化工机械英文翻译资料

化工机械英文翻译资料
化工机械英文翻译资料

化工机械英文翻译资料

1.Box-type low-melting glass melting furnace closure

Box-type low-melting glass melting furnace closures, mainly for the e lectronics industry, the low-melting glass melting closure. Mold can also b e used for various mechanical parts tempering; Alloy Die Casting-melting aging; PM powder drying temperature. Microcomputer automatic temperatu re controls procedures used to achieve drying process automation curve.

2.Box organic membrane Pui Pui burning furnace.

Box-pui organic membrane Roaster, mainly for the electronics industr y, the low-melting glass melting closure.

3.Swing Austempered Xiaoyan furnace

Swing by the workpiece Austempered durable manufacturing of energ y-efficient industrial-type furnace. Workpiece heating molten liquid mediu m, such as Xiaoyan category, bases, oils, and low melting point metal an d alloy, Xiaoyan workpiece heating furnace, heating faster, lighter oxidatio n decarbonization, facilitate local quenching, and a variety of Austempered Chemical heat treatment. Particularly applicable to railway locomotives, b all mill liners, Ball, crusher hammer Austria - PayPal of abrasion-resistant material, such as temperature quenching.

Swing Austempered Xiaoyan from the furnace stove, stainless steel C rucibles, electric reciprocating swing rack, stainless steel cold-speed, electri c components and automatic temperature control cabinet composed of diff erent solvents can be used for spare parts quenching and tempering heate d, Austempered cooling, such as liquid chemical heat treatment process fr om furnace steel and steel welded together, the use of furnace-δ= 14 m m plate made Xiaoyan lining ultra-light high-intensity 0.6 g/cm3 beads fir ebrick, dissecting Purchase silicate fibers, and the furnace lining shell fille d with insulation between the expansion powder insulation, the entire stru cture of the standard-saving lining, Xiaoyan furnace heating elements used

coarse diameter 0Cr25Al5 high temperature resistance wire spiral in accordance with the temperature around 10% Busi, rehoused in the silk li ning of the dormant brick, built brick by wire in front of the Bending U pwards of 20 °brick-swap silk, silk difficult to swap out resistance. Cru cibles use of heat-resistant stainless steel welding materials, and the X-ray detection factory. As Austempered salt furnace used in the layout Crucibl es made of heat-resistant stainless steel cold-speed packet four in the furn ace and install electrical reciprocating Swing Rack, the workpiece on the rack, in the medium Xiaoyan reciprocating movement to temperature, isoth ermal quenching effect. Another stainless steel with compressed air into th e trachea, in the bottom of the porous Crucibles jet pipeline, Xiaoyan of rapid cycling tossed to any point in Qiaoyan of uniform temperature, the furnace through Xiaoyan automatic temperature control, Cabinet with use, the workpiece can quenching in a very short time, such as rapid cooling to the temperature quenching process required by any automatic temperatu re thermostat.

4.Three submerged electrode bath heaters

DM series of three submerged electrodes of the furnace bath national standards for energy-saving cycle electrode bath furnace for melting the salt in the liquid or mixed metal salt solution in the mechanical heating, for various heat treatment, such as: quenching annealing, tempering, norm alizing, no oxidation, such as heating and carburizing use. This series is divided into low-temperature furnace electrodes bath, the temperature and heat three, the temperature was 150-550 ℃,550-1000 ℃,1000-1350 ℃.

DM Three-phase embedded electrodes of the furnace bath rectangular structure, the cover of the angle and a plate welding, putting plate made of interior, the interior is the standard by vertical slabs and slabs of salt slot, interior is used mainly to prevent infiltration of the insulation layer and molten salt tank, the tank when the salt damage to facilitate hangin

