio, 1._____

or print media, as newspapers and magazines. 2._____ Usually, mass media aims to reach a very large market, such as

the entire population of a country. By contrast, local media covers

a much small population and area, focusing on regional news of 3._____ interest, specialty media is provided for particular demographic groups. 4._____ Some local media outlets that cover state or provincial news may raise to 5._____ prominence thanks to their investigative journalism, and to the clout that

their particular regions have in national politics.

People often think of mass media as the news, it also includes 6._____ entertainment like television shows, books, and films. It may also be

educational in the nature, as in the instance of public broadcasting stations 7._____ that provide educational programming to a national audience. Political communications including propaganda are also frequently distributed

through the media, as were public service announcements and 8._____ emergency alerts.

When elitists may be tempted to sneer at the mass media, referring to it 9._____ as the “opiate of the masses,” it is a critical part of human societies.

Understand mass media is usually key to understand a population 10._____

and culture, which is why the field of media studies is so huge.

2017年真题

The ability to communicate is the primary factor that distinguishes human beings from animals. And it is the ability to communicate well which 1._______ distinguishes one individual from another.

The fact is that apart from the basic necessities, one needs to

be equipped with habits for good communication skills, thus this is 2._______ what will make one a happy and successful social being.

In order to develop these habits, one needs to first acknowledge

the fact that they need to improve communication skills from time to time.

They need to take stock of the way how they interact and the direction 3._______ in which their work and personal relations are going. The only constant

in life is change, the more one accepts one’s strengths and works 4._______ towards dealing with their shortcomings, specially in the area of 5._______ communication skills, the better will be their interactions and

the more their social popularity.

The dominated question that comes here is: How to improve 6._______ communication skills? The answer is simple. One can find

plenty of literature on this. There are also experts, who conduct

workshops and seminars based on communication skills of men

and women. In fact, a large number of companies are bringing in

trainers to regularly make sessions on the subject, in order to 7._______ help their work force maintain better interpersonal work relations.

Today effective communication skills have become a predominant

factor even while recruiting employees. While interviewing candidates,

most interviewers judge them on the basis of the skills they communicate with.

They believe that some skills can be improvised on the job; but ability to 8.______ communicate well is important, as every employee becomes the

representing face of the company.

There are trainers, who specialized in delivering custom-made 9._______ programs on the subject. Through the sessions they not only facilitate

better communication skills in the workplace, but also look into

the problems in the manner of being able to convey messages effectively. 10._______ 2016年真题

All social units develop a culture. Even in two-person relationships,

a culture develops in time. In friendship and romantic relationships, 1._________ for example, partners develop their own history, shared experiences,

language patterns, habits, and customs give that relationship a special 2._________ character—a character that differs it in various ways from 3._________ other relationships. Examples might include special dates, places,

songs, or events that come to have a unique and

important symbolic meaning for the two individuals. Thus, any 4._________ social unit—whether a relationship, group, organization, or

society—develops a culture with the passage of time.

While the defining characteristics of each culture are unique,

all cultures share certain same functions. The relationship between 5.__________ communication and culture is a very complex intimate one. 6.__________ Cultures are created through communication; that is, communication is

the means of human interaction, through it cultural characteristics 7.__________ are created and shared. It is not so much that individuals set out to create a culture when they interact in relationships, groups, organizations, or societies,

but rather than that cultures are a natural by-product of social interaction.8._________ In a sense, cultures are the “residue” of social communication.

Without communication and communication media, it would be impossible to

have and pass along cultural characteristics from one place and time to 9.__________ another. One can say, furthermore, that culture is created, shaped, 10._________ transmitted, and learned through communication.

2015年真题

When I was in my early teens, I was taken to a spectacular show

on ice by the mother of a friend. Looked round at the luxury of the 1. ________ rink, my friend’s mother remarked on the “plush” seats we had been

given. I did not know what she meant, and being proud of my 2.________ vocabulary, I tried to infer its meaning from the context. “Plush”

was clearly intended as a complimentary, a positive evaluation; that 3. ________ much I could tell it from the tone of voice and the context. So I 4. ________ started to use the word. Yes, I replied, they certainly are plush, and

so are the ice rink and the costumes of the skaters, aren’t they? My

friend’s mother was very polite to correct me, but I could tell from her 5. ________ expression that I had not got the word quite right.

Often we can indeed infer from the context what a word roughly

means, and that is in fact the way which we usually acquire both 6. ________ new words and new meanings for familiar words, specially in our 7. ________ own first language. But sometimes we need to ask, as I should have

asked for plush, and this is particularly true in the 8.________ aspect of a foreign language. If you are continually surrounded by 9________ speakers of the language you are learning, you can ask them directly,

but often this opportunity does not exist for the learner of English.

So dictionaries have been developed to mend the gap. 10. _________ 2014年真题

There is widespread consensus among scholars that second language acquisition (SLA) emerged as a distinct field of research from the late 1950s to

early 1960s.

