英美文学作家及文学评析

英美文学作家及作品简介

英国文学

1.古英语时期

（1）《贝奥武夫》

《贝奥武夫》( Beowulf) 一译贝奥武甫，是一部完成于公元八世纪左右的英国古代盎格鲁撒克逊( Anglo －Saxons)民族的英雄叙事长诗，讲述了斯堪的纳维亚( Scandinavia)的英雄贝奥武夫(Beowulf) 的英勇事迹。该诗是现存古英语文学中最古老的作品，也是欧洲最早的方言史诗。这部英格兰的古典英雄史诗从发生的历史背景、地理位置、主要人物都与英国毫不相干。诗中的主人公贝奥武夫来自瑞典, 完成其英雄壮举却在丹麦。全诗分为两部分: 第一部分讲述丹麦洛斯格国王( King Hrothgar)修建的宏伟宫殿在前后十二年中被半人半魔的妖怪哥伦多(Grendel)每晚骚扰，捉食洛斯格的战士。此时恰逢瑞典南部济兹( Geats) 王子贝奥武夫率家臣来访，欲帮助洛斯格国王除害。国王当晚设宴款待，妖怪哥伦多再次出现，捉食一名济兹战士，贝奥武夫与之格斗，扭断其臂，妖怪落荒而逃，因受重伤回到栖身的洞穴后死去。第二天晚上，哥伦多的母亲前来为其子复仇，之后贝奥武夫将其在一湖泊的洞穴中杀死。史诗第二部分描叙贝奥武夫返回本国，被拥戴为王，统治国家五十年，举国大治。最后贝奥武夫以垂老之年，杀一喷火巨龙，身受重创死去。史诗以贝奥武夫的葬礼结束。

Beowulf is an Old English epic poem consisting of 3182 alliterative long lines. It is possibly the oldest surviving long poem in Old English and is commonly cited as one of the most important works of Old English literature. It was written in England some time between the 8th and the early 11th century. The author was an anonymous Anglo-Saxon poet, referred to by scholars as the "Beowulfpoet" The poem is set in Scandinavia. Beowulf, a hero of the Geats, comes to the aid of Hroegar, the king of the Danes, whose mead hall in Heorot has been under attack by a monster known as Grendel. After Beowulf slays him, Grendel's mother attacks the hall and is then also defeated. Victorious, Beowulf goes home to Geatland (G?taland in modern Sweden) and later becomes king of the Geats. After a period of fifty years has passed, Beowulf defeats a dragon, but is fatally wounded in the battle. After his death, his attendants bury him in a tumulus, a burial mound, in Geatland.The full poem survives in the manuscript known as the Nowell Codex, located in the British Library. It has no title in the original manuscript, but has become known by the name of the story's protagonist. In 1731, the manuscript was badly damaged by a fire that swept through Ashburnham House in London that had a collection of medieval manuscripts assembled by Sir Robert Bruce Cotton.

（2）乔叟（1340-1400）《坎特伯雷故事大全集》

杰弗雷·乔叟（1343-1400年10月25日），英国文学之父，被公认为中世纪最伟大的英国诗人，也是首位葬在维斯特敏斯特教堂诗人之角（Poet of Westminster Abbey）的诗人。作为诗人、哲学家、炼金术士和天文学家（为他十岁的儿子路易斯Lewis完成了关于星盘的著述）乔叟生前声名显赫。除此之外，他还积极投身于为民服务的职业中，做过官员，侍臣和外交家。他的众多作品中比较著名的有公爵之书（The Book of the Duchess,）声誉之屋（House of Fame）贤妇传奇（Lengend of Good Wife）托爱乐斯与克莱西达（Troilus and Criseyde ），最为著名的要数坎伯雷故事集（The Canterbury Tales）。乔叟在促进和中世纪英语白话的正统方面起着举足轻重的作用，当时的文学语言主要是法语和拉丁语。

Geoffrey Chaucer (1343 –25 October 1400), known as the Father of English literature, is

widely considered the greatest English poet of the Middle Ages and was the first poet to be buried in Poets' Corner of Westminster Abbey.While he achieved fame during his lifetime as an author, philosopher, alchemist and astronomer, composing a scientific treatise on the astrolabe for his ten-year-old son Lewis, Chaucer also maintained an active career in the civil service as a bureaucrat, courtier and diplomat. Among his many works, which include The Book of the Duchess, the House of Fame, the Legend of Good Women and Troilus and Criseyde, he is best known today for The Canterbury Tales.Chaucer was a crucial figure in developing the legitimacy of the vernacular, Middle English, at a time when the dominant literary languages in England were French and Latin.

《坎特伯雷故事集》是一部诗体短篇小说集，叙述朝圣者一行30人会聚在泰巴旅店，这些朝圣者有骑士、僧尼、商人、手工艺者、医生、律师、学者、农夫、家庭主妇等当时英国社会各个阶层的人士，他们准备前往坎特伯雷去朝拜圣托马斯。店主爱热闹，自告奋勇为他们担任向导，并提议在往返圣地的途中每人来回讲两个故事，以解旅途中的寂寥，并由店主做裁判，选出讲故事最好的人，回到旅店后大家合起来请他吃饭。众人接受了店主的建议，于是次日一同踏上朝圣之途，并开始讲故事。

