自考英语英语语法基础材料句法
Jackie’s非谓语动词
一、概念
非谓语动词是指不能在句子中单独做谓语的动词，分为动词不定式、动名词和分词（过去分词和现在分词）。其实，一些助动词和情态动词也属于非谓语动词，如have/ has, can, may, will等等。
非谓语动词有时态和语态的变化，有否定式，但没有人称和数的变化。
下面就三种非谓语动词分别举例说明其作用。
1．不定式与动名词：to do / doing
一般说来，在一个句子中，多个谓语动词用and 或or或but等连接，构成联合谓语或并列谓语，可以表示主语发出的一连串动作，但有时这种用and 连接的句子比较繁琐，于是出现了更简洁的方式来连接动词----不定式与动名词，这种连接方式适用于很多动词，比如：
1. I went there and visited my friend.
I went there to see my friend.
2. He asked me and I gave him a book..
He asked me to give him a book.
3. I am sorry. I have kept you waiting for me for a long time.
I am sorry to have kept you waiting for me for a long time.
4. Thank you. You told me the truth.
Thank you because you told me the truth.
Thank you for telling me the truth.
5. Do you mind ? I want to open the window.
Do you mind my opening the window ?
6. I like basketball. I play basketball.
I like playing basketball.
Playing basketball is my favorite sport.
以上例句只是体现了不定式与动名词最普通的一些方面,下面我们将从多方面理解它们。
I. Warming-up Exercise:
1.Can you have the washing-machine _________ (send) to my place ?
2.Be quick ! They have the car ________ (wait) for us at the gate.
3.Those who have questions ________ (ask), raise your hands.
4.You had better _______ (pay) him a visit soon.
5.We needn’t _________ (go) to school on Sundays.
6.We don’t need _________ (leave) so early this time.
7.Your shoes are dirty. They need ________ (wash) badly.
8.Would you please ________ (make) a little more room for me ?
9.Would you like ________ (take) part in the sports meet ?
10.The pupils were made ________ (recite) the texts every day.
（一）动词不定式
1.动词不定式的一般式所表示的动作和状态发生在谓语动词所表示的动作和状态的同时或以后：
I believe him to be an artist.
He was eager to visit Beijing.
She found it difficult to be understood by her students.
2.动词不定式的进行式所表示的动作和状态与谓语动词所表示的动作和状态同时发生：
The book is said to be selling well in the U.S.A.
He appeared to be listening attentively.
3.动词不定式的完成式所表示的动作和状态发生在谓语动词所表示的动作和状态以前：
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting for me.
They are said to have finished the whole project.
Most of them are reported to have been printed on time.
4.动词不定式的否定式在to前加not:
She decided not to be late again.
He regretted not to have cared for her these years.
They pretended not to be listening to us.
（二）动词不定式的语法作用
动词不定式在句中起名词、形容词和副词的作用，可以充当主语、表语、宾语、定语、宾补、主补和状语。它的作用是三种非谓语动词形式中最多的。
1．主语（动词不定式作主语，其谓语动词为第三人称单数形式）
To live here is a pleasure.
To learn a foreign language takes a long time and lots of hard work.
It is important to learn English well.
It takes a long time and lots of hard work to learn English.
2. 表语
His aim is to break the world record. / Our goal is to win the game.
She seemed to have been waiting for her husband.
We are to leave at six.
The meeting is to be held the day after tomorrow.
3. 宾语
I learned to speak Korean. / He wants to tell me the whole case.
You don’t need to be waiting here.
I don’t know how to deal with this situation.
Please decide which is to be given as a sample.
They are trying to find out where to buy this kind of hat.
4．定语
We have a lot of work to do tonight.
There is nothing to worry about.
His wish to buy a car came true.
He is always the last one to leave the classroom.
He has found a room to live in.
I need a pen to write with.
5. 宾补
They asked me to keep reading.
She told him to give her the dictionary.
I saw him enter the classroom.
We let her buy a bottle of beer.
He was heard to say he wanted to go abroad.
The teacher teaches us how to learn English.
6. 主补
She is known to be a good student.
We were asked to join the company.
7. 状语
（1）表目的
I opened the door to let in the fresh air.
They got up early so as to be able to catch the early train.（以便，为了）
In order to hand in the homework in time, they worked all day and night.
（2）表结果
We all worked so hard as to feel tired out in a few hours. ( 如此。。。。。。以至于)
He is too young to handle such a difficult situation.
I’m old enough to get married.
（3）表原因
The girl was glad to visit New York.
I’m very happy to meet you here.
The boy felt scared to hear the terrible news.
（4）be + 形容词+ 不定式
The kind of apple is nice to look at but doesn’t taste good.
The manager is easy to get along with.
二、动名词
（一）动名词的形式
1.动名词一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词的同时或其后：
She started learning English three years ago.
She dreamed of being invited to the party.
2.动名词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前：
My sister was praised for having helped her classmates to review their lessons.
We all got angry for having been cheated by the company.
He admitted having made a mistake.
3.有时，一般式可以替代完成式：
Thank you for telling me the news.
After leaving home, he had to learn to make his own living.
4.动名词的否定式是在动名词前加not:
You have enough reason for not going there.
They insisted on not performing the play in such a small theatre.
（二）动名词的作用
动名词在句中相当于名词，可以作主语、表语、宾语和定语，放在介词后共同构成状语；另外，动名词又具有动词特征，因此可以接宾语、状语或表语。
He dreamed of becoming a pilot. (作宾语，带表语)
Getting up early is considered a good habit. (作主语，带状语)
1．主语
Reading is important in language learning.
Playing the violin is my hobby.
Having studied computer is an important qualification for the job.
It is no use waiting here for so long a time.
It is no good discussing such questions.
It is worthwhile fulfilling this task.
2．表语
My favorite sport is playing football.
Her job was keeping the hall as clean as possible.
That is asking for trouble.
The best policy is being honest.
Her regret is having done so much for him and being abandoned by him.
3．宾语
(1)动词的宾语
The teacher has finished checking our papers.
Have you enjoyed being together with me ?
He kept talking about the same thing day and night.
(2)介词的宾语
They took an active part in organizing the movie festival.
He sat there without speaking all day long.
I’m looking forward to meeting you again.
We are used to getting up early.
4．定语
No one is allowed to speak aloud in the reading room.
I bought a walking stick for my granny.