There is a high level of agreement that the following questions 1.__________ have possessed the most attention of researchers in this area: 2.__________ ◆Is it possible to acquire an additional language in the

same sense one acquires a first language? 3.__________ ◆What is the explanation for the fact adults have 4.__________ more difficulty in acquiring additional languages than children have?

◆What motivates people to acquire additional languages?

◆What is the role of the language teaching in the 5.___________ acquisition of an additional language?

◆What socio-cultural factors, if any, are relevant in studying the

learning of additional languages?

From a check of the literature of the field it is clear that all 6.__________ the approaches adopted to study the phenomena of SLA so far have

one thing in common: The perspective adopted to view the acquiring

of an additional language is that of an individual attempts to do 7.___________ so. Whether one labels it “learning” or “acquiring” an add itional

language, it is an individual accomplishment or what is under 8.___________ focus is the cognitive, psychological, and institutional status of an individual. That is, the spotlight is on what mental capabilities are

involving, what psychological factors play a role in the learning 9.___________ or acquisition, and whether the target language is learnt in the

classroom or acquired through social touch with native speakers. 10.___________

2013年真题

Psycho-linguistics is the name given to the study of the psychological processes involved in language. Psycholinguistics study understanding,

production and remembering language, and hence are concerned 1.__________ with listening, reading, speaking, writing, and memory for language.

One reason why we take the language for granted is that it usually 2.________ happens so effortlessly, and most of time, so accurately. 3._________ Indeed, when you listen to someone to speaking, or looking at this page, 4.________ you normally cannot help but understand it.

It is only in exceptional circumstances we might become aware of 5._________ the complexity involved: if we are searching for a word but cannot

remember it; if a relative or colleague has had a stroke which has 6._________ influenced their language; if we observe a child acquire language; 7._________ if we try to learn a second language ourselves as an adult; or if we

are visually impaired or hearing-impaired or if we meet anyone else 8._________ who is. As we shall see, all these examples of what might be called

“language in exceptional circumstances” reveal a great deal about the

processes evolved in speaking, listening, writing and reading. But 9.__________ given that language processes were normally so automatic, we also 10.__________ need to carry out careful experiments to get at what is happening.

2012年真题

The central problem of translating has always been whether to

translate literally or freely. The argument has been going since at least 1.__________ the first century B.C. Up to the beginning of the 19th century, many

writers favored certain kind of “free” translation: the spirit, not the 2.__________ letter; the sense not the word; the message rather the form; the matter 3.__________ not the manner. This is the often revolutionary slogan of writers who 4.___________ wanted the truth to be read and understood. Then in the turn of 5.___________ 19th century, when the study of cultural anthropology suggested that

the linguistic barriers were insuperable and that the language was 6.__________ entirely the product of culture, the view translation was impossible 7.__________ gained some currency, and with it that, if was attempted at all, it must 8.__________ be as literal as possible. This view culminated the statement of the 9._________ extreme “literalists” Walter Benjamin and Vladimir Nobokov.

The argument was theoretical: the purpose of the translation,

the nature of the readership, the type of the text, was not discussed.

Too often, writer, translator and reader were implicitly identified with each

other. Now, the context has changed, and the basic problem remains. 10. _________ 2011年真题

From a very early age, perhaps the age of five or six, I

knew that when I grew I should be a writer. Between the ages 1._____________

of about seventeen and twenty-four I tried to abandon this

idea, but I did so with the conscience that I was outraging my 2._____________ true nature and that soon or later I should have to settle down 3._____________ and write books.

I was the child of three, but there was a gap of

five years on either side, and I barely saw my father 4._____________ before I was eight. For this and other reasons I was somewhat

lonely, and I soon developed disagreeing mannerisms which 5._____________ made me unpopular throughout my schooldays. I had the

lonely child's habit of making up stories and holding

conversations with imaginative persons, and I think from the 6._____________ very start my literal ambitions were mixed up with the feeling 7._____________ of being isolated and undervalued. I knew that I had a facility

with words and a power of facing in unpleasant facts, and I 8._____________ felt that this created a sort of private world which I could get 9._____________ my own back for my failure in everyday life. Therefore, the 10.____________ volume of serious — i.e. seriously intended — writing which

I produced all through my childhood and boyhood would not

amount to half a dozen pages. I wrote my first poem

at the age of four or five, my mother taking it down to dictation.

