自考英美文学选读_重点总结【英国】Chapter 5 .

【英国】Chapter 5 The Modern Period现代时期

1. The once sun-never-set Empire finally collapsed.日不落帝国终于日薄西山了。

2. Arthur Schopenhauer, a pessimistic philosopher, started a rebellion against rationalism, stressing the importance of will and intuition.德国哲学家亚瑟.叔本华的悲观主义与反理性哲学强调了人的意愿与直觉的重要性。

3. Friedrich Nietzsche advocated the doctrines of power and superman and by completely rejecting the Christian morality.尼采继承了叔本华的理论后,更进一步的反叛理性主义与基督教精神,推崇强权与霸权。

4. Henry Bergson established his irrational philosophy, which put the emphasis on creation, intuition, irrationality and unconsciousness.亨利.伯格森在前人基础上创立了非理性哲学,强调创造力,直觉,非理性与无意识。

5. The appalling shock of the First World War severely destroyed people’s faith in the Victorian values.一战的毁灭性灾难摧垮了人们对维多利亚道德标准的信奉。

6. The French symbolism, appearing in the late 19th century, heralded modernism.19世纪晚期法国的象征主义预示了现代主义的诞生。

7. literary trends of modernism: expressionism, surrealism, futurism, Dadaism, imagism and stream of consciousness.一战后,所有的现代主义文学潮流都产生了:表现主义(强调自我表现,反对艺术的目的性,超现实主义,未来主义,达达主义(颓废派文艺,意象主义以及意识流等等。

8. The major figures were Kafka, Picasso, Pound, Webern, Ts Eliot, Joyce and Virginia Woolf.这场运动的杰出代表人物有卡夫卡,毕加索,庞德,韦伯恩,T.S.埃略特,乔伊斯及费洛尼亚.沃尔夫。

9. After the Second World War, a variety of modernism, or post-modernism, like existentialist literature, theater of the absurd, new novels and black humor, rose with the

spur of the existentialist idea that “the world was absurd, and the human life wa s an agony.”二战后,另一种形式的现实主义,即后现代主义,比如存在主义文学,荒诞派戏剧,新小说及黑色幽默,如雨后春笋涌现出来,其理论基础便是存在主义所讲的“世界是荒谬的,人生则是巨大的痛苦”。

10. Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base.现代主义以非理性哲学和精神分析原理作为理论基础。

11. The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himself.现代派文学的主题便是反映人与自然,人与社会,人与人,人与自我之间被扭曲的,渐渐疏远的,病态的关系。

12. As a result, the works created by the modernist writers are often labeled as anti-novel, anti-poetry and anti-drama.这样一来,现代主义作品常被称为反小说,反诗歌与反戏剧。13. With the coming of the 1950s, there was a return of realistic poetry again.50年代,现实主义诗歌又开始回溯。

14. https://www.360docs.net/doc/a46788369.html,wrence is regarded as revolutionary as Joyce in novel writing. His interest lay in his tracing of the psychological development of his characters and in his energetic criticism of the dehumanizing effect of the capitalist Industrialization on human nature. In his best novels like The Rainbow and Women in Love, he made a bold psychological exploration of various human relationships. D.H.劳伦斯被认为和乔伊斯一样大胆改革小说创作手法,与乔伊斯不同,劳伦斯对写作技巧的改革不感兴趣,依然沿袭传统的完整的故事情节,但他极力展现角色的心

理发展,尖锐的批判了资本主义工业化对人性的非人道的扭曲。在他最优秀的作品中,如《虹》,《恋爱中的女人》,劳伦斯大胆的探索了各种人性心理,人际关系,尤其是男人与女人之间的关系。

15. by the whole capitalist mechanical civilization, which turned men into inhuman machines.资本主义机器工业文明将人变成了无性的机器。

16. Oscar Wilde, his masterpiece, The importance of Being Earnest.奥斯卡.王尔德的代表作是《认真的重要性》。

17. Shaw is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare.萧伯纳在戏剧方面被公认为自莎士比亚后,英国最优秀的戏剧大师。

18. The Silver Box and Strife are such examples, in which Galsworthy presents not only realistic picture of social injustice, but also the workers’heroic struggles against their employers.《银盒》与《抗争》便是很好的例子,其中高尔斯华绥不仅真实地展示了社会的不公平,还生动描写了工人与资本家的英勇抗争。

19. The 1930s witnessed a revival of poetic drama in England. One of the early experimenters was T.S.Eliot who regarded drama as the best medium of poetry.30年代,英国的戏剧复兴了,最早的改革试验者T.S.埃略特说,戏剧是诗歌传播与普及的最佳媒介。