She forgot bringing her listening materials.
5．状语(动名词本身不能作状语，但放在介词后，可起状语作用，表示时间、原因、让步、方式等)
After getting up in the morning, he went out for a walk.
Jim was praised for having broken a record.
With all his boasting, Jack achieved very little.
They went to the office by taking a taxi.
（三）动名词与不定式作宾语的区别
1.以下动词必须以不定式作宾语：
want, agree, plan, decide, hope, refuse, manage, intend, expect, wish, fail, choose, mean, dare, pretend, promise, desire, volunteer, prepare,
2.以下动词必须以动名词作宾语：
allow, avoid, deny, dislike, enjoy, finish, mind, miss, practise, suggest, risk, can’t help, delay, pardon, complete, admit, imagine, keep, fancy,
3.以下动词既可以接不定式又可以接动名词作宾语
like, love, hate, prefer, attempt, begin, start, stop, continue, need, remember, forget, regret, try,
deserve, neglect, etc.
(一般来说，不定式表示一次性的、具体的，现在的或将来的动作；动名词表示习惯、抽象
概念，泛指已经成为过去的动作。但有些动词意义区分较大：
stop talking 停止讲话remember posting the letter 记得已经寄了信
stop to talk 停下来开始讲话remember to post the letter 记得要寄信
regret to tell her the bad news 很遗憾的要告诉她
regret telling her the news 很后悔告诉她
need / want doing 某物需要做mean doing 意味着
need / want to do 某人需/ 想要做某事mean to do 打算
4. 不带to 的不定式
在感官动词hear, listen to, feel, see, watch, notice和使役动词let, make，have 以及had better,
would rather, would rather …than, rather than, cannot but, would sooner, would sooner…than 等结
构后不用to:
He made her give up the property.
They would rather die than surrender.
She can’t do anything but ask silly questions.
5.接不定式复合结构，即v. + sb.+ to do
advise sb. to do sth. allow sb. to do sth. ask sb. to do sth.
beg sb. to do sth. encourage sb. to do sth. expect sb. to do sth.
force sb. to do sth. help sb. to do sth. invite sb. to do sth.
lead sb. to do sth. order sb. to do sth. permit sb. to do sth.
persuade sb to do sth. prefer sb. to do sth. remind sb. to do sth.
request sb. to do sth. require sb. to do sth. teach sb. to do sth.
tell sb. to do sth. want sb. to do sth. warn sb. to do sth.
wish sb. to do sth.
( 四) 动名词复合结构
物主代词/ 名词所有格/ 名词/ 人称代词宾格+ 动名词（这里的物主代词、名词所有格等是动名词的逻辑主语）
Mary’s coming late made the teacher very angry.
Do you mind my / me smoking here ?
I am sure of him getting on well.
He has never heard of a woman being a pilot.
John’s having seen her did not make her worried.
Her daughter winning a gold medal surprised her.
三、分词
分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词由“动词原形+ ing”构成；过去分词由动词的过去分词构成，有规则与不规则。分词具有动词特征，同时又具有形容词、副词特征，可在句中作定语、表语、宾补和状语；有时态和语态的变化，可带状语、宾语。
分词的否定式：在分词前加not
Not knowing this part of the city, I lost my way.
Not warned by the others, they went into the pit (陷阱).
现在分词与过去分词的区别（时态和语态）
现在分词表示主动、进行；过去分词表示被动、完成。
You must make tea with boiling water. (正在沸腾的水，表进行)
We should drink boiled water.（已经煮沸过的水，表完成）
a developing country 发展中国家
a developed country 发达国家
分词的作用：
1、作定语: 单个分词作定语一般放在被修饰词之前，分词短语作定语一般放在被修饰词之后，往
往可用定语从句代替。
A barking dog seldom bites. (A dog which barks seldom bites.)
The suggestion sent to the board was adopted. (which was sent to the board)
A man getting up as soon as the cock crows is a hard-working man. (鸡一叫就起床的人是一个勤奋的人。)
* 分词与动名词作定语的区别：
分词往往表示被修饰词所发出的动作，即分词的逻辑主语是它所修饰的词；动名词所修饰的词不能充当其逻辑主语。
a sleeping boy ( a boy who is sleeping ) 分词
a sleeping car ( a car for sleeping ) 动名词
a running stream 奔流的小溪分词
a pair of running shoes 一双跑鞋动名词
以下例子都是动名词：
writing desk sleeping pills walking-stick
sleeping-bag dancing lesson swimming pool
waiting room dressing table drinking water
2. 作表语
分词作表语时，现在分词往往表示主语所具有的特征，过去分词往往表示主语所处的状态。
The music is much pleasing to the ear.
They are satisfied with the present job.
He was sunk in thought
The story is quite interesting.
She grew tired of life.
He became discouraged.
He got promoted.
* 分词和动名词都可以作表语，但分词作表语时保持了它的形容词特征，对主语加以描述，而动名词作表语时表示一个行为动作。
The game is very exciting.
The most important thing is giving the new generation a good training.
3. 作宾语补足语
分词一般只在两类动词后作补语：感官动词和使役动词。这种用法中的现在分词表示正在进行的主动意义，过去分词则表示已经完成的被动意义。
1）感官动词后的宾补：see, hear, feel, look at, listen to, find, watch, notice, smell, observe.
She smelt something burning.
Listen to the birds singing beautifully in the garden.
She felt a great load taken off her mind.
He heard his name called.
He was very happy to see his mother taken good care of at home.
I found those students studying very hard.
I didn’t notice her leaving.
2) 使役动词后的宾补：have, make, get, set, leave, keep,
The joke set them all laughing.
The teacher often caught him dozing off in class.
Her words left me wondering what she was going for.
She still could not make herself understood in English.
The writer made himself known by the novel.
I have kept you waiting for a long time.
●I won’t have you doing that.(have 接现在分词表示持续性动作，接不定式表示一次性
●I won’t have you do that again. 动作。）
She saw the wounded man being carried into the hospital.(分词的被动态)
He found himself being followed by a wolf.