The Canterbury Tales is a collection of over 20 stories written in Middle English by Geoffrey Chaucer at the end of the 14th century, during the time of the Hundred Years' War. The tales (mostly written in verse, although some are in prose) are presented as part of a story-telling contest by a group of pilgrims as they travel together on a journey from Southwark to the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral. The prize for this contest is a free meal at the Tabard Inn at Southwark on their return. After a long list of works written earlier in his career, including Troilus and Criseyde, House of Fame, and "Parliament of Fowls", The Canterbury Tales is near-unanimously seen as Chaucer's magnum opus. He uses the tales and the descriptions of its characters to paint an ironic and critical portrait of English society at the time, and particularly of the Church. Structurally, the collection resembles The Decameron, which Chaucer may have read during his first diplomatic mission to Italy in 1372. It is sometimes argued that the greatest contribution The Canterbury Tales made to English literature was in popularising the literary use of the vernacular, English, rather than French or Latin. English had, however, been used as a literary language centuries before Chaucer's time, and several of Chaucer's contemporaries—John Gower, William Langland, the Pearl Poet, and Julian of Norwich—also wrote major literary works in English. It is unclear to what extent Chaucer was responsible for starting a trend as opposed to simply being part of it. While Chaucer clearly states the addressees of many of his poems, the intended audience of The Canterbury Tales is more difficult to determine. Chaucer was acourtier, leading some to believe that he was mainly a court poet who wrote exclusively for nobility.

2.文艺复兴时期

（1）马洛礼（1405-1471）

托马斯·马洛礼，（Sir Thomas Malory 1395-1471）生于明洪武二十八年，逝于明成化七年。英国作家，一生中最有名的著作为史诗式传奇《亚瑟王之死》，书中全面收录了亚瑟王圆桌骑士们的传奇故事和追寻圣杯的英雄壮举。于明英宗正统十三年受封为郡领骑士。《亚瑟王之死》以法国古书作为蓝本，加上了作者的很多虚构的创作内容，并杂糅了一些其他方面的素材，后世普遍认同此书为最完整地描述亚瑟王传奇的文学作品。同时，他也对英国散文叙事史诗的发展做出了不朽的贡献。

Sir Thomas Malory (died 14 March 1471) was an English writer, the author or compiler of Le Morte d'Arthur. Since the late nineteenth century he has generally been identified as Sir Thomas Malory of Newbold Revel in Warwickshire, a knight, land-owner and Member of Parliament. Previously, it was suggested by the antiquary John Leland, as well as John Bale, that he was Welsh. Occasionally, other candidates are put forward for authorship of Le Morte d'Arthur, but the supporting evidence for their claim has been described as "no more than circumstantial".

《三只乌鸦》

《三只乌鸦》是一首脍炙人口的苏格兰民谣，意象是其显著的特征之一。民谣中不同的意象如乌鸦、猎犬、雄鹰、雌鹿，不仅构成了一副动人的图画，而且对突出了忠诚、永恒的主题起到了重要的作用。

"The Three Ravens" is an English folk ballad, printed in the song book Melismata compiled by Thomas Ravenscroft and published in 1611, but it is perhaps older than that. Newer versions (with different music) were recorded right up through the 19th century. Francis James Child recorded several versions in his Child Ballads (catalogued as number 26). A common derivative is called "Twa Corbies" ("Two Ravens" or "Two Crows"), and it follows a similar general story, but with a cynical twist. The ballad takes the form of three scavenger birds conversing about where and what they should eat. One tells of a newly slain knight, but they find he is guarded by his loyal hawks and hounds. Furthermore, a "fallow doe", an obvious metaphor for the knight's pregnant ("as great with young as she might go") lover or mistress (see "leman") comes to his body, kisses his wounds, bears him away, and buries him, leaving the ravens without a meal. The narrator, however, gradually departs from the ravens' point of view, ending with ―God send euery gentleman/Such ha ukes, such hounds, and such a Leman‖ - the comment of the narrator on the action, rather than the ravens whose discussion he earlier describes. Alternatively, the lyrics may simply ascribe the apparent narrator's sentiments to the raven(s), which given the previous personification of the raven(s) seems just as possible.

《帕特里克·斯本土爵士》

"Sir Patrick Spens" is one of the most popular of the Child Ballads (No. 58) (Roud 41), and is of Scottish origin. It is a maritime ballad about a disaster at sea.The story as told in the ballad has multiple versions, but they all follow the same basic plot. The King of Scotland has called for the greatest sailor in the land to command a ship for a royal errand. The name "Sir Patrick Spens" is mentioned by a courtier, and the king despatches a letter. Sir Patrick is dismayed at being commanded to put to sea in the dead of winter, clearly realising this voyage could well be his last.Versions differ somewhat at this point. Some indicate that a storm sank the ship in the initial crossing, thus ending the ballad at this point, while many have Sir Patrick safely reaching Norway. In Norway tension arises between the Norwegian lords and the Scots, who are accused of being a financial burden on the king. Sir Patrick, taking offence, leaves the following day. Nearly all versions, whether they have the wreck on the outward voyage or the return, relate the bad omen of seeing "the new mune late yestreen, with the auld mune in her airms", and modern science agrees the tides would be at maximum force at that time. The winter storms have the best of the great sailor, sending him and the Scottish lords to the bottom of the sea.