g out repairs. Electrode bath heaters and interior build a furnace insulatio n between the shell and fill insulation brick powder, salt from the electro de is inserted into the side slot at the bottom, a contact Bath Salt, and th e remaining three face buried in the firebrick in the above structure to ex tend the life of electrodes. The electrodes 50 mm from the bottom, this c an be avoided due to slag deposition short circuit caused the two electrod es, in the interior of the outside have cooled electrode sets, molten salt fi eld along the electrode outflow, the water-cooled package that met solidifi cation, this can be avoided Leakage salt. Three submerged electrode bath salts furnace used for heating agent, according to a variety of temperatur e, the choice of different ingredients mixed salt or salt, the surface of the molten salt is not conductive ago, bath heaters must be used when using a Fixed electrode melting, due to the current through the conductive heat continuously dissolved salt, it dissolves state can be maintained, because of electrodes in the role of the electromagnetic force, through natural con vection and electromagnetic stirring constantly cycle molten salt, it can be rapid and uniform heating workpiece. Oven side with the exhaust hood, and the workshop of the exhaust pipe connected electrode bath furnace ex cluded from the harmful gases. Furnace electrode bath with matching sup ply with electric control cabinet to control electrode bath furnace temperat ure, temperature control cabinet with instructions by the measurement of t emperature control, and the compensation wire submerged salt bath thermo couples connected, instructions can be recorded and automatically adjust te mperature.

5.Crucibles bath heaters

Crucibles bath in this series primarily for spare parts furnace metal p arts quenching,cyanide,such as annealing and tempering heat treatment,espe cially in fasteners,heat treatmeat standard parts.

RYG2 series of energy-saving stoves from the crucible furnace shell bath, lining, crucible, the crucible lid on the heating element and hood co mponents. Furnace shell from a welding steel and steel cylindrical furnace from 0.6 g/cm3 super energy-saving light beads piled firebrick, uniform wall surrounding the installation heating elements, Crucibles bath furnace hearth furnace and inter-filled silicone shell Acid mat aluminum powder i nsulation and expansion of insulation materials, heat-resistant steel furnace built release Crucible, used to hold salt solution, Crucible covered by the two semicircular composition, rotation can be flexible, covered with two holes for hanging the support shaft workpiece. Crucibles bath heaters equi pped with circular upper furnace shell on the hood, the top exhaust port will be able to ventilation systems to remove harmful gases, on the lower part of a two enclosures can be rotated Zhaomen and observation hole. I n the furnace shell in front of a drainage hole, in order to remove the fu rnace, regular milk, as a result of corrosion due to leaky crucible of the salt solution, which I can also outflow Crucibles bath heaters, and to prot ect the heating element will not be lining damaged. Work, in the drainage extraoral insert point silicate fiber cotton, and to prevent cold air from e ntering the furnace temperature and impact.

6.Crucibles bath laboratory furnace

Crucibles bath main laboratory for laboratory furnace metal parts for various quenching, cyanide, such as annealing and tempering heat treatme nt, especially in fasteners, heat treatment standard parts.

The laboratory Crucibles bath furnace structure, the furnace shell mad e of welded steel plate and steel, aluminum furnace from high energy-savi ng refractory made furnace used in the furnace shell of silicate fiber insul ation, resistance wire heating elements used 0 Cr25Al5 , made around the furnace in the spiral arrangement of the string around the wire hole. Cr

ucibles placed in the furnace of stainless steel, used to hold salt solution. Lid using manual clamshell.

7.Quench tank

ZC Series quenching tank,mainly for electric Well,the electric car,box-type furnace,molten salt,and other electric furnace heated hardening of the workpiece use.

Quench tank using steel structure, square, rectangular, circular, quench ing tank, the installation of a heating pipe, tank, installed pump, stainless steel plate heat exchanger, automatic temperature control thermostat oil co unters, the working principle: When frequent workpiece quench tank into the quenching oil temperature rise caused when pump started working, the temperature quenching tank pumping oil into the stainless steel plate heat exchanger, and then automatically connected to cooling water circulating through the multi-plate heat exchanger plate stainless steel shafts a heat e xchanger, the cooling return to the quenching oil quenching tank, so recip rocating cycle to quench tank cooling purposes. When the temperature is low, the electric heater automatically connected heating oil quenching, afte r cold automatic temperature control, temperature quenching oil temperatur e in the process of quenching temperature.