4. 作状语：分词作状语表示的动作是主语动作的一部分，与谓语表示的动作或状态是同时或几乎同时
发生的，有时先于谓语动词的动作发生。分词可以作时间、方式、条件、原因、结果、让步等状语。
1）作时间状语时相当于when, after等引导的从句。
Hearing the news, they immediately left for Shanghai. ( when they heard the news, …)
Seen from the top of the building, the car is just like a toy. (when the car is seen …)
Having written an important letter, I listened to the music for a while.（after I wrote…）
On entering the room, she found the man lying dead on the floor. ( as soon as she entered…) 2）作原因状语相当于as, since, because引导的从句。
Being a layman in English, I would like to study it hard.
There being nothing to do, she went home.
The doctor, not wanting to make the patient nervous, did not explain the seriousness of his illness.
3）作方式或伴随状语时不能用状语从句替换，但可以改写成并列句。
He walked down the hill, singing softly to himself.
He hurried to the hall, followed by two guards.
They stood watching the waves rolling.
4）作条件状语相当于if等引导的从句。
Turning to the right, you will find a path leading to his house. ( If you turn to the right, you …)
Given another chance, I’ll do it much better. (If I am given another chance, I …)
United we stand, divided we fall.
Time permitting, I will visit some clients in Shanghai. (If time permits, I …)
5）作结果状语相当于so that 引导的从句。
She was left alone, feeling depressed and angry. (… so that she felt…)
He turned off the lamp, seeing nothing.
6）作让步状语相当于though, even if 等引导的从句。
Wounded, the brave soldier continued to fight.
Admitting what she has said, I still think that she hasn’t tried her best. ( Although I admit what she has said…)
Working hard as he did, he was still unable to earn enough money to buy a car.
分词的逻辑主语与分词独立结构
1. 分词作定语时，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的词。
an interesting book = a book that interests its readers
a rolling stone = a stone which rolls
2. 一般情况下，作状语的分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语；在少数情况下，其逻辑主语与句子
的主语不一致，分词用来修饰全句。
Judging from appearance, he seems to be a strong man.
Generally speaking, this novel is not very inspiring (感人的).
类似的词有：considering(考虑到，谈及)，strictly speaking (严格说来)，properly speaking (正
确地说) 等。
试比较：
Turning around, an old man was seen walking towards the river. (误)
Turning around, we saw an old man walking towards the river. (正)
Seen from the hilltop, he was delighted to see a wonderland of a valley. (误)
Seen from the hilltop, the valley looked like a wonderland. (正)
When using this machine, the instructions must be read first. (误)
When using this machine, you / we must read the instructions first. (正)
3. 分词独立结构
分词作状语时，其逻辑主语与句子的主语应该一致，否则，分词应有自己的主语，构成分词的独立结构。独立结构一般位于句首，有时也在句尾，表示伴随。分词的独立结构由逻辑主语（名词、代词）+ 分词构成，可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随情况等。
1）逻辑主语+ 现在分词：表示主动意义
Mary coming back, they discussed it together. (时间= When Mary came back…)
All being well, the project will be finished in five months.(条件= If all is well…)
Weather / Time permitting, we shall go there on foot. (条件)
Nobody having any more to say, the meeting was closed. (原因=Since nobody had any more to say…) She walked along the path, her daughter following close behind.(伴随=and her daughter followed close behind.)
2) 逻辑主语+ 过去分词：表示被动意义
This done, we went home.(When this was done…)
Everything taken into consideration, his plan seems to be more workable. (If everything is considered…) (*Taking everything into consideration, you may find it hard to do.)
Good luck given, I will earn more money than all of you. ( If good luck is given, = Given good luck,) He returned three days later, his face covered with mud and his clothes torn into pieces. (and his face was covered with mud and his clothes were torn into pieces.)
3) 完成式：
The moon having risen, they took a walk in the fields.
The earthquake having destroyed everything, they became homeless.
So much time having been spent, the work is only half done.
4) There being 结构：表原因
There being nothing to do, we played games.(=Because there was nothing to do,)
They closed the store, there being no customers.
5）省略式：
The old man sat in the sofa, his face (being) serious.
She sat quietly by the window, her eyes full of tears.
The storm over, everything was in peace again.
He came in, a dictionary in his hand.
The thief (having been) caught, they felt relieved.
Everything (having been) tried, they were still unable to find a solution.
He left home, without a single word said. (* He left home without saying a single word. 动名词)
With night coming on, they went back.
* 注意：作独立成分的分词与独立主格结构不同
Generally speaking, it’s easier to learn language in one’s early age.
* To be frank, I am not good at maths.
Exercises:
I. 用不定式或动名词的适当形式填空。
1. ________ (read) Japanese is easier than speaking it.
2. It is no use ________ (ask) him about it.
3. It is no good ________(try) to learn English by _________ (read) only.
4. It took longer than she expected ________(get) a passport.
5. It was difficult for them _________ (understand) our policy.
6. Philip decided_________ (move) to Chicago immediately.
7. She couldn't help ___________ (smile) at the words.
8. Soon afterwards he gave up ___________(teach) and joined the army.
9. Mr Cave denied ___________ (see) the cameras before.
10. He promised __________ (send) me the bill as soon as possible.
11. Martin refused __________ (discuss) the matter.
12. I'm sure she wouldn't mind your ___________(go) with us.
13. Such __________ (build) material may be used for outside walls.
14. I was pleased at his ___________ (achieve) great success.
15. The question is how __________ (arrange) the work.
16. The compass looks like the face of a clock. Instead of __________ (divide) into minutes it is divided into
directions.
17. He went on _______ (do) the experiment that evening.
18. Scientists are trying their best to prevent the atmosphere from ___________ (pollute).
19. There is no need for anything expensive __________ (buy).
20. The ship________ (sink) by the enemy, most of the crew died.
21. I don't remember Wang's ________ (tell) me that.
22. Please remember _________ (post) the letter when you pass by the post office.
23. Stop _________ (talk). It's time for class.
24. On my return journey, I stopped _________ (visit) two power plants the province had just built.
25. We must try ________ (get) everything done in time.
26. If you can't fall asleep, try_________ (count) sheep.
27. I don't mean __________ (say) we are perfect. We still have shortcomings in our work.
28. To raise wages means ___________ (increase) purchasing power.
29. I'm so glad you are here. I have been wanting __________ (talk) to you.
30. Your coat wants __________ (brush).
II. 用非谓语动词的各种形式填空：
1. He doesn't mind _________ (criticize) as long as the criticism is constructive.
2. If I catch you _________ (cheat) again, I shall make you _________ (stay) in after school ________(do)
some extra work.