《罗宾汉与三个乡绅》

《罗宾汉与三个乡绅》属于中世纪的英国古典歌谣，主要讲述了罗宾汉拯救一位老妇人的三个儿子的传奇故事。罗宾汉遇见了一位正在悼念儿子的老妇人，因为老妇人的三个儿子将国王的猎鹿偷走了。于是罗宾汉用自己华贵衣裳交换一位老人的破衣烂衫，装成刽子手。行刑

时，他吹响号角召唤部下。最后，罗宾汉将州长吊死，放走了老妇人的三个儿子。后来，这三个儿子全部逃到绿林。

Transcript of Robin Hood and the Three Squires

Robin Hood and the Three Squires By James, Matt, Kelsey, and James At the beginning of the ballad, Robin Hood is headed to Nottingham and encounters an old man and woman. The woman tells him that three squires are condemned to death for slaying the king’s deer. Robin Hood then meets an old palmer who tells him the same news. He decides to switch clothes with the old man and go into Nottingham to save the three squires. When he arrives in Nottingham him and his attendants capture the sheriff and hang him while the three squires escape. Characteristics within Robin Hood "There are twelve months in all the year, As i hear many say, But the merriest month in all the year Is the merry month of May" Rhyme Throughout the whole poem, there are many examples of Dialogue. Dialogue - follows abcb pattern** Ex- "What News? what news, thou silly old woman? What news hast thou for me?" The most noticeable act of repetition is at the points where Robin Hood meeting with other people. Repetition Each time he met a civilian it started off, "Now Robin Hood is to Nottingham gone, with a link-a-down and a-day, and there he met a_____________. The theme throughout Robin Hood and the Three Squires is Rebellious. Theme For example, Robin Hood shows his bravery and rebellious side when he fought to save the squires from the crimes they committed.

（2）斯宾塞（1552-1599）《仙后》

埃德蒙·斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser，1552年－1599年1月13日），英国文艺复兴时期的伟大诗人。其代表作有长篇史诗《仙后》，田园诗集《牧人月历》，组诗《情诗小唱十四行诗集》、《婚前曲》、《祝婚曲》等。斯宾塞是从杰弗雷·乔叟到莎士比亚之间的最杰出的诗人。他出生于伦敦一个布商家庭，1569年入剑桥大学学习文学、哲学和部分自然科学。毕业两年后他便成为贵族家的门客，同时结识了以菲利普·锡德尼爵士（Sir of Philip Sidney）为代表的英国创新诗歌的诗人。在这些诗人主张的影响下，1579年斯宾塞创作并发表了他的牧歌集《牧人月历》（The Shepheardes Calendar）。他还著有长诗《克劳茨回家记》（Colin Clouts Come Home Again,1595），十四行诗集《小爱神》（Amoretti,1595），《婚曲》（Epithalamion, 1959）等。

Edmund Spenser (1552/1553 – 13 January 1599) was an English poet best known for The Faerie Queene, an epic poem and fantastical allegory celebrating the Tudor dynasty and Elizabeth I. He is recognised as one of the premier craftsmen of Modern English verse in its infancy, and is often considered one of the greatest poets in the English language. Edmund Spenser was born in East Smithfield, London, around the year 1552, though there is some ambiguity as to the exact date of his birth. As a young boy, he was educated in London at the Merchant Taylors' School and matriculated as a sizar at Pembroke College, Cambridge.While at Cambridge he became a friend of Gabriel Harvey and later consulted him, despite their differing views on poetry. In 1578, he became for a short time secretary to John Young, Bishop of Rochester. In 1579, he published The Shepheardes Calender and around the same time married his first wife, Machabyas Childe. They had two children, Sylvanus (d.1638) and Katherine.

In July 1580, Spenser went to Ireland in service of the newly appointed Lord Deputy, Arthur Grey, 14th Baron Grey de Wilton. Spenser served under Lord Gray with Walter Raleigh at the Siege of Smerwick massacre.When Lord Grey was recalled to England, Spenser stayed on in Ireland, having acquired other official posts and lands in the Munster Plantation. Raleigh acquired other nearby Munster estates confiscated in the Second Desmond Rebellion. Some time between 1587

and 1589, Spenser acquired his main estate at Kilcolman, near Doneraile in North Cork.[8] He later bought a second holding to the south, at Rennie, on a rock overlooking the river Blackwater in North Cork. Its ruins are still visible today. A short distance away grew a tree, locally known as "Spenser's Oak" until it was destroyed in a lightning strike in the 1960s. Local legend has it that he penned some of The Faerie Queene under this tree.

In 1590, Spenser brought out the first three books of his most famous work, The Faerie Queene, having travelled to London to publish and promote the work, with the likely assistance of Raleigh. He was successful enough to obtain a life pension of ￡50 a year from the Queen. He probably hoped to secure a place at court through his poetry, but his next significant publication boldly antagonised the queen's principal secretary, Lord Burghley (William Cecil), through its inclusion of the satirical Mother Hubberd's Tale.[10] He returned to Ireland.

By 1594, Spenser's first wife had died, and in that year he married Elizabeth Boyle, to whom he addressed the sonnet sequence Amoretti. The marriage itself was celebrated in Epithalamion. They had a son named Peregrine.

In 1596, Spenser wrote a prose pamphlet titled A View of the Present State of Ireland. This piece, in the form of a dialogue, circulated in manuscript, remaining unpublished until the mid-seventeenth century. It is probable that it was kept out of print during the author's lifetime because of its inflammatory content. The pamphlet argued that Ireland would never be totally 'pacified' by the English until its indigenous language and customs had been destroyed, if necessary by violence.

In 1598, during the Nine Years War, Spenser was driven from his home by the native Irish forces of Aodh ó Néill. His castle at Kilcolman was burned, and Ben Jonson, who may have had private information, asserted that one of his infant children died in the blaze.

In the year after being driven from his home, 1599, Spenser travelled to London, where he died at the age of forty-six – "for want of bread", according to Ben Jonson, which is ironic considering Spenser's approving writing on the scorched-earth policy that caused famine in Ireland.[14] His coffin was carried to his grave in Westminster Abbey by other poets, who threw many pens and pieces of poetry into his grave with many tears. His second wife survived him and remarried twice. His sister Sarah, who had accompanied him to Ireland, married into the Travers family, and her descendants were prominent landowners in Cork for centuries.