中文译文

1.箱式低熔点玻璃熔封炉

箱式低熔点玻璃熔封炉要紧用于电子工业、低熔点玻璃熔封。也可用于模具、各种机械零件回火;铝合金压铸件固熔时效;粉末冶金粉料高温烘干。采纳微电脑程序自动控温,实现烘干工艺曲线自动化。也可用于模具、各种机械零件回火;铝合金压铸件固熔时效;粉末冶金粉料高温烘干。采纳微电脑程序自动控温,实现烘干工艺曲线自动化。

2.箱式有机培膜焙烧炉

箱式有机培膜焙烧炉要紧用于电子工业、低熔点玻璃熔封也可用于模具、各种机械零件回火;铝合金压铸件固熔时效;粉末冶金粉料高温烘干。

3.摆动式等温淬火硝盐炉

采纳工件摆动式等温淬火工艺制造的节能耐用型工业电炉。熔融液体介质加热工件、如硝盐类、碱类、油类及低熔点金属及合金等,硝盐炉加热工件,加热速度较快,氧化脱碳较轻,便于局部淬火,等温淬火及多种化学热处理。专门适用于铁路机车、球磨机衬板、钢球、破裂机锤头奥-贝体耐磨材料等温淬火。专门适用于铁路机车、球磨机衬板、钢球、破裂机锤头奥-贝体耐磨材料等温淬火。由炉体、不锈钢坩锅、电动往复式摆动料架、不锈钢速冷包、电热元件和自动控温柜组成,能够使用不同溶剂,进行零件淬火、回火加热、等温淬火冷却,液体化学热处理等多种工艺,炉体由型钢和钢板焊接而成,炉面采纳δ=14mm板制成,硝盐炉衬采纳超轻质高强度0.6g/cm3微珠耐火砖,夹层置硅酸铝纤维,炉衬与炉壳间填充保温膨胀保温粉,整个结构为标准型节能炉衬,硝盐炉的发热元件采纳较粗直径0Cr25Al5高温电阻丝绕成螺旋状按照均温布丝法,安置在炉衬的搁丝砖上,搁丝砖采纳前部上翘20°防掉丝砖,电阻丝不易掉出。

坩锅采纳耐热不锈钢板密焊制成,并通过本厂X光探伤。作为等温淬火盐炉使用时在坩锅内布置耐热不锈钢制成的速冷包四个,并在炉体上安装有电动往复摆动式料架,工件放在料架中,在硝盐液中往复运动,达到均温、等温淬火效果。另配备压缩空气不锈钢进气管,在坩锅内底部组成多孔喷流管道,使硝盐液快速循环翻腾,达到硝盐液内任何一点温度平均

一致,通过硝盐炉自动控温电柜的配合使用,可使淬火工件在专门短时刻内快速冷却到等温淬火所需要的任何工艺温度内自动恒温。坩锅采纳耐热不锈钢板密焊制成,并通过本厂X光探伤。作为等温淬火盐炉使用时在坩锅内布置耐热不锈钢制成的速冷包四个,并在炉体上安装有电动往复摆动式料架,工件放在料架中,在硝盐液中往复运动,达到均温、等温淬火成效。

另配备压缩空气不锈钢进气管,在坩锅内底部组成多孔喷流管道,使硝盐液快速循环翻腾,达到硝盐液内任何一点温度平均一致,通过硝盐炉自动控温电柜的配合使用,可使淬火工件在专门短时刻内快速冷却到等温淬火所需要的任何工艺温度内自动恒温。

4.三项埋入式电极盐浴炉

在熔化了的盐液或混合盐液中加热金属机件,以进行各种热处理,例如:淬火、退火、回火、正火、无氧化加热及渗碳等之用。本系列电极盐浴炉分为低温、中温及高温三类,其工作温度分别为150-550℃、550-1000℃、1000- 1350℃。

本系列电极盐浴炉分为低温、中温及高温三类,其工作温度分别为15 0-550℃、550-1000℃、1000-1350℃。

DM型三相埋入电极盐浴炉系长方形结构,外壳由角钢及钢板焊成,内放钢板制成的内胆,内胆中是采纳立砖及标准砖组成的盐槽,内胆要紧是用于防止熔盐渗入保温层及盐槽外,当盐槽损坏时便于吊出修理。电极盐浴炉的内胆与炉壳之间砌有保温砖及填满保温粉,电极是从盐槽底部侧面插入,一个面接触浴盐,其余三个面埋在耐火砖中,以上结构达到延长电极使用寿命。由于电极离槽底50毫米,如此可幸免由于炉渣沉积而造成两电极短路,在内胆别处的电极有水冷套,熔盐沿着电极向外流出时,碰到水冷套即凝固,如此能够幸免漏盐。三项埋入式电极盐浴炉采纳盐类作加热剂,按照不同的工作温度,可选用不同成份的盐或混合盐,盐在熔化前是不导电的,因此盐浴炉使用时必须使用起动电极溶化,由于电流通过导电的溶盐持续产生热量,故可保持溶化状态,因电极在电磁力的作用下,通过自然对流和电磁搅拌而使熔盐持续循环,故可迅速和平均的加热工