2010年真题

So far as we can tell, all human languages are equally

complete and perfect as instruments of communication: that is,

every language appears to be well equipped as any other to say 1____________ the things their speakers want to say. 2____________ There may or may not be appropriate to talk about primitive 3_____________ peoples or cultures, but that is another matter. Certainly, not all

groups of people are equally competent in nuclear physics or

psychology or the cultivation of rice . Whereas this is not the 4____________ fault of their language. The Eskimos , it is said, can speak about

snow with further more precision and subtlety than we can in 5_____________ English, but this is not because the Eskimo language (one of those

sometimes miscalled 'primitive') is inherently more precise and

subtle than English. This example does not come to light a defect 6____________ in English, a show of unexpected 'primitiveness'. The position is

simply and obviously that the Eskimos and the English live in similar 7___________ environments. The English language will be just as rich in terms 8____________ for different kinds of snow, presumably, if the environments in which

English was habitually used made such distinction as important. 9___________ Similarly, we have no reason to doubt that the Eskimo language

could be as precise and subtle on the subject of motor manufacture

or cricket if these topics formed the part of the Eskimos' life. 10___________

For obvious historical reasons, Englishmen in the nineteenth century could not talk about motorcars with the minute discrimination which is possible today: cars were not a part of their culture. But they had a host of terms for horse-drawn vehicles which send us, puzzled, to a historical dictionary when we are reading Scott or Dickens. How many of us could distinguish between a chaise, a landau, a victoria, a brougham, a coupe, a gig, a diligence, a whisky, a calash, a tilbury, a carriole, a phaeton, and a clarence?

2009年真题

The previous section has shown how quickly a rhyme passes from

one school child to the next and illustrates the further difference 1.__________ between school lore and nursery lore. In nursery lore a verse,learnt in

early childhood, is not usually passed on again when the little listener 2.__________ has grown up, and has children of their own, or even grandchild. 3.__________ The period between learning a nursery rhyme and transmitting it may

be something from twenty to seventy years.With the playground lore, 4.__________ therefore, a rhyme may be excitedly passed on within the very hour it is 5._________ learnt; and in the general, it passes between children of the same age, 6.___________ or nearly so, since it is uncommon for the difference in age between

playmates to be more than five years. If, therefore, a playground rhyme

can be shown to have been currently for a hundred years, or even just 7.___________ for fifty, it follows that it has been retransmitted over and over; very 8.___________ possibly it has passed along a chain of two or three hundred young

hearers and tellers, and the wonder is that it remains live after so much 9.__________ handling, to let alone that it bears resemblance to the 10.___________ 2008年真题

The desire to use language as a sign of national identity is a

very natural one, and in result language has played a prominent 1.__________ part in national moves. Men have often felt the need to cultivate 2.__________ a given language to show that they are distinctive from another 3.__________ race whose hegemony they resent. At the time the United States 4.__________ split off from Britain, for example, there were proposals that

independence should be linguistically accepted by the use of a 5.__________ different language from those of Britain. There was even one 6.__________ proposal that Americans should adopt Hebrew. Others favoured

the adoption of Greek, though, as one man put it, things would

certainly be simpler for Americans if they stuck on to English 7.__________

and made the British learn Greek. At the end, as everyone 8.__________

knows, the two countries adopted the practical and satisfactory

solution of carrying with the same language as before. 9.__________ Since nearly two hundred years now, they have shown the world 10.________ that political independence and national identity can be complete

without sacrificing the enormous mutual advantages of a common language.

From what has been said, it must be clear that no one can

make very positive statements about how language originated.

There is no material in any language today and in the earliest 1.__________ records of ancient languages show us language in a new and 2.__________ emerging state. It is often said, of course, that the language 3._________ originated in cries of anger, fear, pain and pleasure, and the 4.__________ necessary evidence is entirely lacking: there are no remote

tribes, no ancient records, providing evidence of

a language with a large proportion of such cries 5.__________ than we find in English. It is true that the absence

of such evidence does not disprove the theory, but in other grounds 6.___________ too the theory is not very attractive.

People of all races and languages make rather similar

noises in return to pain or pleasure. The fact that 7.___________ such noises are similar on the lips of Frenchmen

and Malaysians whose languages are utterly different,

serves to emphasize on the fundamental difference 8.___________

between these noises and language proper. We may

say that the cries of pain or chortles of amusement

are largely reflex actions, instinctive to large extent, 9.____________ whereas language proper does not consist of signs

but of these that have to be learnt and that are wholly conventional. 10.___________ 2006年真题

We use language primarily as a means of communication with

other human beings. Each of us shares with the community in which we

live a store of words and meanings as well as agreeing conventions as 1.________ to the way in which words should be arranged to convey a particular 2.________ message: the English speaker has in his disposal vocabulary and a 3._________ set of grammatical rules which enables him to communicate his 4._________ thoughts and feelings, in a variety of styles, to the other English 5._________ speakers. His vocabulary, in particular, both that which he uses actively

and that which he recognises, increases in size as he grows

old as a result of education and experience. 6._________ But, whether the language store is relatively small or large, the system remains no more than a psychological reality for the individual, unless

he has a means of expressing it in terms able to be seen by another 7._________ member of his linguistic community; he has to give the system a

concrete transmission form. We take it for granted the two most 8.___________ common forms of transmission-by means of sounds produced by our

vocal organs (speech) or by visual signs (writing). And these are 9.___________ among most striking of human achievements. 10.___________