《仙后》采取中世纪常用的讽喻传奇的形式，是文艺复兴时期的一部重要的宗教、政治史诗。诗人原定写12章，只完成了6章和第7章的一部分，共约35000行，但是这部未完成的伟大史诗早已显示出了万丈光芒，像一座辉煌的殿堂屹立在欧洲文学的高峰之上。长诗以亚瑟王（King Authur）追求仙后格罗丽亚娜（Gloriana）为引子，仙后每年在宫中举行12天宴会，每天派一名骑士去解除灾难，亚瑟参加每个骑士的冒险的故事。《仙后》这样一部鸿篇巨著看起来却像一部有趣的传奇故事，很受青少年读者的青睐。但是这部史诗显然有它更丰富的内涵和思想，该诗作为讽喻传奇，是有具体的象征意义的。一般说来，《仙后》的寓意有两大方面。一方面是道德或哲学寓意，一方面是历史或政治讽喻。第一方面较为明确，易于理解；而第二方面则较为隐晦（这是文学自古以来难以摆脱的特性），但是有识之士则能心领神会。比如，仙后象征当权的女王伊丽莎白；―谎言（Duessa）‖象征罗马天主教会和苏格兰天主教女王玛丽；暴君―大错误（Grantorto）‖象征西班牙天主教国王菲利浦，等等。道德或哲学上的寓意显然是诗人的主要意图。想要真正体会出其中真意，最好不要刻意去理解或破译它。理解这样含义深刻的史诗最好心平气和得像充满童真的孩子一样，去直接感受它。也就是说，事先要摆脱各种偏见、定势。因为在文艺复兴时期，一切旧的思想模式都在

逐渐被新的力量摧毁。人类再也不相信旧的枷锁和束缚了，但是新的一切还没有被确立起来。斯宾塞便是借助古希腊思想家柏拉图的极力追求爱与美的思想，形成了一种―新柏拉图主义‖。他试图通过《仙后》来表达他对人类道德的重新设定。所以，要读懂斯宾塞，必经首先学会忘记，忘记自己已经拥有的思想，从头开始去探索人类的思想道德，以至于历史政治。The Faerie Queene is an incomplete English epic poem by Edmund Spenser. The first half was published in 1590, and a second installment was published in 1596. The Faerie Queene is notable for its form: it is one of the longest poems in the English language and the origin of a verse form that came to be known as Spenserian stanza. It is an allegorical work, and can be read (as Spenser presumably intended) on several levels of allegory, including as praise of Queen Elizabeth I. In a completely allegorical context, the poem follows several knights in an examination of several virtues. In Spenser's "Letter of the Authors," he states that the entire epic poem is "cloudily enwrapped in allegorical devices," and that the aim of publishing The Faerie Queene was to ―fashion a gentleman or noble person in virtuous and gentle discipline.‖ The Faerie Queene found such favor with Elizabeth I that Spenser was granted a pension for life amounting to ￡50 a year, though there is no evidence that Elizabeth I read any of the poem. This royal patronage helped the poem along to such a level of success that it became Spenser's defining work.

（3）马娄（1564-1593）《浮士德博士的悲剧》

克里斯托弗·马洛，英国诗人，剧作家。1564年3月6日生于坎特伯雷一富有鞋匠之家，与莎士比亚同年出生。1593年5月30日因在酒吧斗殴卒于伦敦附近的德特福德，作为伊丽莎白时期最伟大剧作家而去世。而与此同时，莎士比亚还处于事业上升期。1587年在剑桥大学获硕士学位。在伦敦期间曾与探险家、政治活动家罗利，剧作家查普曼，数学家哈里奥特等怀疑宗教者结成团体，人称黑夜派和无神论者。曾一度入狱。后被人刺死。马洛革新了中世纪的戏剧，在舞台上创造了反映时代精神的巨人性格和―雄伟的诗行‖，为莎士比亚的创作铺平了道路。有学者质疑莎士比亚的剧作实际上是由马洛代笔。部分历史学家相信马洛曾作为伊丽莎白女皇的侦探首领，进入欧洲的天主教学校打探风声。

Christopher Marlowe (baptised 26 February 1564 –30 May 1593) was an English playwright, poet and translator of the Elizabethan era. Marlowe was the foremost Elizabethan tragedian of his day. He greatly influenced William Shakespeare, who was born in the same year as Marlowe and who rose to become the pre-eminent Elizabethan playwright after Marlowe's mysterious early death. Marlowe's plays are known for the use of blank verse and their overreachingprotagonists. A warrant was issued for Marlowe's arrest on 18 May 1593. No reason was given for it, though it was thought to be connected to allegations of blasphemy—a manuscript believed to have been written by Marlowe was said to contain "vile heretical conceipts". On 20 May he was brought to the court to attend upon the Privy Council for questioning. There is no record of their having met that day, however, and he was commanded to attend upon them each day thereafter until "licensed to the contrary." Ten days later, he was stabbed to death by Ingram Frizer. Whether the stabbing was connected to his arrest has never been resolved.Marlowe was born in Canterbury to shoemaker John Marlowe and his wife Catherine. His date of birth is not known, but he was baptised on 26 February 1564, and is likely to have been born a few days before. Thus he was just two months older than his contemporary William Shakespeare, who was baptised on 26 April 1564 inStratford-upon-Avon. Marlowe attended The King's School in Canterbury (where a house is now named after him) and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, where he studied on a scholarship and received his

