近五年物理学科全国课标卷高考试题分析与评价

近五年物理学科全国课标卷高考试题分析与评价2008-2012新课标全国卷理综(物理部分)试卷分析及评价

-------------23中张晓华

从2008年五省份开始用新课标卷，已经进行了五轮课改了，宁夏最早进入课改，最早用了课改卷。同时的还有广东、山东、海南，江苏比它们晚了一年。

宁夏卷从2008年的比较简单，到2012年的比较正常，难度对他们来讲是上了一些。但这才是趋于全国水平。

与大纲卷比，新课标卷发生了一些变化:?在考试形式和分值上的变化:?新高考内容分为“必考内容”和“选考内容”，落实《课标》提出的“基础性” 选择性”要求。?物理学科分值由原来的120 分变为110 分主要是基于让学生高考取得较好成绩考虑，不是淡化物理学科地位。?选考实行超量给题、限量做题，给学生较大的选择空间，以充分发挥学生的潜能和个性特长。但相对来讲，学生的读题量大幅度增大。?考试能力要求的变化 :《高考说明》在能力要求上增加了一些条目，也删去了一些条目。

我主要研究了近五年来的全国新课标理综试卷，对试卷考查的知识点、题型、深度和命题方向进行了分析，认为有如下特点。

一、突出对物理学科主干知识的考查

全国高考理综试卷物理部份试题以高中物理的主干知识为主考查。主体内容涉及到力学和电磁学的主要概念和规律。如匀变速运动的规律、牛顿运动定律、

万有引力定律、机械能守恒定律、动量守恒定律、电场和磁场的基本概念、电路

分析、电磁感应定律等。

高考试题围绕“运动和力”、“能量与守恒”两条主线索进行命题。

从“运动和力”方面考查的主要有:匀速直线运动、竖直平面内的圆周运动、类平抛运动、物体间的相互作用、粒子在电场与磁场中的运动、闭合线圈(或

导

线)切割磁感线等。2012年电磁学的比例比以往较大。

从“能量与守恒”方面考查的有:动能、势能(重力势能、弹性势能、

电势能、分子势能等)、核能、内能、动能定理、机械能守恒定律、热力学第

一

定律等。考查的模型主要有天体运动、弹簧体问题、连接体问题、平抛运动和类

平抛运动、导体或闭合线圈在磁场中运动、物体间相互作用及碰撞等。personal and collective learning on your own, combining learning reading and discussion, read, learn, and understanding of the original principles, focused learning around topics discussion, ongoing positive and negative type education. Members should close their own thoughts, work, real life, comparing reflection and further improve the pertinence and effectiveness of learning, continue to unlock the buttons, correct wrong, think of practical realization in mind, party rules discipline, firm and correct political orientation, develop discipline, and being a qualified member of the adherence to the Constitution Party rules and political discipline. Second, "to do" as the key, seriously, do try to do, to set an example. Two lies in the doing. To learn to do, and the unity of knowledge, qualified party member, is the focus of this study and education and essential point. A qualified party members not only to

watch his Constitution Party rules and talk to learn how, through, dark and light, and also what does he end up doing, is not a unity. This

study and education, is essential to enhance the party's political awareness, awareness of overall, core, par. In learning education in the, each members are to control "told political, and has faith, do political qualified; told rules, and has discipline, do implementation discipline qualified; told moral, and has conduct, do conduct qualified; told dedication, and has as, do play role qualified" "four told four has"

this put ruler, often measure himself, view himself, transformation himself, with actual action reflected learn of effectiveness, and reflected belief faith of power. To firm to to Central par, to XI General Secretary par, to party of theory, and route, and approach par, to Central of the decision deployment par, strongly maintenance Central of authority, maintenance XI General Secretary this core, strongly obey Central of concentrated unified led, in thought, and political 另外，常规题和经典题仍将是试题的主流，如例如2011年的第14题中除了考