The University as Business

A number of colleges and universities have announced steep tuition

increases for next year—much steeper than the current, very low rate of

inflation. They say the increases are needed because of a loss in value of

university endowments heavily investing in common stock. I am skeptical. 1._______ A business firm chooses the price that maximizes its net revenues,

irrespective fluctuations in income; and increasingly the outlook of 2._________ universities in the United States is indistinguishable from those of 3._________ business firms. The rise in tuitions may reflect the fact economic 4._________ uncertainty increases the demand for education. The biggest cost of

being in the school is foregoing income from a job (this is primarily a 5._________ factor in graduate and professional-school tuition);

the poor one's job prospects, the more sense it makes to 6.__________ reallocate time from the job market to education,

in order to make oneself more marketable.

The ways which universities make themselves attractive to students7._________ include soft majors, student evaluations of teachers, giving students

a governance role, and eliminate required courses. Sky-high tuitions 8.____________ have caused universities to regard their students as customers. Just as

business firms sometimes collude to shorten the rigors of competition, 9.___________ universities collude to minimize the cost to them of the athletes

whom they recruit in order to stimulate alumni donations, so the best

athletes now often bypass higher education in order to obtain salaries

earlier from professional teams. And until they were stopped by the

antitrust authorities, the Ivy League schools colluded to limit competition

for the best students, by agreeing not to award scholarships on the basis

of merit rather than purely of need—just like business

firms agreeing not to give discounts on their best customer. 10 ___________ 2004年真题

One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S. Congress

is the power to investigate. The power is usually delegtated to

committees — either stading committees,

special committees set for a specific purpose, 1.___________ or joint committees consisted of members of both houses. 2.___________ Investigations are held to gather information on the need for

Future legislation, to test the effectiveness of laws already passed,

to inquire into the qualification and performance of members and

officials of the other branches, and in rare occasions, to lay the 3.___________ groundwork for impeachment proceedings. Frequently, committees

rely outside experts to assist in conducting investigative hearings 4.___________ and to make out detailed studies of issues. 5.____________

There are important corallaries to the investigative power.

One is the power to publicize investigations and its results. 6.___________ most committee hearings are open to public and are reported 7.___________ widely in the mass media. Congressional investigation

nevertheless represent one important tool available to lawmakers 8.__________ to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interests in national issuses.9.__________ Congressional committees also have the power to compel

testimony from unwilling witnesses, and to cite fro contempt

of Congress witnesses who refuse to testify and for perjury

these who give false testimony. 10.__________ 2003年真题

Demographic indicators show that Americans in the postwar

period were more eager than ever to establish families. They quickly

brought down the age at marriage for both men and women and brought

the birth rate to a twentieth century height after more than a hundred 1.________ years of a steady decline, producing the “baby boom.” These young 2.________ adults established a trend of early marriage and relatively large

families that went for more than two decades and caused a major 3.___________ but temporary reversal of long-term demographic patterns. From

the 1940s through the early 1960s, Americans married at a high rate 4.__________ and at a younger age than their Europe counterparts. 5.__________ Less noted but equally more significant, the men and women who 6._______ formed families between 1940 and 1960 nevertheless reduced the 7._________ divorce rate after a postwar peak; their marriages remained intact to

a greater extent than did that of couples who married in earlier as well 8.__________ as later decades. Since the United States maintained its dubious 9.__________ distinction of having the highest divorce rate in the world, the

temporary decline in divorce did not occur in the same extent in 10._________ Europe. Contrary to fears of the experts, the role of

breadwinner and homemaker was not abandoned.

2002年真题

There are great impediments to the general use of a standard

in pronunciation comparable to that existing in spelling

(orthography). One is the fact that pronunciation is learnt

“naturally” and unconsciously, and orthography is learnt 1.____________ deliberately and consciously. Large numbers of us, in fact,

remain throughout our lives quite unconscious with what 2.____________ our speech sounds like when we speak out, and it often 3.____________ comes as a shock when we firstly hear a recording of ourselves. 4.____________ It is not a voice we recognize at once, whereas our own handwriting

is something which we almost always know. We begin the “natural” 5.___________ learning of pronunciation long before we start learning to read or

write, and in our early years we went on unconsciously imitating and 6.___________ practicing the pronunciation of those around us for many more hours

per every day than we ever have to spend learning even our difficult 7.__________ English spelling. This is “natural” therefore, that our speech-sounds 8.__________ should be those of our immediate circle; after all, as we have seen,

speech operates as a means of holding a community and 9.__________ giving a sense of “belonging”. We learn quite early to recognize a

“stranger”, someone who speaks with an accent of a different Community—perhaps only a few miles far. 10.__________ 2001年真题

During the early years of this century, wheat was seen as the very

lifeblood of Western Canada. People on city streets watched the yields

and the price of wheat in almost as much feeling as if they were growers. 1.________ The marketing of wheat became an increasing favorite topic of conversation.2.______ War set the stage for the most dramatic events in marketing the

western crop. For years, farmers mistrusted speculative grain selling

as carried on through the Winnipeg Grain Exchange. Wheat prices

were generally low in the autumn, so farmers could not wait for 3.____________ markets to improve. It had happened too often that they sold their wheat

soon shortly after harvest when farm debts were coming due, 4.____________ just to see prices rising and speculators getting rich. On various occasions,5.________ producer groups, asked firmer control, but the government had no wish to 6.________ become involving, at least not until wartime when wheat prices threatened7.________ to run wild.