Bachelor of Arts degree in 1584. In 1587 the university hesitated to award him his Master of Arts degree because of a rumour that he intended to go to the English college at Rheims, presumably to prepare for ordination as a Roman Catholic priest. However, his degree was awarded on schedule when the Privy Council intervened on his behalf, commending him for his "faithful dealing" and "good service" to the Queen. The nature of Marlowe's service was not specified by the Council, but its letter to the Cambridge authorities has provoked much speculation, notably the theory that Marlowe was operating as a secret agent working for Sir Francis Walsingham's intelligence service. No direct evidence supports this theory, although the Council's letter is evidence that Marlowe had served the government in some secret capacity

英国马洛作于1588年的剧本。浮士德博士为追求无限的知识以征服自然，毅然叛离上帝，以自己的灵魂换取役使魔鬼二十四年的权利，期满后被魔鬼劫往地狱。《浮士德博士的悲剧》是马洛最杰出的作品之一。它是根据新译成英国的德国民间故事书而写成的，叙述浮士德把灵魂卖给魔鬼，魔鬼供他驱使二十四年，到期他的灵魂被魔鬼劫往地狱的故事。在这部作品里，作者肯定知识是一切力量中最伟大的力量。有了知识就可以获得财富，就能探出“所有外国君主的秘密”，就能“用一道铜墙把德国围起”，“让学生们能穿上绸锻衣服”，一句话，能征服自然，实现社会理想。但是要获得知识首先必须和宗教蒙昧主义进行顽强的斗争。浮士德的悲剧反映了人文主义者最终未能从宗教中解放出来的历史真实情况。

The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus, commonly referred to simply as Doctor Faustus, is a play by Christopher Marlowe, based on the German story Faust, in which a man sells his soul to the devil for power, experience, pleasure and knowledge. Doctor Faustus was first published in 1604, eleven years after Marlowe's death and at least 10 years after the first performance of the play. It is the most controversial Elizabethan play outside of Shakespeare, with few critics coming to any agreement as to the date or the nature of the text. The Admiral's Men performed Doctor Faustus twenty-five times in the three years between October 1594 and October 1597. On 22 November 1602, the Diary of Philip Henslowe recorded a ￡4 payment to Samuel Rowley and William Bird for additions to the play, which suggests a revival soon after that date. The powerful effect of the early productions is indicated by the legends that quickly accrued around them. InHistriomastix, his 1632 polemic against the drama, William Prynne records the tale that actual devils once appeared on the stage during a performance of Faustus, "to the great amazement of both the actors and spectators". Some people were allegedly driven mad, "distracted with that fearful sight". John Aubrey recorded a related legend, that Edward Alleyn, lead actor of The Admiral's Men, devoted his later years to charitable endeavours, like the founding of Dulwich College, in direct response to this incident.

Dr.Faustus is the greatest of Marlove's plays,in which the old German legend is freely reshaped.Faustus is a great scholar who has a strong desire to acquire all kinds of knowledge.He is bored of his present study on the academic curriculum and turn to black magic By conjuration he calls up Mephistophilis,the Devil's servant.Faustus makes a bond to sell his soul to the Devil in return for twenty-four years of life in which he may have the services of Mephistophilis to give him everything he desires.With the help of the Devil, Faustus brings his magical art into full play,meanwhile Faustus has experienced much internal conflict,symbolized in the appearances of both Good Angel and Bad Angel In the final scene,there remains only the terrifying soliloquy in which the anguish of the hero's mind is poignantly pressed.(The above is taken from "Selected Readings In English AndAmerican Literatures"the editor in chief:张伯香subeditor:马建君胡晓红Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.Reproduction of material without written

permission is strictly prohibited is my email,Contact me for permission to copy this artical, hope more experts can make comments on it.)

克里斯托夫马洛的最伟大的代表作是《浮士德博士的悲剧》，它的故事取材于德国传奇，浮士德是一位伟大的学者，渴求各方领域的知识。他对中世纪一成不变的学科深感厌烦，开始转向一种黑色魔术。通过咒语他结识了梅菲斯特，也就是魔鬼的仆从。浮士德与魔鬼签立了协议，他将自己的灵魂卖给魔鬼作为回报，魔鬼则要在此后的二十四年里满足浮士德所有求知的愿望。在魔鬼的帮助下，他尽情施展魔术，与此同时，浮士德还经历了内心的矛盾与斗争，这是通过善天使与恶天使同时出现的情节来表达出来的。在最后一幕，只剩下一段恐惧的独白，生动透彻地揭示了浮士德内心的巨大痛苦。

（4）莎士比亚（1564-1616）

威廉·莎士比亚（William Shakespeare，1564－1616年），欧洲文艺复兴时期英国最重要的作家，杰出的戏剧家和诗人。他创作了大量脍炙人口的文学作品，在欧洲文学史上占有特殊的地位，被喻为―人类文学奥林匹斯山上的宙斯‖。他亦跟古希腊三大悲剧家埃斯库罗斯（Aeschylus）、索福克里斯（Sophocles）及欧里庇得斯（Euripides），合称为戏剧史上四大悲剧家。

William Shakespeare (26 April 1564 (baptised) –23 April 1616) was an English poet, playwright, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon". His extant works, including somecollaborations, consist of around 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and a few other verses, of which the authorship of some is uncertain. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.

Shakespeare was born and brought up in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London as an actor, writer, and part-owner of a playing company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as the King's Men. He appears to have retired to Stratford around 1613 at age 49, where he died three years later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive, and there has been considerable speculation about such matters as his physical appearance, sexuality, religious beliefs, and whether the works attributed to him were written by others.

Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613.His early plays were mainly comedies andhistories and these works remain regarded as some of the best work produced in these genres. He then wrote mainlytragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth, considered some of the finest works in the English language. In his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies, also known as romances, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of his plays were published in editions of varying quality and accuracy during his lifetime. In 1623, John Heminges and Henry Condell, two friends and fellow actors of Shakespeare, published the First Folio, a collected edition of his dramatic works that included all but two of the plays now recognised as Shakespeare's. It was prefaced with a poem by Ben Jonson, in which Shakespeare is hailed, presciently, as "not of an age, but for all time".[7] In the 20th and 21st centuries, his work has been repeatedly adopted and rediscovered by new movements in scholarship and performance. His plays remain highly popular today and are constantly studied, performed, and reinterpreted in diverse cultural and political contexts throughout the world.

十四行诗《第18首》《第29首》《第66首》

《罗密欧与朱丽叶》

《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet），威廉·莎士比亚著名戏剧作品之一，因其知名度而常被误称为莎翁四大悲剧之一（实为《麦克白》、《奥赛罗》、《李尔王》及《哈姆雷特》）。戏剧讲述了两位青年男女相恋，却因家族仇恨而遭不幸，最后导致两家和好的故事。戏剧在莎士比亚年代颇为流行，并与《哈姆雷特》一道成为最常上演的戏剧。今天，戏剧主角被认为是青年恋人的典型。凯普莱特和蒙太古是一座城市的两大家族，这两大家族有深刻的世仇，经常械斗。蒙太古家有个儿子叫罗密欧，17岁，品学端庄，是个大家都很喜欢的小伙子。可他喜欢上了一个不喜欢他的女孩罗萨兰，当听说罗萨兰会去凯普莱特家的宴会后，他决定潜入宴会场。所以罗密欧为了罗萨兰，而他的朋友为了让罗密欧找一个新的女孩而放弃罗萨兰，他和自己的朋友为了各自的目的戴上面具，混进了宴会场。

于是，在这次宴会上，他被凯普莱特家的独生女儿朱丽叶深深吸引住了。这天晚上，朱丽叶是宴会的主角，13岁的她美若天仙。罗密欧上前向朱丽叶表达了自己的爱慕之情，朱丽叶也对罗密欧有好感。可是，当时双方都不知道对方的身份。真相大白之后，罗密欧仍然不能摆脱自己对朱丽叶的爱慕。他翻墙进了凯普莱特的果园，正好听见了朱丽叶在窗口情不自禁呼唤罗密欧的声音。显然，双方是一见钟情。

第二天，罗密欧去见附近修道院的神父，请代为帮忙。神父答应了罗密欧的请求，觉得这能化解两家的矛盾的一个途径。罗密欧通过朱丽叶的奶娘把朱丽叶约到了修道院，在神父的主持下结成了夫妻。这天中午，罗密欧在街上遇到了朱丽叶的堂兄提伯尔特。提伯尔特要和罗密欧决斗，罗密欧不愿决斗，但他的朋友（和平主义者）觉得罗密欧没面子，于是他的朋友和提伯尔特决斗，结果被提伯尔特借机杀死。罗密欧大怒，拔剑为朋友报仇，因此提伯尔特被罗密欧杀死了。

经过多方协商，城市的统治者决定驱逐罗密欧，下令如果他敢回来就处死他。朱丽叶很伤心，她非常爱罗密欧。罗密欧不愿离开，经过神父的劝说他才同意暂时离开。这天晚上，他偷偷爬进了朱丽叶的卧室，度过了新婚之夜。第二天天一亮，罗密欧就不得不开始了他的流放生活。罗密欧刚一离开，出身高贵的帕里斯伯爵再次前来求婚。凯普莱特非常满意，命令朱丽叶下星期四就结婚。

朱丽叶去找神父想办法，神父给了她一种药，服下去后就像死了一样，但四十二小时后就会苏醒过来。神父答应她派人叫罗密欧，会很快挖开墓穴，让她和罗密欧远走高飞。朱丽叶依计行事，在婚礼的头天晚上服了药，第二天婚礼自然就变成了葬礼。神父马上派人去通知罗密欧。可是，罗密欧在神父的送信人到来之前已经知道了错误的消息。他在半夜来到朱丽叶的墓穴旁，杀死了阻拦他的帕里斯伯爵，掘开了墓穴，他吻了一下朱丽叶之后，就掏出随身带来的毒药一饮而尽，倒在朱丽叶身旁死去。等神父赶来时，罗密欧和帕里斯已经死了。这时，朱丽叶也醒过来了。人越来越多，神父还没来得及顾及朱丽叶，就逃走了。朱丽叶见到死去的罗密欧，也不想独活人间，她没有找到毒药，就拔出罗密欧的剑刺向自己，倒在罗密欧身上死去。两家的父母都来了，神父向他们讲述了罗密欧和朱丽叶的故事。失去儿女之后，两家的父母才清醒过来，可是已经晚了。从此，两家消除积怨，并在城中为罗密欧和朱丽叶各铸了一座金像。

The play Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star-crossedlovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families. It was among Shakespeare's most popular plays during his lifetime and, along with Hamlet, is one of his most frequently performed plays. Today, the title characters are regarded asarchetypal young lovers.

Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity. Its plot is based on an Italian tale, translated into verse as The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet by Arthur Brooke in 1562 and retold in prose inPalace of Pleasure by William Painter in 1567. Shakespeare borrowed heavily from both but, to expand the plot, developed supporting characters, particularly Mercutio and Paris. Believed to have been written between 1591 and 1595, the play was first published in a quarto version in 1597. This text was of poor quality, and later editions corrected it, bringing it more in line with Shakespeare's original.