3. He decided (put) broken glass on top of his wall_________ (prevent) boys __________ (climb) over it.
4. He resented (ask) (wait). He expected (see) by the doctor at once.
5. Like many other people, I dislike ________ (have) someone _________ (look) over my shoulder________
(read) my newspaper. I find it difficult _________(prevent) myself from _______ (say) something sarcastic. 6. He can't bear ________ (see) anyone _________ (sit) around without doing anything. Whenever he finds me
_________ (relax) or________ (read), he will come up with a job which has __________ (do) at once.
7. It's no good _________ (write) to him; he never answers letters. The only thing __________ (do) is _____
(go) and _________ (see) him.
8. She remembers part of her childhood quite clearly. She remembers _________ (go) to school for the first
time and _________ (be) frightened and __________ (put) her finger in her mouth. And she remembers her teacher ________ (tell) her ________ (take) it out. '
9. Don't disturb the _________ (sleep) child.
10. I waited for my friend at the airport. He had telephoned to tell me the _________ (expect) arrival time of his
flight.
11. __________ (frighten) horses sometimes get out of control.
12. We saw the doors of the room __________ (open and shut) in the wind.
13. The teachers were kept __________ (wait) for quite a long time.
14. What you have told me is __________ (astonish).
15. I was _________ (surprise) ___________ (find) that he knew nothing about the subject.
16. We heard her ________ (sing) in the next room.
17. Most of the shop assistants________ (work) in the store are young people.
18. While ________ (wait) for the bus, the old man saw one of his old friends.
19. The room __________ (repair) will become our new lab.
20. _______ (give) a wrong address, he could not find his friend’s flat.
完整版初中英语语法大全知识点总结
英语语法大全 初中英语语法 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. ：who, she, you, it . 主要用来代替名词。如)： 2、代词(pron.3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I'm Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、 代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接 宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了 一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信)
英语词法和句法
英语词法和句法 根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的功用将词分为若干类，叫做词类。一个句子由各个功用不同的部分所构成，这些部分叫做句子成分。学一个词，要学它的发音、拼法、意义，也要记它的词类；更重要的是要了解它和其他词的关系，及其在句中作什么句子成分。如China is in East Asia(中国位于东亚)一句中的China这个单词所属的词类是名词，在句子中作主语。 ●词类：英语的词通常分为十大类： 1.名词(noun，缩写为n.)表示人、事物、地点、现象及其他抽象概念的词。如Girl(女 孩)、book(书)、Tokyo(东京)、war(战争)、Goodness(善良) 2.代词(pronoun，缩写为pron.)用来代替名词并起名次作用的词如we(我们)，his(他 的)，all(全部)。 3.形容词(adjective，缩写为adj.)用来修饰名词和代词，起描述名词和代词的性质。 如great(伟大的)，honest(诚实的)，difficult(困难的)。 4.副词(adverb，缩写为。adv.)是修饰动词、形容词和副词的词，有时修饰全句。如 quickly(快)，often(经常)，very(很)。 5.动词(verb，缩写为v)表示动作和状态，如write(写)，walk(行走)，think(想)。 6.数词(numeral，缩写为num.)是表示“多少”和“顺序先后”的词，如four(四)， eighteen(十八)，first(第一)，eighth(十八)，hundred(一百)。 7.冠词(article，缩写为art.)本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前 面,帮助指明名词的含义，表示的名词数量或者特征。如a，an(一个)，the(这，那)。 8.介词(preposition，缩写为prep.)是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的 虚词，在句中不能单独作句子成分。如from(从)，in(在…内)，between(在…之间)。9.连词(conjunction，缩写为conj.)是连接词、短语、从句和句子的词，如and(和)， because(因为)，if(假如)。 10.感叹词(interjection，缩写为int.)表示喜怒哀乐等感情的词。如，oh(噢)，aha(啊 哈)，hush(嘘)。 注意点一：属于前六类(名、代、形、数、动、副等词)的词都有实义，叫做实词(notional word)。属于后四类（冠、介、连、感等词）的词没有实义，叫做虚词(form word)。注意点二：不少词可以属于几个词类，如work(工作；动词和名词)，fast(快；形容词和副词)，since(自从；连词和介词)等。 ●句法 1.句子：是由词和词组构成的、能够表达完整的意思的语言单位。 2.句子成分：指构成句子的各组成部分，即词和短语在句子中的各种语法意义。英语 的句子由主语部分与谓语部分组成。具体地讲，主要有下列六种句子成分：
英语语法基础入门
英语基础语法知识（一） 第一节词类和句子成分 一、词类 能够自由运用的最小语言单位叫词。根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的作用所作的分类叫词类（parts of speech）。 英语的词通常分为十大类，即名词、冠词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、动词、介词、连词和感叹词。现分别叙述如下： （一）名词 名词(noun)是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。例如： foreigner外国人 soap 肥皂Newton牛顿 law 法律freedom自由peace和平 英语名词可分为两大类： < 1。普通名词(common noun)是某一类人、事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如： teacher教师 market市场rice大米 magazine杂志sound声音production生产 2。专有名词(proper noun)是特定的某人、地方或机构的名称。专有名词的第一个字母必须 大写。例如： Hemingway海明威 Russia 俄罗斯 New York 纽约 United Nations联合国 名词又可分为可数名词(countable noun)与不可数名词(uncountable noun)两种。可数名词有单、复数之分。绝大多数名词的复数形式的构成是在单数名词的后面加-s或-es。例如： shop→shops商店 bus→buses 公共汽车 library→libraries图书馆