件。炉侧装有排气罩,与车间的排汽管相连接,排除电极盐浴炉所产生的有害气体。与电极盐浴炉配套供应的有电炉操纵柜,以操纵电极盐浴炉的温度,操纵柜上装有指示温度用的测量控温计,经补偿导线与浸入盐槽中的热电偶相连接,可指示记录及自动调剂温度。

电极盐浴炉的内胆与炉壳之间砌有保温砖及填满保温粉,电极是从盐槽底部侧面插入,一个面接触浴盐,其余三个面埋在耐火砖中,以上结构达到延长电极使用寿命。

由于电极离槽底50毫米,如此可幸免由于炉渣沉积而造成两电极短路,在内胆别处的电极有水冷套,熔盐沿着电极向外流出时,碰到水冷套即凝固,如此能够幸免漏盐。

三项埋入式电极盐浴炉采纳盐类作加热剂,按照不同的工作温度,可选用不同成份的盐或混合盐,盐在熔化前是不导电的,因此盐浴炉使用时必须使用起动电极溶化,由于电流通过导电的溶盐持续产生热量,故可保持溶化状态,因电极在电磁力的作用下,通过自然对流和电磁搅拌而使熔盐持续循环,故可迅速和平均的加热工件。

炉侧装有排气罩,与车间的排汽管相连接,排除电极盐浴炉所产生的有害气体。

与电极盐浴炉配套供应的有电炉操纵柜,以操纵电极盐浴炉的温度,操纵柜上装有指示温度用的测量控温计,经补偿导线与浸入盐槽中的热电偶相连接,可指示记录及自动调剂温度。

5.坩锅盐浴炉

要供备件金属零件淬火、氰化、退火和回火等热处理用,专门适用于紧固件、标准件热处理。

RYG2系列节能型坩埚盐浴炉由炉壳、炉衬、坩埚、坩埚盖,加热元件及上罩部分组成。炉壳由型钢和钢板焊接成圆筒形,炉膛由0.6g/cm3超轻质微珠节能耐火砖砌成,其内壁四周平均安装加热元件,坩锅盐浴炉的炉膛与炉壳间填充硅酸铝纤维毡和膨胀保温粉保温材料,炉膛内置放耐热钢坩埚,用于盛装盐液,坩埚盖由两个半圆构成,可灵活转动,盖上有两个孔,供支承轴吊挂工件。坩锅盐浴炉的炉壳上部装有圆形上罩,顶部有排

气口可接通风系统,以排除有害气体,上罩下部有两扇可转动的罩门和观看孔。在炉壳正前方有一排流孔,以便经常清除炉膛内的脏物,当因腐蚀氧化致使坩埚漏泄的盐液,也可由此口流出坩锅盐浴炉外,以保护加热元件和炉衬不致受到损坏。工作时,在排流口外塞入一点硅酸铝纤维棉,可防止外冷空气进入炉膛而阻碍炉温。

炉壳由型钢和钢板焊接成圆筒形,炉膛由0.6g/cm3超轻质微珠节能耐火砖砌成,其内壁四周平均安装加热元件,坩锅盐浴炉的炉膛与炉壳间填充硅酸铝纤维毡和膨胀保温粉保温材料,炉膛内置放耐热钢坩埚,用于盛装盐液,坩埚盖由两个半圆构成,可灵活转动,盖上有两个孔,供支承轴吊挂工件。