20. This revolution developed in two directions: the working-class drama and the Theater of Absurd.(The English dramatic revolution戏剧发展为两派:工人阶级戏剧与荒诞派戏剧。21. The most original playwright of the Theater of Absurd is Samuel Beckett, who wrote about human beings living a meaningless life in an alien, decaying world. He first play, Waiting fro Godot.荒诞派戏剧代表人物是塞缪尔.贝克特。他擅长描写生活在孤立腐朽的世界里的人与毫无意义的人生。

(I. George Bernard Shaw乔治..萧伯纳

22. Shaw held that art should serve social purposes by reflecting human life, revealing social contradictions and educating the common people.萧主张艺术应该为社会服务,应该反映人的生活与社会矛盾并教育广大人民。

23. The mission of his drama was to reveal the moral, political and economic truth from a radical reformist point of view. His works contain Widowers’House, Mrs. Warren’s Profession, is a play about the economic oppression of women.他的剧作主要揭露当时的社会,经济,道德,宗教中的罪恶,表现了自己作为左翼社会主义改良派的观点。他的早期代表作品包括《鳏夫的房产》,《沃伦夫人的职业》的主题是对妇女们经济上的压迫。

24. Shaw also produced several plays, exploring his idea of“Life Force,”the power that would create superior beings to be equal to God and to solve all the social, moral, and metaphysical problems of human society.萧伯纳还创作了一系列话剧,探索了“生命的力量”---一种能够与上帝齐平,解决各种社会,道德及玄奥问题的超级力量。

25. Shaw wrote plays on miscellaneous subject. The Apple Cart is about politics; John Bull’s Other Island is about racial problems.萧伯纳的作品还有关于政治的《苹果车》,关于种族问题的《约翰.布尔的另外岛屿》。

26. Too True to be Good is a better play of t he later period, with the author’s almost nihilistic bitterness on the subjects of the cruelty and madness of World War I and the aimlessness and disillusion of the young.出色的作品《难以置信》,主题是对残忍疯狂的第一次世界大战近乎虚无主义的嘲讽和对幻灭失落的青年一代的忧伤。

27. One feature of Shaw’s charac terization is that he makes the trick of showing up one character vividly at the expense of another.萧伯纳人物塑造方面的特点是他经常不惜贬低另一些角色来

极力生动形象地展示某一个角色。

28. Much of Shavian drama is constructed around the inversion of a conventional theatrical situation.萧伯纳的许多戏剧情节与角色都在传统的基础上发生倒转错位。

29. The forward motion consists not in the unrolling of plot but in the operation of the spirit of discourse.动作的进行不仅体现在情节的铺展中,也体现在对白的内涵

中。(情节丰富,但不以情节取胜,生动的对白超越了故事情节的光彩

(II. John Galsworthy约翰.高尔斯华绥

30. The Forsyte Saga, his first trilogy: The Man of Property, In Chancery and To Let. His second Forsyte trilogy, A Modern Comedy, appeared in 1929, and the third, End of the chapter, posthumously in 1934.一战之后他完成了第一部费尔塞特世家三部曲,包

括《财主》,《骑虎难下》,《出租》。第二部费尔塞特三部曲《现代喜剧》于1929年问世,第三部《篇章末尾》,则在他去世后的1934年出版。

31. Galsworthy was a conventional writer, having inherited the fine traditions of the great Victorian novelists of the critical realism such as Dickens and Thackeray.高尔斯华绥是传统型作家,继承了狄更斯,萨克雷等维多利亚时期文学家的优良风格。

32. He wrote in a clear and unpretentious style with a clear and straightforward

king1970uage.他的语言与风格都是同样的清晰,直白,毫无做作。

33. The Man of Property: The theme of this novel is that of the predominant possessive instinct of the Forsytes and its effects upon the personal relationships.《财主》:这部小说展示了费尔塞特家族盛行的占有欲与唯利是图,这种占有欲深刻影响到家族内的人际关系。

(III.William Butler Yeats威廉.巴特勒.叶芝

34. In 1923, he was awarded Nobel Prize for literature.1923年他获得了诺贝尔文

学奖。

35. He came to see that literature should not be an end in itself but the expression of conviction and the garment of noble emotion.他认为艺术的最终目的并非它本身,而是对社会成员的说教及对高尚情感的抒发。

36. His poetic achievement stands at the center of modern literature.他是最优秀的英文诗人之一,是现代文学的中流砥柱。

37. Yeats has achieved suggestive patterns of meaning by a careful counterpointing of contrasting ideas or images.叶芝还实现了意义的深邃暗含,因为他将反差极大的意象对应起来。

38. “The Lake Isle of Innisfree”is just a popular representative of such poems.“伊尼斯弗利的湖中沙洲”一诗便是这样的典范。