察电流的磁效应之外还要求掌握地磁场的分布;2011年的15题，将一做匀速运动

物体突然加一个恒力，分析此后的动能变化，试题考查多种可能的判断。2011年

的第19题考察的地球同步卫星的轨道，要通过月球公转半径求出地球质量，再求

出地球同步卫星轨道高度，计算非常繁琐，难度较大。但是如果能记得地球同步卫星轨道高度为36000km，此题就变为了一道非常容易的题。可见，在万有引力与行

星轨道这一块，能事先记牢常见的数据，在考试中能节省大量的时间。

同时，高考试题的难度比较稳定。

二、注重应用能力的考查

高考物理试题会越来越与新课程思想接轨，对学生应用能力的考查越来越突出。要求考生关注科学技术与社会、经济发展的联系，注重物理在生产、生活等方面的应用。试题注重考查学生的一种学生能力、应用能力，比如提取信息、处理信息的能力等。2012年的墩布模型就来源于生活，若能建立出模型就简单了，事实

是这道题难住了相当一部分人。2010年的24题，分析与求解时，将博尔特的赛程，简化为质点初速度为零的匀加速直线运动和连接的匀速直线运动，这就是将实际问题转化成了物理模型。这是建模思想;建立模型后，列出两段运动的位移关系式，这是将物理模型转化成了数学模型;如果直接以加速度和加速时间为未知量列式，则列出了两个二元二次方程组，加之题中已知数据位数较多，方程难以短时间求解，但若受第一问设问的提示，运用平均速度将变速直线运动等效为匀速直线运动，直接以题中第一问所要求解的最大速度与加速时间为未知量列式，可将方程简化为二元一次方程组。这就是简化思想

这类问题的考查核心就是考查学生物理建模力能力，即从实际生活现象或问题抽象出物理模型的能力。如果学生的基础知识比较扎实，又能够顺利地将这些描述实际现象的物理文字转变为物理图景，就会很容易解答出来。

三、实验题考查学生的探究能力和知识迁移能力

近些年来实验题对学生的实验探究能力的考查是比较强的，而且还会越来越新颖化、能力化。设计性实验是主流。主要具有如下特点:

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belief faith of power. To firm to to Centransformdedication, and has as, do play role qualified" "four told four has" this put ruler, often measure himself, view himself, trad rules, and has discipline, do

implementation discipline qualified; told moral, and has conduct, do conduct qualified; told d; toll, core, par. In learning education in the, each members are to control "told political, and has faith, do political qualifiedoing, is not a unity. This study and education, is essential to enhance the party's political awareness, awareness of overalnd up embers not only to watch his Constitution Party rules and talk to learn how, through, dark and light, and also what does he eunity of knowledge, qualified party member, is the focus of this study and education and essential point. A qualified party md the discipline. Second, "to do" as the key, seriously, do try to do, to set an example. Two lies in the doing. To learn to do, anorientation, develop discipline, and being a qualified member of the adherence to the Constitution Party rules and political tical e to unlock the buttons, correct wrong, think of

practical realization in mind, party rules discipline, firm and correct poliown thoughts, work, real life, comparing reflection and further improve the pertinence and effectiveness of learning, continutheir l principles, focused learning around topics discussion, ongoing positive and negative type education. Members should close and collective

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1、实验题仍将是两个小题，一个较易，一个较难，具有一定的梯度。而且必有一个是设计性实验。但2012年两个实验均不难，均来源于书本，实验比前几年容易。

2、这些试题考查的实验的主要原理、方法等都来自教材上的演示实验、学生实验，但创设了新的物理情景，即题面上有很大的新意。充分体现了“源于教材但不拘泥于教材”的命题原则。