Anxious to check inflation and rising life costs, the federal 8.___________ government appointed a board of grain supervisors to deal with deliveries

from the crops of 1917 and 1918. Grain Exchange trading was suspended,

and farmers sold at prices fixed by the board. To handle with the crop of 9._________ 1919, the government appointed the first Canadian Wheat Board,

with total authority to buy, sell, and set prices. 10.___________ 2000年真题

The grammatical words which play so large a part in English

grammar are for the most part sharply and obviously different

from the lexical words. A rough and ready difference which may

seem the most obvious is that grammatical words have“ less 1.___________ meaning”, but in fact some grammarians have called them 2.___________ “empty” words as opposed in the “full” words of vocabulary. 3.__________ But this is a rather misled way of expressing the distinction. 4.__________

Although a word like the is not the name of something as man is,

it is very far away from being meaningless; there is a sharp 5.__________

difference in meaning between “man is vile and” “the man is

vile”, yet the is the single vehicle of this difference in meaning. 6.___________

Moreover, grammatical words differ considerably among

themselves as the amount of meaning they have, even in the 7.___________

lexical sense. Another name for the grammatical words has been

“little words”. But size is by no mean a good criterion for 8.___________

distinguishing the grammatical words of English, when we

consider that we have lexical words as go, man, say, car. Apart 9.___________

from this, however, there is a good deal of truth in what some

people say: we certainly do create a great number of obscurity 10.__________

when we omit them. This is illustrated not only in the poetry of

Robert Browning but in the prose of telegrams and newspaper headlines.

1999年真题

The hunter-gatherer tribes that today live as our prehistoric 1._________ human ancestors consume primarily a vegetable diet supplementing 2.____________ with animal foods. An analysis of 58 societies of modem hunter-gatherers, including the Kung of southern Africa, revealed that one

half emphasize gathering plant foods, one-third concentrate on

fishing and only one-sixth are primarily hunters. Overall, two-thirds

and more of the hunter-gatherer’s calories come from plants. Detailed 3.__________ studies of the Kung by the food scientists at the University of

London, showed that gathering is a more productive source of food

than is hunting. An hour of hunting yields in average about 100 4.___________ edible calories, as an hour of gathering produces 240. 5.__________ Plant foods provide for 60 percent to 80 percent of the Kung 6.___________ diet, and no one goes hungry when the hunt fails. Interestingly, if

they escape fatal infections or accidents, these contemporary

aborigines live to old ages despite of the absence of medical care. 7.___________ They experience no obesity, no middle-aged spread, little dental

decay, no high blood pressure, on heart disease, and their blood

cholesterol levels are very low( about half of the average 8.__________ American adult), if no one is suggesting what we return to 9.___________

an aboriginal life style, we certainly could use their eating habits

as a model for healthier diet.

1998年真题

When a human infant is born into any community in any part

of the world it has two things in common with any infant, provided 1.____________ neither of them have been damaged in any way either before 2.___________ or during birth. Firstly, and most obviously, new born children

are completely helpless. Apart from a powerful capacity to

pay attention to their helplessness by using sound, there is nothing 3.___________ the new born child can do to ensure his own survival. Without

care from some other human being or beings, be it mother,

grandmother, or human group, a child is very unlikely to survive.

This helplessness of human infants is in marked contrast with

the capacity of many new born animals to get on their feet 4.___________ within minutes of birth and run with the herd within a few

hours. Although young animals are certainly in risk, sometimes 5.___________ for weeks or even months after birth, compared with the human

infant they very quickly develop the capacity to fend for them. 6.__________ It is during this very long period in which the human infant

is totally dependent on the others that it reveals the second feature 7.__________ which it shares with all other undamaged human infants, a

capacity to learn language. For this reason, biologists now suggest

that language be "species specific" to the human race, that is 8.__________ to say, they consider the human infant to be genetic programmed 9._________ in such way that it can acquire language. This suggestion implies 10.__________ that just as human beings are designed to see three-dimensionally and in colour, and just as they are designed to stand upright rather than to move on all fours, so they are designed to learn and use language as part of their normal developments as well-form ed human beings.

