(完整版)SSM英文文献翻译

(完整版)SSM英文文献翻译
(完整版)SSM英文文献翻译

中南大学CentralSouthUniversity

本科毕业设计英文文献翻译

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二○一六年一月八日

Spring 的 web MVC 构架模式

Juergen Hoeller

1、介绍: Spring 的应用构架

当你第一次看到并接触Spring框架的时候,你一定会在心里想到;“哦哦,不不,这又是另一种Web构架”。这篇文章将会指出Spring框架不是什么特殊的web框架,而是一个通用的轻量级的应用程序框架,在专用网络支持下的应用程序框架。并且它会告诉你Spring框架明显区别于其他轻量级application framework,它将专注于web的支持,与struts和webwork有着明显的区别。

在和struts和webwork的对比上之中,Spring框架是一个服务于所有层面上的application framework:提供了bean的配置基础,AOP的支持,JDBC的提取框架,抽象事务支持,等等诸如此类。它有一个非常显著的特点:在某个层面上如果你不需要Spring的支持,它有一个非常显著的特点:在某个层面上如果你不需要Spring 的支持,你就可以不使用Spring框架的class(类),只使用它的某一部分的功能。从它的设计理念,你可以看到Spring框架帮助你实现了真正的逻辑层和web 层的成功分离:例如:一个校验应用将不用依靠controllers,就可以实现。这样的目标是更好的重用和易测:过分依靠不必要的容器和框架将不能实现这一点。

当然,Spring的自己本身的web支持和通常框架模式的细致完整。然而,Spring替换struts,webwork或者其他的web方案非常的容易。这个对于Spring 的web支持或者不同的地方,Spring允许你在web容器里面建立一个中间层,在测试环境或者标准独立的应用里面来设置重用你的商务逻辑。

还有就是在J2EE环境里面,可以让你你的商务逻辑不必依靠容器提供的服务,就比如像JTA,EJB的支持。良好的框架的一个web应用是可以运行在任何容器上,就比如,Tomcat或者Resin这些容器。值得注意的事,Spring不是和已经存在的解决方案进行竞争的关系。我们鼓励结合标准的技术,如Servlet,JSP,JTA,JNDI,JDBC和JDO,和其他非常匹配的工具,比方如Hibernate,Velocity,Log4J,和Caucho’s Hessian/Burlap这类工具。这个框架的设计思想是你的应用处在需要改良的时候,你将可以对其做一些技术的选择:例如,如果你需要分布式事务处理,你可能需要用Spring框架的JTA Transaction Manager 来实现JTA服务。或者,用DataSourceTranscactionM anager 或者HibernateTransction Manager 来实现美妙完美的单个数据库交换。

2、 Web MVC:Spring web框架的设计思想

Spring网络框架通过配置操作mappings可配置的处理程序,展示resolution,本地化和模板集成围绕着分派请求操作的servlet -DispatcherServlet分派请求处理程序,可配置的处理程序映射,决议,决议和语言环境和主题设计的。缺省的操作是一个非常简单的控制器接口,他只是提供了一个“ModelAndView handleRequest(request请求,response响应)”的方法。这已经可以将它应用于一个应用的程序控制器,但是,如果你想包含多个层次的控制,Abstract Controlerr,AbstractCommand Controllers,

MultiAction Controllers,SimpleForm Controllers,AbstractWizardForm Controller将帮助你完成,应用程序控制器将代表那些子系统通常是子类。注意,你可以选择一个适当的基类:如果你没有web form(网络形式),你就不必用 Form Controller。这便就是和Struts最大的不同区别了。你可以把任何物体作为命令或者形式对象来操作任何对象:这就可以不需要接口工具或者一个基础类的驱动。Spring的数据绑定是非常的高度灵活的。举例来说,对待类型不匹配的验证错误,他描述了具有在应用范围内的校验错误的输入机制,但不是系统错误。

所以在你的形式对象里面你大可不需要复制你的业务对象的Spring框架中的属性作为字符串表单对象,就能够处理无效的提交,或将字符串。相反,它通常比直接绑定到您的业务对象。这是另一个主要区别Struts是建立在需要基类行动和ActionForm——对任何类型的行动。只需要操作出错的子任务,或者适当的转换spring框架。换句话来说,他通常可以很好的字节绑定你的业务对象。这也是和Struts围绕请求基础类Action和ActionForm(每个action操作类型)建立主要的不同之一。

对比WebWork(网络系统),Spring框架更多的区别在于对象角色:Spring 框架支持控制器的概念,一个可选的操作命令或者表单对象,得到数据并传递给视图的模式这个模型。这个模式通常包含命令和表单对象,但有时也包含任意的参考数据。换句话来说,相反一个webwork aciton(网络系统动作)联合了所有这些角色到单独的对象中。网络系统不允许你用已经存在的业务对象作为你f 表单的一部分,但是只生成各自相关Action操作类的bean属性。