toy→toys玩具leaf→leaves树叶 英语中有一些名词的复数形式是不规则的。例如： man→men男人tooth→teeth牙齿datum→data数据 有关名词复数形式构成的具体规则，请参阅有关的英语语法书。 （二）冠词 冠词(article)放在名词之前，帮助说明该名词所指的对象。冠词分为不定冠词(indefinite article)和定冠词(definite article)两种。 不定冠词为a/an，用在单数名词之前，表示某一类人或事物的“一个”。a用在以辅音开头的名词之前，an用在以元音开头的名词之前。例如： a hotel 一家旅馆 a chance 一次机会 a double room一个双人间 a useful book一本有用的书 an exhibition一次展览an honest man一个诚实的人 冠词只有一个，既the，表示某一类人或事物中特定的一个或一些。可用于单数或复数名词前，也可用于不可数名词前。例如： · the TV programs那些电视节目 the house那座房子 the Olympic Games奥运会 （三）代词 代词(pronoun)是用来指代人或事物的词。代词包括： 1。人称代词，如：I, you, they, it等； 2。物主代词，如：my, his, their, our, mine, hers等； 3。反身代词，如：myself, yourself, itself, ourselves, oneself等； 4。相互代词，如：each other, one another等； 5。指示代词，如：this, that, these, those, such, same等；
小学英语语法基础知识大全蓝本
小学英语语法汇总（蓝本） 可数名词与不可数名词“分家” 一、可数名词与不可数名词的区别 可数名词是可以按个数来计算的普通名词，分为个体名词(表示某类人或事物中的个体，如worker, farmer, desk, factory等)和集体名词(表示作为一个整体来看的一群人或一些事物，如people, family 等)。不可数名词是不能按个数来计算的普通名词，分为物质名词(表示无法分为个体的物质，如meat, rice, water, milk, orange 等)和抽象名词(表示动作、状态、情况、品质等抽象概念，如work, homework, time, health, friendship等)。 强调：不可数名词默认为单数，用is或者was；不要根据some、any、a lot of等词去作判断。 二、可数名词的家务事 可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。指一个人或一件事物时，用单数形式；指两个或多个人或事物时用复数形式。名词由单数形式变成复数形式的规则如下： 1. 一般的名词词尾直接加-s 。如：book → books house → houses day → days 读音：清辅音后读[s]，浊辅音和元音后读[z]。 2. 以s,ss,ch,sh, x 结尾的在词尾加-es 。如：bus → buses glass → glasses watch → watches dish → dishes box → boxe s 读音：[iz] 3. 以"辅音字母+y"结尾的，将y改为i再加-es。如city → cities factory → factories 读音：[z] 4. 以f 或fe 结尾的，将f或fe改为v再加-es。如：half → halves leaf → leaves knife → knives wife → wives thief-thieves 读音：[z] 5. 特例（常考） ①child →children mouse→mice ②man →men woman→women policeman →policemen (规律：man →men) ③tomato →tomatoes potato → potatoes [注：黑人英雄土豆西红柿加es其余加-s,,如：photo → photos ] h ero →h eroes negro→negroes 读音：[z] ④foot → feet tooth → teeth [ oo变ee] ⑤sheep, Chinese, Japanese, fish单、复数同形 ⑥people单数形式表示复数意义，要求谓语动词用复数；people的复数形式peoples通常指"多个民族"。 三、不可数名词的家务事 1. 不可数名词没有复数，作句子主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：The food is very fresh. 2. 有的不可数名词也可以作可数名词，有复数形式，但意义发生变化。如：water (水) → waters (水域) orange (橘汁) → oranges (橘子) 3. 很多的不可数名词表示泛指时为不可数，表种类时就可数，意义不发生变化。如：fruit → fruits food → foods fish → fishes hair → hairs 4. 计算不可数名词的数量，要在数词和不可数名词之间加上“量词+of”如：a glass of water a piece of paper a bottle of juice 5.判断步骤： ↗如是am、is或was→原形 读句子→读该单词→认识该单词→理解意思→看be动词 ↘如是are或were→加s或es
英语语法基本基础知识——时态
英语的时态问题 英语的时态可以分为：“时”(time) 和“体”(aspect)（又称为态）。时是指动作发生的时间，体是指动作发生时的状态。时间与体就象是坐标里的横轴和纵轴，它们的结合交织出了瞬息万变的时空，也构成了英语动词的时态问题。 时间分为：过去，现在，将来，过去将来 体分为：一般（在某个时间点）， 进行（延续某个时间段）， 完成（完成某个时间段） 完成进行（延续某个完成的时间段） 如此以来，英语中就有16种时态变化，现在就用动词为write例，看看它们的形式。 注意：里面的斜体字部分，由于时态过于复杂，几乎没有人真正去应用它们，可以忽略不记。 下面就常用的12种时态，（其中还有三种相对用的较少的，请注意）。具体分析一下。 一．一般现在时 表示现在的时间“点”上发生的动作或者状态，常用于以下的情况 1、经常重复发生的动作或存在的状态，多与often, always, usually, sometimes, everyday, 等时 间状语连用。 He takes a walk after supper everyday My mother and father work at the same company. 2、表示性格，特征，能力。 Mr. Smith hates fish and never eats any. 3、表示客观真理或者普遍事实。
The sun rises in the east. 二．一般过去时 表示过去某时发生的动作或者状态，常和表示过去某个时间“点”的时间状语(yesterday, last week, 3 years ago, in 1987)连用 She bought a car last week. He came to help me at that time. 三．一般将来时 表示将来的时间“点”上发生的动作或者状态。 The train will arrive soon. We shall know the news tomorrow. 四．过去将来时 过去某个时间“点”上将要发生的动作或状态。 I asked her where she would spend her holiday. I told my father that I should go home next Monday. 五．现在进行时 表示现在的时间“段”上正在延续进行的动作或者状态。 I’m doing some washing. What are you doing? 六．过去进行时 在过去某一个时间“段”正在延续进行的动作。 I was working in my office at eight o’clock yesterday evening. He was making a phone call when I saw him. 七．将来进行时 在将来某个时间“段”正在发生的动作，一般表示一种猜测和未来的计划，一般不太常用。What will you be doing at 3 o’clock tomorrow afternoon? （明天下午三点你将在做什么哪） 八．现在完成时 表示动作在一个时间“段”的完成，而且这个时间段是从过去某一点延续到现在的。经常跟时间状语since 1987，for 10 hours , by the last year相连。 My brother has been ill for 3 days. I have not seen her since 1991. 九．过去完成时 在过去的某个时间“段”里动作的完成，从过去的一点再到过去的另一点。或者称为过去的过去。 He said that he had written her a letter. Helen rang me up after I had gone to sleep.