1997年真题

Classic Intention Movement

In social situations, the classic Intention Movement is

"the chair-grasp". Host and guest have been talking for some time,

but now the host has an appointment to keep

and can get away. His urge to go is 1.___________ held in check by his desire not be rude to his guest. 2.___________ If he did not care of his guest's feelings he would 3.___________ simply get up out of his chair and to announce his 4.___________ departure. This is what his body wants to do, therefore 5.____________ his politeness glues his body to the chair and refuses

to let him raise. It is at this point that he 6.____________ performs the chair-grasp Intention Movement. He continues

to talk to the guest and listen to him, but leans forward

and grasps the arms of the chair as about to push 7.____________ himself upwards. This is the first act he would

make if he were rising. If he were not hesitating, 8._____________ it would only last a fraction of the second. He would 9._____________ lean, push, rise, and be up. But now, instead, it lasts

much longer. He holds his "readiness-to-rise" post and 10._____________ keeps on holding it. It is as if his body had frozen at the get-ready moment.

1996年真题

The second most important constituent of the biosphere is liquid water. This can only exist in a very narrow range of temperatures, since water freezes at 0°C and boils at 100°C. This is only a tiny range compared with the low temperatures of some other

planets and the hot interior of the earth, let the temperatures 1.__________ of the sun. As we know, life would only be possible on the face of a 2. __________ planet had temperatures somewhere within this range. 3.___________ The earth's supply of water probably remains quite fairly 4._______ constant in quantity. A certain number of hydrogen atoms, which are one of the main constituents of water, are lost by escaping from the

atmosphere to out space, but they are probably just 5.___________ about replaced by new water rising away from the depths of the 6.__________ earth during volcanic action. The total quantity of water is not known,

and it is about enough to cover the surface of the globe 7.___________ to a depth of about two and three-quarter kms. Most of it -97% - is

in the form of the salt waters of the oceans. The rest is fresh,

but three quarter of this is in the form of ice at the Poles 8.____________ and on mountains, and cannot be used by living systems when 9.___________ melted. Of the remaining fraction, which is somewhat fewer than 10.___________ 1% of the whole, there is 10—20 times as much stored as underground water as is act ually on the surface. There is also a minor, but extremely important, fraction of the w ater supply which is present as water vapor in the atmosphere.

1995年真题

There are far too many road accidents in this country,

too many deaths and too many people injured. One

wonders who are most to blame, drivers and pedestrians. 1._____________ Some people say that the blame cannot be put fairly

with considering the state of the roads and the whole 2._____________ transport system. In such crowed cities London, 3._____________ Birmingham or Manchester, road conditions are so

chaotic that both driver and pedestrian often endanger

lives through no fault of their own. Such sufficiency 4._____________ as too many road signs, faulty traffic lights, suddenly

narrowing of the streets, congested parking are all a

sure indication of bad road conditions. On the other

hand, many experts are convincing that the larger 5._____________ part of the blame for the death toll must be put on

persons alone: Drivers who drive too fast and without

any consideration for others; drivers who think they

are safe at the wheel as though they have drunk too 6.____________ much alcohol; drivers, who out of some curious sense

of power, are incapable of understanding that their car

is a lethal weapon if is improperly used. Pedestrians, 7.____________ likewise, must share the guilt-stepping off the

pavement without first looking to the left or right,

crossing roads when the traffic lights are for them, 8.____________ jump off a moving bus. To be fair, pedestrians, drivers 9._____________

and road conditions are all to blame. One looks

forward to the day when the motor-car has been

replaced by some more dangerous means of transport. 10._____________

2018年Key

1.in case of改为in the case of

2.as改成like

3.small改成smaller

4.在specialty前面加while

5.raise改成rise

6.逗号后面加连词：but(小写)