最后,相同的操作请求的aciotn操作实例在一个视图里面获得赋值和形成人口集群。因此,引用数据需要模仿作为行动的bean属性。这些可以说是太多的角色在一个对象中。

然而,参考数据也需要作为action的属性被模拟。一个类里面有太多的角色是值得讨论的。

关于视图:Spring框架的视图方案非常的灵活。甚至可以编写一个视图控制器实现通过respongse返回ModelAndview对象的null值,就可以直接写到一个视图。

在通常的状况下,一个ModelAndView实例结合了一个view(视图名称)和一个model Map(模型地图),包含了bean 名称和相应的通讯对象(像命令或者形式,参考数据,等等)。视图名称解析是非常高端的配置,不是通过bean 名称,一个propertiese 文件,就是通过你自己的ViewResolver来实现的。这个抽象的model Map(模型映射)允许你在视图层面完成提取视图,没有任何的争辩麻烦:JSP ,速度,或者其他,每一种渲染器都可以直接完整集成使用。这个model Map(模型映射)还可以简单转化得到适当的格式化数据的转换,像JSP 请求属性或者Velocity模板模式。

3、集成:用Spring一个不同web框架

许多开发团队将为他们已有的项目或者新的项目已经获得的期限和工具进行投资。这里没有像Struts那样大量的图书和工具,但是同样我们又大量的拥有Spring开发技巧的开发人员。然而,如果你愿意生活在Strust的构架瑕疵中

的话,它仍然是一种可行的选择web层而他将会是你在web层开发不错的选择。当然,其他应用也是一样。

如果你不想Spring框架的web MVC,但是又想借用Spring框架嫁接其他的解决方案,你可以非常简单的通过Spring框架来继承你自己的web框架。你可以非常简单的通过Context LoaderListener启动一个Spring root application context,并且,通过Struts 或者网络系统的action,利用Servletcontext 属性(或者Spring的helper方法)存取它。值得注意的事,这里没有任何的”plugings”被调用,因此没有专门的集成:来自web层的视图,你可以简单的将Spring作为一个管理application context 实例入口点的类库。

所有你注册的bean和Spring框架的服务都可以在不需要Spring框架的web MVC的情况下都可以被你轻松掌握。Spring不是和Struts,Webwork这些应用进行竞争,他将作为一个纯web框架应用于很多领域,它解决了许多领域,纯web 框架不从bean配置数据访问和事务处理。因为它不需要配置数据存储和事务操作。所以,你可以利用Spring提供的中间层和数据存储层来丰富你的应用,甚至,你只是想用JDBC或者Hibernate进行事务抽象。

4、特点核对列表

如果聚焦于web支持,Spring框架的一些显著特点是:清楚的角色分离:controller,validator,command object,form object,model object和Dispatcher Servlet,handler mapping vs view resolver,等等。

强大而且直接简单的框架和作为javaBean的应用配置,包括简单的参照和应用程序上下文引用内容,例如,从web控制器到业务对象和数据校验器。

适应性,外挂:无论使用什么样的控制器你都需要得到替代Action/ActionForm所做的每件事情的方案(简单,命令,form,范例,多重action,或者定制一个)重用业务逻辑代码,而不是源于Action/ ActionForm 一切。不需要复制:

你可以用已经有的业务逻辑对象作为命令或者form对象代替反射特定的actionform子类。可以定制的绑定和数据校验:作为应用级的输入机制的错误校验,固定日期和数字绑定,定制绑定和验证:类型不匹配,应用程序级验证错误,使违规值,本地化的日期和号码绑定等代替String-only表单对象手工解析和转换为业务对象。例如,通过手动检查和转换业务对象来替换单个的spring。可定制的操作,可定制的视图方案:通过名字/值映射灵活的模型传送,用一个简单的方法从简单到复杂操作映射和视图方案策略。

本地定制和主题方案:Spring 没有taglib,完全支持于JSPs,JSTL,不需要额外的连接就可以支持Veloctiy,等等。简单但是强大的tag library 避免混乱,最大限度的灵活拓展了标记代码。