坩锅盐浴炉的炉壳上部装有圆形上罩,顶部有排气口可接通风系统,以排除有害气体,上罩下部有两扇可转动的罩门和观看孔。

在炉壳正前方有一排流孔,以便经常清除炉膛内的脏物,当因腐蚀氧化致使坩埚漏泄的盐液,也可由此口流出坩锅盐浴炉外,以爱护加热元件和炉衬不致受到损坏。

工作时,在排流口外塞入一点硅酸铝纤维棉,可防止外冷空气进入炉膛而阻碍炉温。

6.实验室坩锅盐浴炉

要紧用于实验室供各种金属零件淬火、氰化、退火和回火等热处理用,专门适用于紧固件、标准件热处理。

本实验室坩锅盐浴炉结构,炉壳由钢板和型钢焊接制成,炉膛由高铝质节能型耐火材料制成,炉膛于炉壳间采纳硅酸铝纤维保温,电阻丝采纳0 Cr25Al5发热元件,绕制成螺旋状布置在炉膛四周的串丝孔内。炉膛内放置不锈钢坩锅,用于盛装盐液。炉膛内放置不锈钢坩锅,用于盛装盐液,炉盖采纳用手动翻盖式。

7.淬火油槽

要紧供井式炉、台车炉、箱式炉、盐浴炉等各种电炉加热后的工件淬火使用。

淬火油槽采纳钢板结构,有方形、长方形、圆形,油槽内安装有电加热管,槽外安装有抽油泵、不锈钢板式换热器,自动油恒温控温柜,其工作原理:当工件频繁进入油槽淬火引起油温升高时,油泵开始工作,将油槽内的高温油抽入不锈钢板式换热器,现在冷却循环水自动接通,通过板式换热器的多层不锈钢板槽进行换热,使通过冷却的淬火油再返回淬火油槽,如此往复循环,达到油槽降温目的。当室温低时,电加热器自动接通加热淬火油,通过冷热自动控温,使淬火油温恒温在工艺淬火温度内。

当室温低时,电加热器自动接通加热淬火油,通过冷热自动控温,使淬火油温恒温在工艺淬火温度内。

各专业的英文翻译

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翻译资料英语

FINANCIAL INNOV ATION Like other industries, the financial industry is in business to earn profits by selling its products. If a soap company perceives that there is a need in the marketplace for a laundry detergent with fabric softener, it develops a product to fit the need .Similarly, in order to maximize their profits, financial institutions develop new products to satisfy their own needs as well as those of their customers; in other words, innovation-which can be extremely beneficial to the economy-is driven by the desire to get (or stay) rich. This view of the innovation process leads to the following simple analysis: A chance in the financial institutions for innovations that are likely to be profitable. Starting in the 1960s, individuals and financial institutions operating in financial markets were confronted with drastic changes in the economic environment: Inflation and interest rates climbed sharply and became hard to predict, a situation that changed demand conditions in financial markets. Computer technology advanced rapidly, which changed supply conditions. In addition, financial regulations became especially inconvenient. Banking institution discovers many old ways of doing business being able to not have earned money again; they provide the masses finance with service and financial products sale neither well. Many financial intermediary is discovered they have no way to raise having arrived at a fund, but these self that will not a suspense of business right away with original tradition finance implement. For existing under new economy environment, research and development puts up banking institution be obliged to being able to satisfy customer need moreover the new product being able to gain a profit of and serving, this process is called financial engineering. In their case, necessity was the mother of innovation. Our discussion of why financial innovation occurs suggests that there are three basic types of financial innovations: Escapism to responding to needing condition change, to the small advantages supplying with condition change and to controlling. We have had one now understandable that banking institution is innovative for instance the cause institutions, let’s look at examples of how financial institutions in their search for profits have produced financial innovations of the three basic types. 1

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?制造系统的能力 生产计划和生产系统的控制 ?生产支持系统和人员 ?质量体系要求 ?销售操作和时间表 ?成本目标和其他竞争性问题 ?客户服务要求 ?产品在生产,操作和处置过程中的环境问题 ?法律要求 ?金融资本的可用性 你可以添加到这个列表吗?您应该能够看到,产品的设计只是综合过程的一部分。在本文中,我们将更加注意设计过程本身,但必须始终考虑设计的可生产性。产品设计和制造过程设计的同时考虑通常被称为并行工程。 2.机械设计所需的技能 产品工程师和机械设计师在日常工作中使用广泛的技能和知识。这些技能和知识包含在以下内容中: ?素描,技术制图和计算机辅助设计 ?材料的性质?材料加工*和制造过程 ?化学的应用,如腐蚀防护,电镀和喷漆 静力学动力学材料的强度,运动学和机制 流体力学,热力学和传热 ?流体动力,电气现象的基本原理和工业控制