Shakespeare's use of his poetic dramatic structure, especially effects such as switching between comedy and tragedy to heighten tension, his expansion of minor characters, and his use of sub-plots to embellish the story, has been praised as an early sign of his dramatic skill. The play ascribes different poetic forms to different characters, sometimes changing the form as the character develops. Romeo, for example, grows more adept at the sonnet over the course of the play.

Romeo and Juliet has been adapted numerous times for stage, film, musical and opera. During the English Restoration, it was revived and heavily revised by William Davenant. David Garrick's 18th-century version also modified several scenes, removing material then considered indecent, and Georg Benda's operatic adaptation omitted much of the action and added a happy ending. Performances in the 19th century, including Charlotte Cushman's, restored the original text, and focused on greater realism. John Gielgud's 1935 version kept very close to Shakespeare's text, and used Elizabethan costumes and staging to enhance the drama. In the 20th and into the 21st century, the play has been adapted in versions as diverse as George Cukor's comparatively faithful 1936 production, Franco Zeffirelli's 1968 version, Baz Luhrmann's 1996 MTV-inspired Romeo + Juliet and the 2013 non-Shakespearian adaptation by Carlo Carlei.

《哈姆雷特》

《哈姆雷特（Hamlet）》是由威廉·莎士比亚创作于1599年至1602年间的一部悲剧作品。戏剧讲述了叔叔克劳狄斯谋害了哈姆雷特的父亲，篡取了王位，并娶了国王的遗孀乔特鲁德；哈姆雷特王子因此为父王向叔叔复仇。《哈姆雷特》是莎士比亚所有戏剧中篇幅最长的一部。本剧是前身为莎士比亚纪念剧院的英国皇家莎士比亚剧团演出频度最高的剧目。[1] 世界著名悲剧之一，也是莎士比亚最负盛名的剧本，具有深刻的悲剧意义、复杂的人物性格以及丰富完美的悲剧艺术手法，代表着整个西方文艺复兴时期文学的最高成就。同《麦克白》、《李尔王》和《奥赛罗》一起组成莎士比亚―四大悲剧‖。

丹麦王子哈姆雷特在德国威登堡大学就读时突然接到父亲的死讯，回国奔丧时接连遇到了叔父克劳迪斯即位和叔父与母亲乔特鲁德在父亲葬礼后一个月匆忙结婚的一连串事变，这使哈姆雷特充满了疑惑和不满。紧接着，在霍拉旭和勃那多站岗时出现了父亲老哈姆雷特的鬼魂，说明自己是被克劳迪斯毒死并要求哈姆雷特为自己复仇。随后，哈姆雷特利用装疯掩护自己并通过"戏中戏"证实了自己的叔父的确是杀父仇人。由于错误地杀死了心爱的奥菲莉亚的父亲波罗涅斯，克劳迪斯试图借英王手除掉哈姆雷特，但哈姆雷特趁机逃回丹麦，却得知奥菲莉亚自杀并不得不接受了与其兄雷欧提斯的决斗。决斗中哈姆雷特的母亲乔特鲁德因误喝克劳迪斯为哈姆雷特准备的毒酒而中毒死去，哈姆雷特和雷欧提斯也双双中了毒剑，得知中毒原委的哈姆雷特在临死前杀死了克劳迪斯并嘱托朋友霍拉旭将自己的故事告诉后来人。

十六、十七世纪之交，英国正处在封建制度向资本主义制度过渡时期，这个时期是英国历史进程中的一个巨大转折。伊丽莎白统治的繁荣时期，资产阶级支持王权，而王权正好利用资产阶级，两方面不仅不对立，还结成了暂时的同盟。由于政局比较稳定，社会生产力获

得了迅速的发展。这种新兴资本主义生产关系的发展，虽然加速了封建社会的崩溃，却仍然是依靠残酷地剥削农民来进行的。詹姆斯一世继位以后，专制集权被进一步推行，资产阶级和劳动人民的反抗遭到了大肆镇压。社会矛盾进一步激化，它从根本上动摇了封建秩序，同时为十七世纪英国资产阶级革命准备了条件，莎士比亚的创作正是对这个时代的艺术的深刻的反映。《哈姆雷特》是借丹麦八世纪的历史反映十六世纪末和十七世纪初的英国社会现实。当时的英国，如前所述，是一个―颠倒混乱的时代‖，而《哈姆雷特》正是―这个时代的缩影‖。剧中哈姆雷特与克劳迪斯的斗争，象征着新兴资产阶级人文主义者与反动的封建王权代表的斗争。通过这一斗争，作品反映了人文主义理想同英国黑暗的封建现实之间的矛盾，揭露了英国封建贵族地主阶级与新兴资产阶级之间为了争夺权力而进行的殊死较量，批判了王权与封建邪恶势力的罪恶行径。文艺复兴运动使欧洲进入了―人‖的觉醒的时代，人们对上帝的信仰开始动摇。在―个性解放‖的旗帜下―为所欲为‖，这是当时的一种时代风尚。这一方面是思想的大解放，从而推动了社会文明的大发展；另一方面，尤其是到了文艺复兴的晚期，随之产生的是私欲的泛滥和社会的混乱。面对这样一个热情而又混乱的时代，人到中年的莎士比亚，已不像早期那样沉湎于人文主义的理想给人带来的乐观与浪漫，而表现出对理想与进步背后的隐患的深入思考，《哈姆莱特》正是他对充满隐患而又混乱的社会的一种审美观照。

The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, often shortened to Hamlet (/?h?ml?t/), is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare at an uncertain date between 1599 and 1602. Set in the Kingdom of Denmark, the play dramatizes the revengePrince Hamlet is instructed to enact on his uncle Claudius. Claudius had murdered his own brother, Hamlet's father King Hamlet, and subsequently seized the throne, marrying his deceased brother's widow, Hamlet's mother Gertrude. Hamlet is Shakespeare's longest play and among the most powerful and influential tragedies in English literature, with a story capable of "seemingly endless retelling and adaptation by others." The play seems to have been one of Shakespeare's most popular works during his lifetime and still ranks among his most-performed, topping the performance list of theRoyal Shakespeare Company and its predecessors in Stratford-upon-Avon since 1879. It has inspired writers from Goethe andDickens to Joyce and Murdoch, and has been described as "the world's most filmed story after Cinderella".