39. Yeats came to realize that eternal beauty could only live in the realm of art.他渐渐意识到永恒的美只存在于艺术王国。

(IV. T.S.Eliot T.S.埃略特

40. His first important poem,“The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock,”appeared in 1915.他的第一首重要诗作“J. A.布鲁富克劳的情歌”于1915年问世。

41. He won various awards, including the Nobel Prize and the Order of Merit in 1948.他一生荣获许多大奖,包括1948年的诺贝尔文学奖与功绩勋位。

42. As a young man with bitter disillusionment and with boldness in the handling of king1970uage, Eliot had explore in his early poetry various aspects of decay of culture in the modern Western world, expressing a sense of the disintegration of life.作为一个经历过幻灭痛苦的青年,凭借着灵活运用语言的勇气,埃略特在早期诗歌中探索了现代化西方文明在各方个面的衰败,传达出一种生命崩溃的悲观。

43. The poem is heavily indebted to James Joyce in terms of the stream-of-consciousness

technique.《衰老》一诗很大程度上效仿了乔伊斯的意识流手法,而且埃略特在以后的创作中也大量运用了意识流。

44. The Hollow Men, which bears a strong thematic resemblance to The Waste Land, is generally regarded as the darkest of Eliot’s poems.《空洞的人》在主题上十分近似《荒原》,是埃略特最黑暗的诗。

45. “The Waste Land”not only presents a panorama of physical disorder and spiritual desolation in the modern Western world, but also reflects the prevalent mood of disillusionment and despair of a whole post-war generation.《荒原》不仅全面展现了现代西方社会物质上的错乱和精神上的颓败,而且也反映出战后一代人中盛行的幻灭

与绝望。

46. The Waste Land is a poem concerned with the spiritual breakup of a modern civilization in which human life has lost its meaning, significance and purpose.《荒原》一诗的主题是表现现代文明中人们精神的堕落与崩溃,人生已失去了意义与目的。

47. In his famous essay,“Tradition and individual Talent,”Eliot put great emphasis on the importance of tradition both in creative writing and in criticism.在著名散文“传统与个人天才”中,他强调传统对创作与评论两方面的重要作用。

48. Eliot came to believe that the illness of the modern world was of the sum of individual souls, and that the cure could only be obtained by the change of the individual souls through the religious salvation.埃略特认为现代社会的弊病是每个社会成员灵魂深处弊病的总合,只有通过宗教救赎人的灵魂才能救治整个社会。

49. The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock:The poem is in a form of dramatic monologue, suggesting an ironic contrast between a pretended love song and a confession of the speaker’s incapability of facing up to love and to life a sterile upper-class world.“J.

A.布鲁富克劳的情歌”:全诗的形式是戏剧独白,暗示了虚假的“情歌”与主人公自己承认的无法直面爱情及无聊得上流社会生活之间的讽刺性对照。

(V. https://www.360docs.net/doc/a46788369.html,wrence戴维.伯特.劳伦斯

50. His autobiographical novel, Sons and Lovers.《儿子与情人》是他的自传体作品。该作品出版后,他才确立了杰出小说家的地位。

51. The following two novels, The Rainbow and Women in Love, are generally regarded as his masterpieces.接下来的两部小说《虹》和《恋爱中的女人》被认为是他的代表作。

52. In Lawrence’s opinion, the mechanical civilization is responsible for the unhealthy development of human personalities, the perversion of love and the failure of human fulfillment in marital relationships.劳伦斯认为工业机械化的文明是人类个性病态发展,爱情扭曲,婚姻不幸的罪魁祸首。

53. Gerald Crich, representing the whole set of bourgeois ethics. Whereas Birkin, a self-portrait of Lawrence, is presented as a symbolic figure of human warmth, standing for the spontaneous Life Force.《恋爱中的女人》中杰拉德象征着精神的死亡,代表了整个资产阶级的伦理观。而勃金则是劳伦斯的一幅自画像,他反抗着工业机械化带来的种种压抑以及任何一种丧失了生命力的形式与教条,代表了人情温暖及生命原始的冲动。

54. By portraying, in Aaron’s Rod, a disillusioned man who attempts to save his integrity by running away again and again from his wife and children,Lawrence tries to show that every man is a sacred and holy individual whose integrity should never be violated or dominated.在《亚伦神杖》中,劳伦斯塑造了一个幻想破灭的男人,为了维护美德与尊严一次次逃离妻儿,表现了每个人都是神圣的,独立的,其人格与尊严不得侵犯。