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Household Register Under Supervision of the Ministry of Public Security of P. R. C. ANNOUNCEMENTS 1.Household register has the legal validity that certifies the attorney ship of a citizen and the

relationship of family members, and it is the main reference for the censor and checkup of domiciliary register which is undertaking by the household registration authority. When the functionary of household registration authority censor and verify the household register, the householder and members of this family shall take the initiative in presenting the household register. 2.The householder shall take the household register in safekeeping; the household register is prohibited to be altered, transferred and leased. When the household register is lost, the household registration authority should be informed. 3.The right for registering the household register shall be performed by the household registration authority; any other unit and individual shall not make any records on the booklet. 4.The member of this family shall go to the household registration authority for transacting the declaration and registration, applying bring with the booklet, in case of the increase and decrease of the members and the alteration of registration items. 5.In case of that the whole family moves out of the residency, the household register shall be turned in and cancelled. Record of Dwelling Address Alteration

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1 总论 采矿mining 地下采矿underground mining 露天采矿open cut mining, open pit mining, surface mining 采矿工程mining engineering 选矿(学)mineral dressing, ore beneficiation, mineral processing 矿物工程mineral engineering 冶金(学)metallurgy 过程冶金(学)process metallurgy 提取冶金(学)extractive metallurgy 化学冶金(学)chemical metallurgy 物理冶金(学)physical metallurgy 金属学Metallkunde 冶金过程物理化学physical chemistry of process metallurgy 冶金反应工程学metallurgical reaction engineering 冶金工程metallurgical engineering 钢铁冶金(学)ferrous metallurgy, metallurgy of iron and steel 有色冶金(学)nonferrous metallurgy 真空冶金(学)vacuum metallurgy 等离子冶金(学)plasma metallurgy 微生物冶金(学)microbial metallurgy 喷射冶金(学)injection metallurgy 钢包冶金(学)ladle metallurgy 二次冶金(学)secondary metallurgy 机械冶金(学)mechanical metallurgy 焊接冶金(学)welding metallurgy 粉末冶金(学)powder metallurgy 铸造学foundry 火法冶金(学)pyrometallurgy 湿法冶金(学)hydrometallurgy 电冶金(学)electrometallurgy 氯冶金(学)chlorine metallurgy 矿物资源综合利用engineering of comprehensive utilization of mineral resources 中国金属学会The Chinese Society for Metals 中国有色金属学会The Nonferrous Metals Society of China 2 采矿 采矿工艺mining technology 有用矿物valuable mineral 冶金矿产原料metallurgical mineral raw materials 矿床mineral deposit 特殊采矿specialized mining 海洋采矿oceanic mining, marine mining 矿田mine field

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应力与应变第一单元 That branch of scientific analysis which motions, times and forces is called mechanics and is made up of two parts, statics and dynamics. 研究位移、时间和力运动乘力是科学分析法的一个分歧,被称作力学,力学由两大部静力学和动力学。分组成,For example, if the force operating on a sleeve bearing becomes too high, it will squeeze out the oil film and cause metal-to-metal contact, overheating and rapid failure of the bearing. 例如:如果止推轴承上的作用力过大的话,会挤出油膜,引起金属和金属之间的相互接触,轴承将过热而迅速失效。and of place application, direction, concept Our intuitive of force includes such ideas as magnitude, and these are called the characteristics of a force. 。力的直观概念包括力的作用点、大小、方向,这些被称为力的三要素All bodies are either elastic or plastic and will be deformed if acted upon by forces. When the deformation of such bodies is small, they are frequently assumed to be rigid, i.e., incapable of deformation, in order to simplify the analysis. 的,如果受到力的作用就产生变形。当变形很小塑性所有的物体既可以是弹性的也可以是以此来简化分析。的时候它们被假设成刚体,也就是不产生变形,The rigid-body assumption cannot be used in internal stresses and strains due to the applied forces to be analyzed. Thus we consider the body to be capable of deforming. 刚体假设不能应用于内应力和内应变的分析,所以在实际力的分析时,要考虑物体的形变。If all the forces acting on a particle are balanced, the particle will either remain at rest or will continue to move in a straight line at a uniform velocity. 如果作用在质点上所有的力是平衡的,质点将会保持静止或做做匀速直线运动。 材料的强度与塑性第二单元 A tensile test consists of slowly pulling a sample of material with a tensile load until it breaks. The ends of tensile specimens are usually enlarged to provide extra area for grip-ping and to avoid having the sample break where it is being gripped. 实验包括慢慢加载拉伸载荷直到断裂。拉伸试件两端加粗为了提供装夹区域和避免试拉伸件断裂。The usual manner of conducting the test is to deform the specimen at a constant speed. For moving and the fixed testing universal machines, the motion between example, in the crossheads can be controlled at a constant speed. 通常进行实验的方法就是使试件以恒定速度发生变形。例如,在万能拉伸实验机上,固定端和移动的十字滑块之间的变形是以恒定速度进行的。The load that must be applied to enforce this displacement rate varies as the test proceeds. This load F may be divided by the cross-sectional area A to obtain the stress in the specimen at any time during the test. 除以横F随着实验的进行,用来产生位移的载荷是随位移的变化而变化。在实验中,载荷可以得到任意时刻点的应力。截面积Afeasible. Stress and is where is of actual However measurement ΔL preferable this strain based on the initial (undeformed) dimensions, Ai and Li, are called engineering stress and strain. 的应力和应变称原始然而,在可行的位置上ΔL的实际测量是更可取的,基于尺寸Ai和Li 为工程应力和工程应变。and brittle materials behave differently in compression test as well. The