英语语法基础知识大全.doc
v1.0可编辑可修改 英语语法基础知识大全 第一节词类和句子成分 一、词类 能够自由运用的最小语言单位叫词。根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的作用所作的分类叫词 类（ parts of speech）。 英语的词通常分为十大类，即名词、冠词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、动词、介词、连词 和感叹词。现分别叙述如下： （一）名词 名词 (noun) 是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。例如： foreigner 外国人 soap肥皂Newton 牛顿 law法律freedom 自由peace 和平 英语名词可分为两大类： 1。普通名词 (common noun) 是某一类人、事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如： teacher 教师market 市场 rice大米 magazine 杂志sound 声音 production生产 2。专有名词 (proper noun) 是特定的某人、地方或机构的名称。专有名词的第一个字母必须 大写。例如： Hemingway 海明威Russia俄罗斯 New York 纽约United Nations联合国 名词又可分为可数名词(countable noun) 与不可数名词 (uncountable noun) 两种。可数名词有单、复数之分。绝大多数名词的复数形式的构成是在单数名词的后面加-s 或 -es 。例如：shop→shops 商店bus→buses 公共汽车library→libraries图书馆 toy →toys玩具leaf →leaves树叶 英语中有一些名词的复数形式是不规则的。例如： man→men 男人 tooth →teeth牙齿datum→data数据 有关名词复数形式构成的具体规则，请参阅有关的英语语法书。 （二）冠词
小学英语语法入门(一)
小学英语语法入门（一） 接数字要大写首字母的单词 有些单词接数字时必须大写首字母，并且数字的首字母也要大写，这样的单词有lesson、grade、class、team、row、number等。如Lesson One第一课，Class Two, Grade Three三年级二班，Team Four第四组，Number Five第五号。但是它们不接数字时不大写首字母。 Be动词的一般用法 be动词包括am、is、are,其用法如下： 1. am只用于I的后面，如：I am a girl. I am ten. 2. is只用于she/he/it或其他单数第三人称后面，如： It is a big apple. A girl is in a bus.(a girl 一个女孩，单独一个人是单数第三人称) Mike is in Team Three.(Mike一个人名是单数第三人称) An apple is in a box.(an apple一个苹果，一个东西是单数第三人称) A book is in a desk.(a book 一本书，也是单数第三人称) 3. are只用于you、we、they或复数人称后面。如： You are Number Thirteen. They are in Grade Nine. We are at home. Mike and a girl are in a bus. (Mike and a girl Mike和一个女孩两个人是复数人称) Six boys are in Team Six.（Six boys六个男孩，多于两个人也是复数人称） A book and a box are on a desk.（A book and a box一本书和一个盒子，两个物是复数人称） Three pencils are in the pencil-box.（Three pencils三支铅笔，多于两个物也是复数人称） 如何变一般疑问句（一） 1. 提前原句中的be动词is、are，Be动词首字母要大写，原句首字母恢复小写，照抄剩余部分，然后加问号。 e.g. 1. Tom is in Grade One. Is Tom in Grade One? Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t. 2. This is an egg. Is this an egg? Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t.(an egg是物，所以用it来回答) 3. That is Rose. Is that Rose? Yes, she is. / No, she isn’t.（Rose是女孩，所以用she回答）
看一遍轻松学英语语法(全)
【学英语必看】《英语语法手册》（全） 在实用英语备受青睐的现在，大家在学习英语和准备各种考试时，总是把听说读写放在首位，诚然，学习语言重在实践。但是，请不要忽视语法的作用，特别是在阅读和写作中，他能帮助你分析清楚句子结构，准确抓住句子的要点，更能帮你写出复杂而优美的长句。 以下为你整理《英语语法手册》全集，不需背诵记忆，只要静下心阅读一遍，就能有所收获！ 宝宝更希望你能把他们融在平时的阅读写作里. [英语语法手册]关于词类和句子成分 根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的功用将词分为若干类，叫做词类。一个句子由各个功用不同的部分所构成，这些部分叫做句子成分。 学一个词，要学它的发音、拼法、意义，也要记它的词类；更重要的是要了解它和其他词的关系，及其在句中作什么句子成分。如China is in East Asia(中国位于东亚)一句中的China这个单词所属的词类是名词，在句子中作主语。 词类(parts of speech) 英语的词通常分为十大类： 1）名词(noun，缩写为n.)人和事物的名称，如pen(钢笔)，English(英语)，life(生活)。 2)代词(pronoun，缩写为pron.)用来代替名词的词，如we(我们)，his(他的)，all(全部)。 3)形容词(adjective，缩写为adj.)用来修饰名词，如great(伟大的)，honest(诚实的)，difficult(困难的)。 4)数词(numeral，缩写为num.)是表示"多少"和"第几"的词，如four(四)，eighteen(十八)，first(第一)，eighth(十八)，hundred(一百)。 5)动词(verb，缩写为v)表示动作和状态，如write(写)，walk(行走)，think(想)。 6)副词(adverb，缩写为。adv.)是修饰动词、形容词和副词的词，如quickly(快)，often(经常)，very(很)。 7)冠词(article，缩写为art.)说明名词所指的人或物的词，如a，an(一个)，the(这，那)。 8)介词(preposition，缩写为prep.)表示名词(或代词)与句子里其它词的关系，如from(从)，in(在…内)，between(在…之间)。 9)连词(conjunction，缩写为conj.)是连接词、短语、从句和句子的词，如and(和)，because(因为)，if(假如)。 10)感叹词(interjection，缩写为int.)表示感情，如。oh(噢)，aha(啊哈)，hush(嘘)。 [注一]属于前六类(名、代、形、数、动、副等词)的词都有实义，叫做实词(notional word)。属于后四类（冠、介、连、感等词）的词没有实义，叫做
绍兴版九年级英语词法语法句法手册Unit7(讲解+习题+答案)
Unit 7Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes. 1．I don't think sixteen-year-olds should be allowed to get their ears pierced. 我认为不应该允许16岁的孩子穿耳洞。 (1)当主句的主语是第一人称I或we，谓语动词是think, believe, suppose, guess等词时，其后的从句不能是含有not的否定句；若要否定，须将not提到主句。在翻译时，按汉语习惯翻译。例如：“我想他不会给你打电话的”应译为I don't think he will give you a call.，而不是I think he won't give you a call.。 (2)本句中的sixteen-year-olds相当于sixteen-year-old teenagers，意为“16岁的孩子”。 数词和一个相应的名词单数用“-”连接起来，可以构成一个合成形容词。也可以是数词、单数名词和形容词用“-”连接起来作形容词。如： a 300-meter-long river一条300米长的河流 a two-month holiday两个月的假期 a sixty-pound stone一块60磅重的石头 (3)get their ears pierced属于“get/have＋名词/代词＋动词的过去分词”结构，意为“使……被做；请人做……”。如： ①I'll go out to get my hair cut. 我要出去理发。 ②Why haven't you got the work done yet? 你为什么还不叫人把活干了呢？ 2．I regret talking back, not listening to Mom. 我后悔顶嘴了，没有听妈妈的话。 regret可作动词，意为“感到遗憾；表示歉意；懊悔”。常见用法如下： (1)regret＋n./pron.。如： If you don't do it now, you'll only regret it. 如果现在不做，你以后一定会后悔的。 (2)regret＋that/what从句。如： ①I deeply regret what I said. 我非常后悔说了那些话。 ②I regret that I am unable to accept your kind invitation. 很遗憾，我不能接受你的友好邀请。 (3)regret＋to do。如： We regret to tell you that your friends have left for Beijing. 我们很遗憾地告诉你，你的朋友们已经离开去北京了。 (4)regret＋动词-ing。如： He regretted doing such a bad thing. 他后悔做了这么一件坏事。 regret还可以作名词，意为“后悔；懊悔；遗憾”。如： I have no regrets about leaving the big city.