土木工程专业英语翻译

a common way to construct steel truss and prestressed concrete cantilever spans is to counterbalance each cantilever arm with another cantilever arm projecting the opposite direction,forming a balanced cantilever. they attach to a solid foundation ,the counterbalancing arms are called anchor arms /thus,in a bridge built on two foundation piers,there are four cantilever arms ,two which span the obstacle,and two anchor arms which extend away from the obstacle,because of the need for more strength at the balanced cantilever's supports ,the bridge superstructure often takes the form of towers above the foundation piers .the commodore barry bridge is an example of this type of cantilever bridge 一种常见的方法构造钢桁架和预应力混凝土悬臂跨度是每一个悬臂抗衡预测相反的方向臂悬臂,形成一个平衡的悬臂。他们重视了坚实的基础,制约武器被称为锚武器/因此,在两个基础上建一座桥桥墩,有四个悬臂式武器,这两者之间跨越的障碍,和两个锚武器哪个延长距离的障碍,因为为更多的在平衡悬臂的支持力量的需要,桥梁上部结构往往表现为塔墩基础之上形成的准将巴里大桥是这种类型的例子悬臂桥 steel truss cantilever support loads by tension of the upper members and compression of the lower ones .commonly ,the structure distributes teh tension via teh anchor arms to the outermost supports ,while the compression is carried to the foundation beneath teh central towers .many truss cantilever bridges use pinned joints and are therefore statically determinate with no members carrying mixed loads 钢桁架悬臂由上层成员和下层的紧张压缩支持负载。通常,结构分布通过锚武器的最外层的支持紧张,而压缩抬到下方的中央塔的基础。桁架悬臂许多桥梁使用固定的关节,是静定,没有携带混合负载的成员,因此 prestressed concrete balanced cantilever bridges are often built using segmental construction .some steel arch bridges are built using pure cantilever spans from each sides,with neither falsework below nor temporary supporting towers and cables above ,these are then joined with a pin,usually after forcing the union point apart ,and when jacks are removed and the bridge decking is added the bridge becomes a truss arch bridge .such unsupported construction is only possible where appropriate rock is available to support the tension in teh upper chord of the span during construction ,usually limiting this method to the spanning of narrow canyons 预应力混凝土平衡悬臂桥梁往往建立使用段施工。一些钢拱桥是使用各方面的纯悬臂跨度既无假工作下面也临时支撑塔和电缆上面,这些都是再加入了一根针,通常在迫使工会点外,当插孔删除,并添加桥梁甲板桥成为桁架拱桥,这种不支持的建设,才可能在适当情况下的岩石可用于支持在施工期间的跨度弦上的张力,通常限制这狭隘的峡谷跨越方法 an arch bridge is a bridge with abutments at each end shaped as a curved arch .arch bridges work by transferring the weight of the bridge and its loads partially into a horizontal thrust restrained by the abutments at either side .a viaduct may be made from a series of arches ,although other more economical structures are typically used today 在拱桥桥台的桥梁,是一个在一个弧形拱状,每年年底。拱桥通过转移到由部分在两边的桥台水平推

毕业论文英文参考文献与译文

Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of

土木工程专业英语原文及翻译

土木工程专业英语原文 及翻译 文档编制序号:[KKIDT-LLE0828-LLETD298-POI08]

08 级土木(1) 班课程考试试卷 考试科目专业英语 考试时间 学生姓名 所在院系土木学院 任课教师 徐州工程学院印制 Stability of Slopes Introduction Translational slips tend to occur where the adjacent stratum is at a relatively shallow depth below the surface of the slope:the failure surface tends to be plane and roughly parallel to the slips usually occur where the adjacent stratum is at greater depth,the failure surface consisting of curved and plane sections. In practice, limiting equilibrium methods are used in the analysis of slope stability. It is considered that failure is on the point of occurring along an assumed or a known failure surface.The shear strength required to maintain a condition of limiting equilibrium is compared with the available shear strength of the soil,giving the average factor of safety along the failure surface.The problem is considered in two dimensions,conditions of plane strain being assumed.It has been shown that a two-dimensional analysis gives a conservative result for a failure on a three-dimensional(dish-shaped) surface. Analysis for the Case of φu =0 This analysis, in terms of total stress,covers the case of a fully saturated clay under undrained conditions, . For the condition immediately after construction.Only moment equilibrium is considered in the analysis.In section, the potential failure surface is assumed to be a circular arc. A trial failure surface(centre O,radius r and length L a where F is the factor of safety with respect to shear strength.Equating moments about O:

3英文文献及翻译格式示例

哈尔滨工业大学毕业设计(论文) 英文原文(原文也可以直接将PDF版打印) ASSESSING CREDIT OR DETERMINING QUANTITY? THE EVOLVING ROLE OF RATING AGENCIES Lynnette D. Purda* This version: April 21, 2011 Abstract Over the past ten years, credit rating agencies have come under intense criticism from both practitioners and academics, first for their failure to identify problems resulting in bankruptcies at Enron and Worldcom and second for providing overly optimistic ratings for structured finance products. While many investors question the value of rating agencies in light of these criticisms, they have proven remarkably resilient. This paper provides a brief background on how rating agencies secured competitive advantages in evaluating credit quality. It then reviews the empirical evidence on the information content of ratings given these advantages. I argue that the information content of ratings stems from two intertwined sources: 1) information related to credit quality and 2) information related to the firm’s ability to access debt. Based on this evidence, I suggest that the dominant role for ratings today is as a benchmark for financial contracting. In this way, ratings remain influential in establishing the supply and demand of debt securities. 译文 评级机构的发展的作用评估信用还是决定数量? 本文:2011.4.21 摘要 在过去的十年,信用评级机构一直处于来自实践者和学者的激烈的批评中,首先他们未能发现问题,导致安然和世通破产;其次对结构性金融产品提供过于乐观的评级。虽然许多投资者因为这些批评对评级机构的价值提出了质疑,但他们仍然被证明是相当有活力的。这篇文章首先在评估机构如何在信用评级质量中获得竞争优势提供一个简单地背景介绍,然后考虑到这些优势回顾了一些信息内容方面的评级经验证据。个人认为信息内容的评级来自两种交织在一起(错综复杂)的来源:1)和信贷质量相关的信息;2)和公司获取债务资本能力相关的信息。以此为据,我建议当前评级的主导作用是作为基准的金融收缩。以这种方式,在建立债券的供应和需求方面评级仍然是有效的。 - -1

外文文献翻译——参考格式

广东工业大学华立学院 本科毕业设计(论文) 外文参考文献译文及原文 系部经济学部 专业经济学 年级 2007级 班级名称 07经济学6班 学号 16020706001 学生姓名张瑜琴 指导教师陈锶 2011 年05月

目录 1挑战:小额贷款中的进入和商业银行的长期承诺 (1) 2什么商业银行带给小额贷款和什么把他们留在外 (2) 3 商业银行的四个模型进入小额贷款之内 (4) 3.1内在的单位 (4) 3.2财务子公司 (5) 3.3策略的同盟 (5) 3.4服务公司模型 (6) 4 合法的形式和操作的结构比较 (8) 5 服务的个案研究公司模型:厄瓜多尔和Haiti5 (9)

1 挑战:小额贷款中的进入和商业银行的长期承诺 商业银行已经是逐渐重要的运动员在拉丁美洲中的小额贷款服务的发展2到小额贷款市场是小额贷款的好消息客户因为银行能提供他们一完整类型的财务的服务,包括信用,储蓄和以费用为基础的服务。整体而言,它也对小额贷款重要,因为与他们广泛的身体、财务的和人类。如果商业银行变成重的运动员在小额贷款,他们能提供非常强烈的竞争到传统的小额贷款机构。资源,银行能廉宜地发射而且扩张小额贷款服务rela tively。如果商业广告银行在小额贷款中成为严重的运动员,他们能提出非常强烈的竞争给传统的小额贷款机构。然而,小额贷款社区里面有知觉哪一商业银行进入进入小额贷款将会是短命或浅的。举例来说,有知觉哪一商业银行首先可能不搬进小额贷款因为时候建立小额贷款操作到一个有利润的水平超过银行的标准投资时间地平线。或,在进入小额贷款,银行之后可能移动在-上面藉由增加贷款数量销售取利润最大值-或者更坏的事,退出如果他们是不满意与小额贷款的收益性的水平。这些知觉已经被特性加燃料商业银行的情形进入小额贷款和后来的出口之内。在最极端的,一些开业者已经甚至宣布,”降低尺度死!”而且抛弃了与主意合作的商业银行。 在最 signific 看得到的地方,蚂蚁利益商业银行可能带给小额贷款,国际的ACCION 发展发射而且扩张的和一些商业银行的关系小额贷款操作。在这些情形的大部分方面, ACCION 和它的合伙人正在使用方法,已知的当做服务公司模型,表演早答应当做一个能工作的方法克服真正的。 商业银行的障碍进入和穿越建立长命的小额贷款操作一个商业银行 这论文描述如何服务公司模型、住址商业银行中的主要议题进入进小额贷款,监定成功建立的因素动作井小额贷款服务公司,和礼物结果和小额贷款的课servic e 公司用最长的经验,在海地和审判官席 del 的 SOGEBANK│ SOGESOL 初期结果指出那这服务公司模型表现一重要的突破在促成商业银行进入和留在小额贷款。在厄瓜多尔的 Pichincha│ CREDIFE。初期结果指出服务公司模型在促成商业广告中表现一次重要的突破银行进入而且留在小额贷款。

外文文献及翻译

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