通信与信息工程英语教程翻译

A business survives and thrives on information: information within the organization and information changed with suppliers, customers,and regulators. Moreover, the information needs to be consistent, accessible, and at the right location. We consider information in four forms-voice, data, image, and video-and the implications of distributed requirements. The term voice communications refers primarily to telephone related communications. By far the most common form of communication in any organization and for most personnel is direct telephone conversation. The telephone has been a basic tool of business for decades. Telephone communications has recently been enhanced by a variety of computer-based services, including voice mail and computerized telephone exchange systems. V oice mail provides the ability to send, forward , and reply to voice messages nonsimultaneously , and it has become a cost-efficient tool even for many midsize organizations. It provides saving on answering machines and services as well as more responsive service to customers and suppliers. Advances have also been made in computerized telephone exchange systems, including in-house digital private branch exchanges(PBX) and Centrex systems provided by the local telephone company. These new systems provide a host of features, including call forwarding, call waiting, least-cost routing of long-distance calls, and a variety of accounting and auditing features. The term data communications is sometimes used to refer to virtually any form of information transfer other than voice. It is sometimes convenient to limit this term to information in the form of text(such as reports, memos, and other documents) and numerical data(such as accounting files). The rapid changes in technology have created fresh challenges for management in making effective use of data communications. We will briefly outline the changes in technology in transmission, networks, and communications software that present the manager with new powerful business tools but also the necessity of making choices among complex alternatives. 一个企业生存和蓬勃发展的信息:在改变与供应商,客户和监管机构的组织和信息的信息。此外,对信息的需求是一致的,访问,并在合适的位置。我们认为,在四种形式的语音,数据,图像,视频和分布式需求的影响的信息。 长期的语音通信,主要是指以电话相关的通讯。迄今为止最常见的沟通形式中的任何组织和大多数工作人员是直接的电话交谈。电话已几十年来的基本的业务工具。电话通讯最近已加强各种以计算机为基础的服务,包括语音邮件和程控电话交换系统。语音信箱提供的能力,发送,转发和回复语音邮件nonsimultaneously,它已成为一个成本效益的工具,甚至许多中小型组织。提供节省答录机和服务,以及更快捷的服务客户和供应商。程控电话交换系统,包括内部数字专用分支交换机(PBX)和本地电话公司提供的Centrex系统也取得了进展。这些新系统提供主机的功能,包括呼叫转接,呼叫等待,长途电话的最低成本路由,各种会计和审计功能。 长期的数据通信有时被用来指几乎任何其他信息传输比语音形式。有时可以很方便限制这个术语在文本形式的信息(如报告,备忘录和其他文件)和数字数据(如会计档案)。已创建管理新的挑战,在有效地利用数据通信技术的迅速变化。我们将简要概述在传输技术的变化,网络和通信软件,经理提出新的强大的商业工具,但也使复杂的替代品之间的选择的必要性。