(完整word版)英语语法基础入门
英语基础语法知识 第一节词类和句子成分 一、词类 能够自由运用的最小语言单位叫词。根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的作用所作的分类叫词类（parts of speech）。 英语的词通常分为十大类，即名词、冠词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、动词、介词、连词和感叹词。现分别叙述如下： （一）名词 名词(noun)是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。例如： foreigner外国人soap 肥皂Newton牛顿 law 法律freedom自由peace和 平 英语名词可分为两大类： 1。普通名词(common noun)是某一类人、事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如： teacher教师market市场rice大 米 magazine杂志sound声音production生产 2。专有名词(proper noun)是特定的某人、地方或机构的名称。专有名词的第一个字母必须 大写。例如： Hemingway海明威Russia 俄罗斯 New York 纽约United Nations联合国 名词又可分为可数名词(countable noun)与不可数名词(uncountable noun)两种。可数名词有单、复数之分。绝大多数名词的复数形式的构成是在单数名词的后面加-s或-es。例如：
shop→shops商店bus→buses 公共汽车library→libraries图书馆 toy→toys玩具leaf→leaves树叶 英语中有一些名词的复数形式是不规则的。例如： man→men男人tooth→teeth牙齿datum→data数据 有关名词复数形式构成的具体规则，请参阅有关的英语语法书。 （二）冠词 冠词(article)放在名词之前，帮助说明该名词所指的对象。冠词分为不定冠词(indefinite article)和定冠词(definite article)两种。 不定冠词为a/an，用在单数名词之前，表示某一类人或事物的“一个”。a用在以辅音开头的名词之前，an用在以元音开头的名词之前。例如： a hotel 一家旅馆 a chance 一次机会 a double room一个双人间 a useful book一本有用的书 an exhibition一次展览an honest man一个诚实的人 冠词只有一个，既the，表示某一类人或事物中特定的一个或一些。可用于单数或复数名词前，也可用于不可数名词前。例如： the TV programs那些电视节目the house那座房子 the Olympic Games奥运会 （三）代词 代词(pronoun)是用来指代人或事物的词。代词包括： 1。人称代词，如：I, you, they, it等； 2。物主代词，如：my, his, their, our, mine, hers等； 3。反身代词，如：myself, yourself, itself, ourselves, oneself等； 4。相互代词，如：each other, one another等； 5。指示代词，如：this, that, these, those, such, same等；
初中英语语法基础知识汇总
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（3）作及物动词的直接宾语，例： Can you ride a bicycle?（你会骑自行车吗？） （4）作介词的宾语，例： You can go by taxi．（你可以乘出租车去。） 第二部分：名词单复数-单数变复数 一、绝大多数的可数名词的复数形式，是在该词末尾加上后辍-s。 读音变化：结尾是清辅音读[s]，结尾是浊辅音或元音读[z]。 例：friend→friends; cat→cats; style→styles; sport→sports; piece→pieces 二、凡是以s、z、x、ch、sh结尾的词，在该词末尾加上后辍-es构成复数。 读音变化：统一加读[iz]。 例：bus→buses; quiz→quizzes; fox→foxes; match→matches; flash→flashes 三、以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，将y改变为i，再加-es。 读音变化：加读[z]。 例：candy→candies; daisy→daisies; fairy→fairies; lady→ladies; story→stories 四、以-o结尾的名词，如果不是外来词或缩写，就加-es，否则加-s构成复数。 读音变化：加读[z]。 例：tomato→tomatoes; potato→potatoes; torpedo→torpedoes; bingo→bingoes 反例：silo→silos; piano→pianos（外来词）; photo→photos; macro→macros（缩写词）五、以-f或-fe结尾的名词，多为将-f或-fe改变为-ves，但有例外。 读音变化：尾音[f]改读[vz]。 例：knife→knives; life→lives; leaf→leaves; staff→staves; scarf→scarves 反例：roof→roofs 还有一些不规则变化，请参照中学英语频道相关文章。 第三部分：名词所有格 A. 's用在单数名词以及不以s结尾的复数名词之后： a man's jo b 男人的活儿
初中英语语法入门基础知识
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语法基础知识 词法 规则名词单数变复数： 1)一般情况下，在名词后加-s; 2)词尾是s,x,ch,sh结尾的词，在词尾后加-es; 3)“辅音字母+y”结尾的词，变y为i，再加-es;以y结尾的专有名词或“元音字母+y”结尾的词，直接加-s; 4)以“+o”结尾的词，一般在词尾加-s;在词尾加-es的词： 黑人（Negro）英雄（hero）爱吃西红柿（tomato）土豆（potato） 5)以-f/fe结尾的词，变复数，将-f/fe改为v加es; 不规则名词单数变复数： 1）含 man（男人）的词一般变为 men 2）将 oo 改为 ee 的有foot-feet（脚）tooth-teeth（牙刷goose-geese(鹅肉笨蛋) 3）以 en结尾的有 child-childen（孩子） ox-oxen（公牛） 4）将 ouse 改为 ice 的 mouse-mice（老鼠） 5）单复数同形的是 sheep（羊）deer（鹿）Chinese（中国人） 注：fish ①作“鱼肉”讲，为不可数名词，没有复数形式 ②作“鱼类”讲，复数形式为fishes； ③作“鱼的条数”讲，复数形式为fish，单复同形。 冠词
冠词通常放在名词前，分为定冠词the，表特指，和不定冠词an（后接元音音素开头的单词）和a（后接辅音音素开头的单词），表泛指。 定冠词使用顺口溜： 特指、重提和唯一，岛屿、海峡和海湾； 海洋、党派、最高级，沙漠、河流与群山； 方位、顺序和乐器，年代、团体与机关； 船名、建筑和组织，会议、条约与报刊； 姓氏复数、国全名，请你记住用定冠； 零冠词 月，季，星期，节假、周、头衔、职务前、三餐、球类、惯用语、学科、棋类名词前，一般不用任何冠词。 基数词变序数词歌 基变序，有规律 词尾加上-th(fourth,sixth) 一、二、三，特殊例， 结尾字母t,d,d(first,second,third) 八去t,九去e,(eighth,ninth) ve要用 f替;(fifth,twelfth) ty将y改成i, th前面有个e。 若是碰到几十几， 前用基来后用序。 人称代词，物主代词和反身代词