7.in the nature去掉the

8.were变成are

9.when改成while

10.understand改成understanding

2017年Key

1.把which改为that，这里是强调句型

2.把thus 改为as或because，后一句是原因而不是结果

3.去掉way 后面的how，the way 后面可以直接用状语从句，how 已经有“the way of”的语法意义，也可以把how 改为that

4. 在the more 前面加上and，两个小句之间缺少承接关系连词

5. 把specially 改为especially

6. 把domininated 改为dominating

7. 把make 改为conduct，have或者deliver，指上课、开会等，搭配合理

8. 把some 去掉，或者ability前面加the

9. 把specialized 改为specialize

10.把manner 改成way

2016年Key

1.把in 改为over

2.在give 前面加which 或者that

3.把differs 改为differentiates 或者把it 删掉

4.把the 删掉

5.把same 改为common 或者把certain 改为the

6.在complex 后面加and

7. 把it 改为which

8.删掉than

9.把have 改为preserve

10.把furthermore 改为therefore

2015年Key

1. 把Looked改为Looking

2. 把and 改为but

3. 把complimentary 改为compliment

4. 把it 删掉

5. 把very 改为too

6. which 前面加in 或者删掉which 或者把which 改为that

7.specially 改为especially

8. for 改为about

9.把aspect 改为case

10. 删掉been

2014年Key

1. 把a 前面加also

2. 把possessed 改为attracted

3. 在one 前面加as

4. 在fact 后面加that

5. 把language 前面的the 删掉

6. 把check 后面的of 改为on

7.attempts改为attempt 或者attempting

8. or改为and

9.把involving 改为involved

10. 把touch 改为interaction或者contact

2013年Key

1. 把production 改为producing

2. 把language 前面的the 删掉

3. 在time前面加the

4. 把looking 改为look

5. 在we 前面加that

6. 把has had 中去掉had

7. 把their 改为his

8. 把anyone 改为someone

9. 把evolved 改为involved

10. 把were 改为are

2012年Key

1．going∧ since－加入on 题解：go on的意思是“继续”，符合句子表达的含义“争论一直在继续”。

2．certain－改为a certain题解：此处要表达的意思是“很多作家喜欢一种自由的翻译方法”，第一次出现这种方法应该加上不定冠词。

3．rather－改为not ，或者rather 后面加than

题解：根据原句的句子结构，rather应改为not。

4．is －改为was

题解：此句应该为过去时。

5．in －改为 at

题解：at the turn of 19th century“十九世纪之初”，是固定搭配。

6．删去language 前面的the

题解：这里并没有特指某种语言，所以不用定冠词。

7．view∧translation－加入that

题解：在view和translation之间加上that，可将“translation was impossible”看成view的同位语。

8．was－删去was

题解：条件状语从句常可以省略主语和系动词。

9．culminated∧the－加入in

题解：culminate in是“以......告终”的意思，符合上下文含义。

10．and －改为but

题解：根据原句意思“现在背景变化了，但是基本问题依然存在”，两句话之间应该是转折关系。

2011年Key

1．在grow后加up, 考固定短语

2．改consience为consciousness 考词语区别，consience翻译为“良心，道德心”, consiousness翻译为“意识”

3．改soon为sooner，sooner or later是固定短语

4．去掉either 前面的the

5.改disagreeing 为disagreeable ，disagreeing只能作动名词，不能作形容词。disagreeable mannernisms 令人讨厌的习惯

6．改imaginative为imaginary, 考词语区别 imaginative翻译为“有想象力的”，imaginary翻译为“想象的，虚构的”

7．改literal 为literary , 考词义区别， literal翻译为“字面的”，literary 翻译为“文学方面的”

8．去掉face后的in，face接宾语时是及物动词。考动词的基本用法

9．在world后加in或者改which为where, 考定语从句

10．改Therefore为However或者Nevertheness, 考语境。

2010年Key

1．be后加 as; as…as引导的比较级

2．their改为its; its代替every language

3．There改为It; It此处作为形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式

4. Whereas改为But ；语境需要表示转折的连词，whereas表示对比5．further 改为much further不能修饰比较级

6．come改为bring; (sth)come to light , bring sth to light

bring to light the defect of English =bring the defect of english to light 揭示英语的缺陷

7．similar改为different; 根据语境应该用different

8．will改为would; 虚拟语气

9．as important去掉as;

10．the part去掉the或者改the为a be/become/form (a) part of 是固定短语

2009年Key

1.the further difference改为a further difference（此次应该用不定冠词表示泛指,第一次提到的新信息）

2. 改when 为until, 结构not...until翻译为“直到……才”

3.their改为his（代词与前文a little listener在单复数上保持一致）

4.something 改为anything 此处指二十到七十的任何时段

5.therefore改为however （根据上下文逻辑关系，两种lore的传播形成对比）

6.in the general去掉the （习惯用法in general 表示总的来说，一般不用冠词）

7.currently 改为current （这里起的是表语的作用，需要形容词而不是副词）

8.and over 后面加again, over and over again 表示一再的短语

9.live 改为 alive alive翻译为“鲜活的”，一般作补语；live翻译为“现场转播的；活的”，一般作定语，做前置定语，修饰人用living，修饰物用live

10. to let alone改为 let alone (let alone 为习惯搭配，意思是“更不用说”

2008年Key

1.in result 改成in consequence，

2.moves改成movements.