55. Irony, humour and wit are the characteristic features of many of the stories.讽刺,幽默,机智

都是他短篇小说的特点。

56. Lawrence is also a proficient poet.劳伦斯还是个天才多产的诗人。

57. Lawrence was discovered to be an important playwright in 1968 with the efforts of Peter Gill who staged three plays known as “the Lawrence trilogy” at the Royal Court. These three plays: A Collier?s Friday Night, The Daughter-in-law and The Widowing of Mrs. Holroyed, have in common the typical working-class environments set in Nottinghamshire.1968年,劳伦斯的三部戏剧作品,称为“劳伦斯三部曲”,在彼得.吉尔的帮助下,在皇家剧院登台演出,从而劳伦斯又成为重要的剧作家,这三部戏是《矿工的周五夜晚》,《儿媳》以及《守寡的霍尔罗伊德夫人》,这三部作品的背景都是诺丁汉姆郡的工人阶级。

58. Lawrence was one of the first novelists to introduce themes of psychology into his works.He believed that the healthy way of the individual …s psychological development lay in the primacy of the life impulse, or in another term, the sexual impulse.Human sexuality was, to Lawrence, a symbol of Life Force.劳伦斯是首先将心理透析引入作品的小说家之一,他认为人类心理的健康主要在于生命的冲动,或曰性冲动,性行为是生命活力的体现。

59. Lawrence’s artistic tendency is mainly realism, which combines dramatic scenes with an authoritative commentary.劳伦斯继承了现实主义创作手法,将戏剧化情节与权威性的评说结合起来。

60. Lawrence endows the traditional realism with a fresh psychological meaning. Through a combination of traditional realism and the innovating elements of symbolism and poetic imagination, Lawrence has managed to bring out the subtle ebb and flow of his characters’subconscious life.劳伦斯通过将传统的现实主义手法与改革后的象征主义与诗化联想结合为一体,劳伦斯成功的展示了角色潜意识的跌宕起伏,赋予传统现实主义新的意义。(VI. James Joyce詹姆斯.乔伊斯

61. Joyce published his first novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. The title of the novel suggests a character study with strong autobiographical elements. The novel can be read as a natura listic account of the hero?s bitter experiences and final artistic and

spiritual liberation.1916年,乔伊斯第一部长篇小说《艺术家年轻时代的肖像》出版。小说的题目暗示着角色塑造有自传成分。这部作品可以说是自然主义的,描述了主人公痛苦的生活经历及最后艺术与精神上的解放。

62. Ulysses, Joyce?s masterpiece, has became a prime example of modernism in literature. The three major characters are: Leopold Bloom, an Irish Jew, his wife, Marion Tweedy Bloom, and Stephen Dedalus, the protagonist in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.乔伊斯真正的代表作是《尤利西斯》,这部小说是现代主义文学的首要典范。只有三个主要角色:爱尔兰的犹太人利奥普尔德.布鲁姆,他的妻子马丽翁.T.布鲁姆以及史蒂芬.德达拉斯,也就是《艺术家年轻时代的画像》中的主人公。

63. In Ulysses, the events of the day seem to be trivial, insignificant or even banal. But below the surface of the events, the natural flow of mental reflections, the shifting moods and impulses in the characters? inne r world are richly presented in an unprecedentedly frank and penetrating way.在《尤利西斯》小说中,这一天内发生的事情极为琐碎,毫无意义,甚至非常陈腐。但在这平庸的表面下陷藏着自然的意识流,反映了角色内心的思想活动及心情与冲动的变化转移,表达空前直白,极富穿透力。

64. This literary approach to the presentation of psychological aspects of characters is usually termed as “stream of consciousness.” And Joyce is regarded as the most prominent stream-of-consciousness novelist, concentrating on revealing in his novels the psychic being of the

characters.这种表达角色心理状态的文学手法便是“意识流” 。而乔伊斯则是最伟大的意识流小说家。65. Another remarkable feature of Joyce?s writings is his style. His own style is a straightforward one, lucid, logical and leisurely; subtlety, economy and exactness are his standards.But when he tries to render the so-called stream of consciousness, the style changes: incomplete, rapid, broken wording and fragmentary sentences are the typical features, which reflect the shifting, flirting, disorderly flow of thoughts in the major characters’mind.乔伊斯小说的另一个特点是他的文体风格，他

本身的文风直白，清晰，富于逻辑而游刃有余；细微，简洁，精确也是他的语言标准。然而一旦进入“意识流” ，他的文风便陡转急变：处处可见不完整，短促，支离破碎的语句和措辞，这些都如实反映出角色的思想意识的怪异多变，闪烁不定及杂乱无章。66. “Araby” from Dubliners This tale of the frustrated quest for beauty in the midst of drabness is both meticulously realistic in its handling of details of Dublin Life and the Dublin scene and highly symbolic in that almost every image and incident suggests some particular aspect of the theme.《都柏林人》：这则故事主题是在单调乏味的环境包围下对美的追求的挫败，故事既富于现实主义又富于象征主义，现实主义在于它细致入微的描述了都柏林的景观与生活，象征主义在于每一个意象每一件事都暗示着主题的某个方面。