3、实验第一小题，往年都是考查教材中常规实验的基本原理、基本操作、或基本仪器的使用和读数等，。2012年就考了读数。

4、考查的知识内容仍将是电学实验为主体，力学实验为辅，一般是一道力学题，一道电学题。但2011年实验题22、23题，打破了往年小实验为力学、大实验为电学的固定模式，试题新颖，但实验题难度偏低，计算量也很小，得分比较容易。 22题考查了替代法测量表的电阻，也体现了对电路变换的考查。23题它要求学生能够熟练运用匀变速直线运动原理的同时，还要有一定的知识迁移能力，考查考生对探究性实验的能力、推理能力、数学处理问题的能力，要求学生根据有关数据来处理物理问题的能力，紧密联系生活、生产或科学实验。突出对学生本身思维素养、实验能力的考查。自新课改以来，试题更注重回归基础，实验部分的复习可以以基础为主，记牢一些基本的方法与易错的点，不用刻意去研究难题。

5、实验中考查学生的图表数据的处理能力，分析计算能力，误差分析能力等。如给你一组实验数据要求描点连线并根据描出的图线得出实验结论，这是学生的难点。还有画电路原理图、实物连线等。

6、有时为了加大对实验考查的力度，还会将某些实验操作、实验现象观察及演示实验等内容放到选择题中去考查。

四、运用数学知识解答物理问题的能力要求越来越高

数学知识不仅是解决物理问题的工具，本身也是一种物理思维方法。具体地讲，物理中考查的主要数学方法有:

1、图象处理能力

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should close their own thoughts, work, real life, comparing reflection and further improion, read, learn, and understanding of the original principles, focused learning around topics discussion, ongoing positive apersonal and collective learning on your own, combining learning reading and discuss3is core, strongly obey Central of concentrated unified led, in thought, and politicalary thoach par, to Central of the decision deployment par, strongly maintenance Central of authority, maintenance XI General Secret

(1)给定图象图表信息，要求学生提取信息并处理，寻找规律。

每年的物理试题中都会有大量的图表图例，包括示意图、各种规律图象、数据列表等，尤其是是些空间立体示意图，要求学生从这些图表图象示意图中获取相关的信息——，即读图的能力。

(2)用图象描述物理规律

要求学生用图象来描述物理现象、物理规律、计算结果等。如描述线框进入有界磁场区域时切割磁感线产生的感应电流或感应电动势随时间的变化图线(全国高考多次考查，是学生的难点)，通过计算描述示波器屏幕上观察到的图象，描述机械波的波形图或振动图，实验题中的描点连线等。

(3)用图象法解决物理问题

图象法解题属于物理解题方法与技巧，是一种非常好的物理思维方法。如速度—时间图象、位移—时间图象、加速度—时间图象、磁通量—时间图象、感应时间图象、分子力—分子间距离图象、分子势能—分子间距离图电流或电动势—

象、弹簧弹力—变化量图象等，由于这些图象能生动形象、一目了然地反映问题，因此，若能巧妙地运用对解题带来很多方便。特别是动力学综合题中运用速度—时间图象是一种很好的辅助方法。

(4)辅助法

比如运动过程草图、受力分析图、电路图、光路图、原子能级跃迁图等，都是解题过程中的一种辅助手段，若能熟练地画出相应的辅助图，对解题带来很大的帮助。

2、特殊数学思维方法

在物理解题中要经常用于一些比较特殊的数学方法，比如数学归纳法(碰撞或

往复运动模型中常见)，正弦定理法(静力学三力平衡且三力不是直角三角形时多见)，相似三角法，三角函数极值法，二次函数判别式法(追赶问题、求极值问题等中多见)，不等式法(判断题中多见)，数列和二项式定理(能级跃迁求光子种类等中多见)，数形结合法(力学和电学中多见)，等等。