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语法基础知识 一、字母与语音 主要字母组合的发音 字母组合发音例词ar[a:]car,bar,far,star al[?:]small ay[ei]play ea[i：]tea,beat,read,eat [ei]break,great [e]bread ee[i：]bee,see,Lee,jeep ei[ei]eight oo[u]cook,foot,look,classroom [u：]boot,food,gooes,room oa[?u]coat,boat,goat oi[?i]oil ir[?:]bird oor[?:]door oy[?i]boy ow[au]how [ ?u]Know ou[au]house or[?:]work,world,worse [?]doctor,visitor,tractor
[?:]morning er[?]sister,brother,mother,father [?:]her,term ir[?:]bird,shirt,third,girl eer[i?]beer,deer,cheer ur[?:]turn eir[e?]their ere[ε?]there,where ear[i?]hear,fear [ε?]pear,bear,wear air[ε?]chair,hair th[θ] three,thirty,thin,thousand [e]this,those,these,they ck[k]chick,click,cock,clock sh[?]Shoe,shame,she,shake ch[t?]teach,chick,China,choose [k]Chemistry,Christmas,school ng[?]sing ph[f]elephant 几个发音特殊的辅音字母 A.字母c在a,l,o,r,u等前读[k],如come[k ?m],coat[k ?ut] 等. 字母c在e,I,y前读[s],如pencil[pensl]等 B.字母g一般读[g],如go[g?u],leg[leg]等， 字母g和e(即ge)在词尾读[d?],如orange[?rind?]等 C.双写辅音字母虽然是两个相同的辅音字母写在一起，但只读一个音,如
英语语法基础知识适合入门基础者
第一章词类和句子成分 第一节词类 能够自由运用的最小语言单位叫词。根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的作用所作的分类叫词类（parts of speech）。英语的词通常分为十大类，即名词、冠词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、动词、介词、连词和感叹词。 一、名词 名词(noun)是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。例如： foreigner外国人soap肥皂Newton牛顿 law法律 freedom自由peace和平 英语名词可分为两大类： 1、普通名词(common noun)是某一类人、事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如： teacher教师market市场rice大米 magazine杂志 sound 声音production生产
2、专有名词(proper noun)是特定的某人、地方或机构的名称。专有名词的第一个字母必须大写。例如： Hemingway海明威Russia俄罗斯 New York纽约United Nations联合国 名词又可分为可数名词(countable noun)与不可数名词(uncountable noun)两种。可数名词有单、复数之分。绝大多数名词的复数形式的构成是在单数名词的后面加-s或-es。例如： shop→shops商店 bus→buses公共汽车 library→libraries图书馆 toy→toys玩具leaf→leaves树叶 英语中有一些名词的复数形式是不规则的。例如： man→men男人 tooth→teeth牙齿 datum→data数据 二、冠词 冠词(article)放在名词之前，帮助说明该名词所指的对象。冠词分为不定冠词(indefinite article)和定冠词(definite article)两种。 不定冠词为a/an，用在单数名词之前，表示某一类人或事物的“一个”。a 用在以辅音开头的名词之前，an用在以元音开头的名词之前。例如：
eirlrck英语-语法基础知识
^ | You have to believe, there is a way. The ancients said:" the kingdom of heaven is trying to enter". Only when the reluctant step by step to go to it 's time, must be managed to get one step down, only have struggled to achieve it. -- Guo Ge Tech 英语语法基础知识 第1课： 1、be（是）动词的用法：am接I；is接第三人称单数，即除you、I外；are接表示多个人或事物，即复数。（我是am，你是are，is连接它、她、他，单数is，复数are）。 2、not是表示否定的词：不是的表达，am not，is not（isn’t），are not（aren’t）。 3、“一个”和“几个”的问题：“一个”是a+名词；“多个”是名词后面加s。 4、以元音开头（如O、E等），前面的冠词用an。 第2课： 1、及物动词与不及物动词的区别：及物动词后面接宾语；而不及物动词后面不接宾语。如I like ice cream ，It hurts。 2、主语是he、she、it和单数名词时，动词要发生第三人称的变化，即加s。 3、否定的用法：在动词之前加do not或does not。I、You和复数名词做主语时，否定就用do not；凡是单数名称和he、she、it做主语，否定就用does not。 第3课 1、my（我的）、your（你的）、his（他的）、her（她的）、their（他们的）、our（我们的）、its（它的）+名词，如my love，your love 。 2、名词所有格形式为：名词+’s，表示“……的”，如Sophie’s world，children’s Day，Japan’s tomorrow。 3、用名词+of+名词，一般用在无生命的名词上，表示“……的’’，如The sound of music （音乐之声）。 第4课 1、“have”和“there be”翻译成汉语都可以用一个“有”字来表示，但have是指主观的“所有、拥有”，而there be则是指客观的“存在，某处有某物”。 2、There be的单复数变化与be的变化规则相同，取决于后面所接的主语。主语为单数，就变成there is，主语是复数，就变成there are。 3、“have”在第三人称单数时变成“has”。 4、“there be”的否定形式在be后加not，对于have通常直接在它的宾语前加“no”，表示“没有”的意思。 第5课 1、一般疑问句概念：是可以用“yes”或“no”来回答的疑问句。 2、一般疑问句的结构模式：助动词+陈述句形式+？