3.distinctive改成distinct或different

4. 在time后加when

5.accepted 改成realized ,acknowleged, confirmed

6.those改成that

7. 删除on,

8 .At 改成In

9 .carrying with 改成 carrying on with

10 .now改成 ago 或者把Since 改为For

2007年Key

1.改and为or, any languagages today or recordsof ancient languages 是并列成分，在否定句中用or

2.改show为showing, 现在分词作定语

3. 删除the, 表示泛指

4. 改and为but, 根据语境此处是转折

5. 改 large为larger, 后面有than, 应该用比较级

6. 改in为on, on other grounds “基于其它理由”，为固定搭配

7. 改return为response , in response to “对……作出反应”

8. 删除on, emphasize sth emphasize是及物动词

9. 在large前加a, extent 是可数名词，前面要加冠词。 "to a large extent"翻译为“在很大程度上”

10. 改 these为 those, those that/who为固定形式

2006年Key

1. 改agreeing为agreed, agreed conventions翻译为“习俗”

2. words前加the, 或者those, these此处为特指

3. 改in为at at one?s disposal为固定短语，翻译为“由某人做主”

4. 改enables为enable，定语从句与先行词vocabulary and a set of grammatical rules 保持一致

5. 删除the, 此处需要泛指

6. 改 old为older, 此处需要比较级

7. 改seen为understood，perceived, comprehended, system应该是被理解

8. 删除it , take sth for granted take it for granted that…

9. 改 or为and ,语境需要并列关系而不需选择关系

10. most前加the, 形容词最高级中that一般不能省略

2005年Key

1. investing应改为invested，过去分词作定语

2. 在irrespective和fluctuations之间加上介词of。Irrespective of 是一固定用法，意指“不论，不管，不顾，”等，此处指公司不顾收入的波动变化。

3. 把those改为that， that此处代替outlook

4. 在fact和economic之间力口上关系代词that。这是一个同位语从语，that在同位语从句中是不能省略的.

5. 把定冠词the去掉, in school表示上学这个抽象意义

6．把形容词poor改为其比较级poorer。这句中的poor与后面的more形成一对比较关系，表示“越……越……”

7．在ways和which之间加上一个介词in。

8.把eliminate改为eliminating,以便使句型结构与前面的giving(students a governance role)保持一致，否则句子结构和意思都显得不正确。9．将shorten(缩短；使变短)改为reduce/lesson/weaken/minimize。此处属于用词不当。

10．将to give discounts on改为to give discounts to their best customer

2004年Key

1.在set 后加up, set up“建立、成立”是固定短语,或者删掉set

2.把consisted →改为 consisting或者composed

3.答案：in → on

固定搭配on ...occasions

4.答案 rely后加on，或者把rely 改为ask/invite

固定搭配rely on sb. to do something

5.答案：make out → make make out 意思是“辨认出”，而此处意思是“对...做详细的研究”，故用“make detailed studies of...”即可。或者把make 改为carry

6.答案：its → their

此处指代的是“investigations”,故用复数。

7.答案： public → the public

the +adj. 可表示某一类人，此处意思是“面向公众”，故应用“the public”。

8.答案：nevertheless → therefore/ thus/then/hence

此处不表示意思的转折，而是与前文构成因果关系，故可改为therefore 或thus。

9.答案：interests → interest

【详细解答】此处看成不可数名词为佳

10.答案：these → those

【详细解答】those 指代witnesses , 即指代名词复数做定语从句的先行词，而these 不行

2003年Key

1. height→high， high 作为名词翻译为“最高水平”，又如reach an all-time high 2．删除a

此处steady decline指稳定下降的行为、过程而不是其结果，为不可数名词，故应去掉定冠词a。

3．went后加on 或者把went 改为lasted go on为固定搭配，意为“持续”。4．high→higher后面有than，此处应为比较级。

5．Europe→European

根据上下文，此处应用形容词作定语修饰名词counterparts。

6．删掉more 由上下文可知，more与equally矛盾，故应去掉。7．nevertheless→also

由上下文可知，此处讲的内容与前部分内容之间为递进关系，而非转折关系。8．that→those

由上下文可知，此处所指代的应为前面复数形式的marriages，故指示代词也应该用复数形式。

9．Since→Although（或While）

从逻辑上讲，此处应表达让步关系，而非因果关系。

10．in→to to．．．extent为固定搭配，意为“到……程度”

2002年Key

1.把and 改为while/whereas/but/yet 都可以

2.把with 改为of

3.把speak out 的out删掉，或者在中间加上them

4.把firstly改为first

5.把which 改为that 或者删掉which

6.把went 改为go

7. 删掉per 或者删掉every

8. 把This 改为It

9. 在community 后面加上together

10.把far 改为away

2001年Key

1.答案：in→with with…feeling 怀着。。。感情，感觉。。。

2.答案：increasing→increasingly increasing可用来修饰名词，表示"正在增加"，修饰名词topic不合题意。本句中应该用副词作状语修饰形容词favorite，所以应该改用副词increasingly。

3.答案：so→but 根据上下文判断，小麦价格在秋天不断下降，但是农民不能等

着市场提升价格。这里应该是转折关系，而不是因果关系。

4.答案：删掉soon或shortly 要表达"不久以后"，要么用soon after，要么用shortly

after，就是没有soon shortly after这种搭配。

5.答案：just→only only to 的含义是“不料，结果却。。。”符合句意

6.答案：asked∧→for ask for为固定搭配，意为"要求，请求"。

7.答案：involving→involved be involved in为一固定搭配，意为"被卷入…"，