冶金专业英语大全

coking plant 炼焦厂electrometallurgy 电冶金学powder metallurgy 粉末冶金学 blast furnace 鼓风炉mouth, throat 炉口hopper, chute 料斗stack 炉身belly 炉腰bosh 炉腹crucible 炉缸slag tap 放渣口taphole 出铁口,出渣口pig bed 铸床 mould 铸模(美作:mold) tuyere, nozzle 风口ingot mould 锭模(美作:ingot mold) floor 平台hearth 炉底charger 装料机ladle 铁水包,钢水包dust catcher 除尘器washer 洗涤塔converter 转炉hoist 卷扬机compressor 压缩机tilting mixer 可倾式混铁炉regenerator 蓄热室heat exchanger 热交换器gas purifier 煤气净化器turbocompressor 涡轮压缩机burner 烧嘴cupola 化铁炉,冲天炉emptier 排空装置trough 铁水沟,排渣沟skip 料车rolling mill 轧机,轧钢机blooming mill 初轧机 roller 辊bed 底座rolling-mill housing 轧机机架drawbench 拔管机,拉丝机 drawplate 拉模板shaft furnace 竖炉refining furnace 精炼炉 reverberatory furnace 反射炉hearth furnace 床式反射炉firebrick lining 耐火砖衬retort 反应罐muffle 马弗炉roof, arch 炉顶forge 锻造press 压锻pile hammer 打桩锤drop hammer 落锤die 拉模blowlamp 吹炬(美作:blowtorch)crusher 破碎机 iron ore 铁矿石coke 焦炭bauxite 铁钒土alumina 铝cryolite 冰晶石flux 熔剂limestone flux 石灰石溶剂haematite 赤铁矿(美作:hematite)gangue 脉石 cast iron 铸铁cast iron ingot 铸铁锭slag 炉渣soft iron 软铁pig iron 生铁 wrought iron 熟铁iron ingot 铁锭puddled iron 搅炼熟铁round iron 圆铁 scrap iron 废铁steel 钢crude steel 粗钢mild steel, soft steel 软钢,低碳钢 hard steel 硬钢cast steel 坩埚钢,铸钢stainless steel 不锈钢electric steel 电工钢,电炉钢high-speed steel 高速钢moulded steel 铸钢refractory steel 热强钢,耐热钢 alloy steel 合金钢plate, sheet 薄板corrugated iron 瓦垅薄钢板tinplate, tin 马口铁finished product 成品,产品semifinished product 半成品,中间产品ferrous products 铁制品coiled sheet 带状薄板bloom 初轧方坯metal strip, metal band 铁带,钢带 billet 坯锭,钢坯shavings 剃边profiled bar 异型钢材shape, section 型钢angle iron 角钢frit 烧结wire 线材ferronickel 镍铁elinvar 镍铬恒弹性钢ferrite 铁氧体,铁醇盐cementite 渗碳体,碳化铁pearlite 珠光体charging, loading 装料,炉料fusion, melting, s melting 熔炼remelting 再熔化,重熔refining 精炼casting 出铁to cast 出铁 tapping 出渣,出钢,出铁to insufflate, to inject 注入heating 加热preheating 预热tempering 回火temper 回火hardening 淬水annealing 退火reduction 还原 cooling 冷却decarbonization, decarburization 脱碳coking 炼焦slagging, scorification 造渣carburization 渗碳case hardening 表面硬化cementation 渗碳fritting, sintering 烧结puddling 搅炼pulverization 粉化,雾化nitriding 渗氮alloy 合金floatation, flotation 浮选patternmaking 制模moulding 成型(美作:molding)calcination 煅烧amalgamation 汞齐化rolling 轧制drawing 拉拔extrusion 挤压wiredrawing 拉丝stamping, pressing 冲压die casting 拉模铸造forging 锻造turning 车削milling 铣削machining, tooling 加工autogenous welding, fusion welding 氧炔焊arc welding 电弧焊electrolysis 电解trimming 清理焊缝blowhole 气孔采矿mining地下采矿underground mining 露天采矿open cut mining, open pit mining, surface mining 采矿工程mining engineering 选矿(学)mineral dressing, ore beneficiation, mineral pr ocessing 矿物工程mineral engineering冶金(学)metallurgy 过程冶金(学)process metallurgy 提取冶金(学)extractive metallurgy 化学冶金(学)chemical metallurgy 物理冶金(学)physical metallurgy 金属学Metallkunde 冶金过程物理化学physical chemistry of process metallurgy

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