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political, and has faith, do political qualifiedoing, is not a unity. This study and education, is essential to enhance the party's political awareness, awareness of overalnd up embers not only to watch his Constitution Party rules and talk to learn how, through, dark and light, and also what does he eunity of knowledge, qualified party member, is the focus of this study and education and essential point. A qualified party md the discipline. Second, "to do" as the key, seriously, do try to do, to set an example. Two lies in the doing. To learn to do, anorientation, develop discipline, and being a qualified member of the adherence to the Constitution Party rules and political tical e to unlock the buttons, correct wrong, think of practical realization in mind, party rules discipline, firm and correct poliown thoughts, work, real life, comparing reflection and further improve the pertinence and effectiveness of learning, continutheir l principles, focused learning around topics discussion, ongoing positive and negative type education. Members should close and collective learning on your own, combining learning reading and discussion, read, learn, and understanding of the originapersonal

还比如圆的对称性及相关知识的运用就是个重要的物理方法，如带电粒子在电磁场中的运动求半径、求圆心、画运动轨迹、判断相关的角度(如进、入磁

场

边界时的对称性)等，求相关极值，如圆形磁场的最小面积(最大弦长对应最小磁

场面积)等。

3、估算法

在物理学中经常用到估算的办法和近似的办法，以及小量的处理办法。

我认为物理试题一直是主要侧重对基础知识的考查，常规题占总数的一半，创

新性主要体现在选择、实验题上。2012年的第一道大题也有一定创新性。试题立

足于基础，难度适中，2011年的比2010年稍易，2008、2009难度逐渐正常。区分度合理，无偏题、怪题和超纲题。

对一些核心题型，新课标卷体现出试卷的延续性和情景设计变化性。选择题

部分，从具体题目上上看，整张试卷中没有很难的题，注重的是基础的考查，但在一道题中综合考察多个知识点的题目有所增加。2011年的第18题从安培力入手，

综合了多个知识点，重点考察的其实是动力学知识，需要综合考虑安培力，牛顿第二定律，动力学分析以及匀变速直线运动的规律，是整张试卷中较难的题目。2011年第19题考察的地球同步卫星的轨道，要通过月球公转半径求出地球质量，再求

出地球同步卫星轨道高度，计算非常繁琐，难度较大。但是如果能记得地球同步卫星轨道高度为36000km，此题就变为了一道非常容易的题。可见，在万有引力与行

星轨道这一块，能事先记牢常见的数据，在考试中能节省大量的时间。而2012年

的万有引力的题从重力加速度产生的原因进行了考查。难住了一大批人。

最后的选修部分，考察的知识点与题型都和往年基本一致，难度也不大。所以

对选修部分的学习要更加的针对基础。但选那一部分做答，不太好说。前几年三个选修部分难度差别不大，2012年就差别大了，数3—3难，3—5倒是最易的了。

总之，全面复习，不留死角，形成网络，提升能力，才能以不变应万变。

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XI General Secretlected belief faith of power. To firm to to Central par,

to XI General Secretary par, to party of theory, and route, and apprnd refut ruler, often measure himself, view himself, transformation himself, with actual action reflected learn of effectiveness, aoral, and has conduct, do conduct qualified; told dedication, and has as, do play role qualified" "four told four has" this ptold mld political, and has faith, do political qualified; told rules, and has discipline, do implementation discipline qualified; e party's political awareness, awareness of overall, core, par. In learning education in the, each members are to control "tonce th, through, dark and light, and also what does he end up doing, is not a unity. This study and education, is essential to enhaeducation and essential point. A qualified party members not only to watch his Constitution Party rules and talk to learn howy and example. Two lies in the doing. To learn to do, and the unity

of knowledge, qualified party member, is the focus of this studnce to

the Constitution Party rules and political discipline. Second, "to do"

as the key, seriously, do try to do, to set an dherend, party rules discipline, firm and correct political orientation, develop discipline, and being a qualified member of the apertinence and effectiveness of learning, continue to unlock the buttons, correct wrong, think of practical realization in mi ve thend negative type education. Members should close their own thoughts, work, real life, comparing reflection and further improion, read, learn, and understanding of the original principles, focused learning around topics discussion, ongoing positive

apersonal and collective learning on your own, combining learning reading and discuss