The story of Hamlet ultimately derives from the legend of Amleth, preserved by 13th-century chronicler Saxo Grammaticus in his Gesta Danorum, as subsequently retold by 16th-century scholar Fran?ois de Belleforest. Shakespeare may also have drawn on an earlier (hypothetical) Elizabethan play known today as the Ur-Hamlet, though some scholars believe he himself wrote the Ur-Hamlet, later revising it to create the version of Hamlet we now have. He almost certainly created the title role forRichard Burbage, the leading tragedian of Shakespeare's time. In the 400 years since, the role has been performed by highly acclaimed actors from each successive age. Three different early versions of the play are extant, the First Quarto (Q1, 1603), the Second Quarto (Q2, 1604), and the First Folio (F1, 1623). Each version includes lines, and even entire scenes, missing from the others. The play's structure and depth of characterization have inspired much critical scrutiny. One such example is the centuries-old debate about Hamlet's hesitation to kill his uncle, which some see as merely a plot device to prolong the action, but which others argue is a dramatization of the complex philosophical and ethical issues that surround cold-blooded murder, calculated revenge, and thwarted desire. More recently, psychoanalytic critics have examined Hamlet's unconscious desires, and feminist critics have re-evaluated and rehabilitated the often maligned characters of Ophelia and Gertrude.

《威尼斯商人》

《威尼斯商人》是莎士比亚早期的重要作品，是一部具有极大讽刺性的喜剧。大约作于1596~1597年。剧本的主题是歌颂仁爱、友谊和爱情，同时也反映了资本主义早期商业资产阶级与高利贷者之间的矛盾，表现了作者对资产阶级社会中金钱、法律和宗教等问题的人文主义思想。这部剧作的一个重要文学成就，就是塑造了夏洛克这一惟利是图、冷酷无情的高利贷者的典型形象。

The Merchant of Venice is a play by William Shakespeare in which a merchant in 16th century Venice must default on a large loan provided by an abused Jewish moneylender. It is believed to have been written between 1596 and 1598. Though classified as a comedy in the First Folio and sharing certain aspects with Shakespeare's other romantic comedies, the play is perhaps most remembered for its dramatic scenes, and is best known for Shylock and the famous "Hath not a Jew eyes?" speech. Also notable is Portia's speech about "the quality of mercy".

Bassanio, a young Venetian of noble rank, wishes to woo the beautiful and wealthy heiress Portia of Belmont. Having squandered his estate, he needs 3,000 ducats to subsidise his expenditures as a suitor. Bassanio approaches his friendAntonio, a wealthy merchant of Venice who has previously and repeatedly bailed him out. Antonio agrees, but since he is cash-poor – his ships and merchandise are busy at sea – he promises to cover a bond if Bassanio can find a lender, so Bassanio turns to the Jewish moneylender Shylock and names Antonio as the loan's guarantor. Antonio has already antagonized Shylock through his outspoken antisemitism, and because Antonio's habit of lending money without interest forces Shylock to charge lower rates. Shylock is at first reluctant to grant the loan, citing abuse he has suffered at Antonio's hand. He finally agrees to lend the sum to Antonio without interest upon one condition: if Antonio is unable to repay it at the specified date, Shylock may take a pound of Antonio's flesh. Bassanio does not want Antonio to accept such a risky condition; Antonio is surprised by what he sees as the moneylender's generosity (no "usance" – interest – is asked for), and he signs the contract. With money at hand, Bassanio leaves for Belmont with his friend Gratiano, who has asked to accompany him. Gratiano is a likeable young man, but is often flippant, overly talkative, and tactless. Bassanio warns his companion to exercise self-control, and the two leave for Belmont and Portia.

Meanwhile, in Belmont, Portia is awash with suitors. Her father left a will stipulating each of her suitors must choose correctly from one of three caskets – one each of gold, silver and lead. If he picks the right casket, he gets Portia. The first suitor, the Prince of Morocco, chooses the gold casket, interpreting its slogan, "Who chooseth me shall gain what many men desire," as referring to Portia. The second suitor, the conceited Prince of Arragon, chooses the silver casket, which proclaims, "Who chooseth me shall get as much as he deserves", as he believes he is full of merit. Both suitors leave empty-handed, having rejected the lead casket because of the baseness of its material and the uninviting nature of its slogan, "Who chooseth me must give and hazard all he hath." The last suitor is Bassanio, whom Portia wishes to succeed, having met him before. As Bassanio ponders his choice, members of Portia's household sing a song which says that "fancy" (not true love) is "engend'red in the eyes, With gazing fed.",[1] Bassanio chooses the lead casket and wins Portia's hand.

At Venice, Antonio's ships are reported lost at sea so the merchant cannot repay the bond. Shylock has become more determined to exact revenge from Christians because his daughter

Jessica eloped with the Christian Lorenzo and converted. She took a substantial amount of Shylock's wealth with her, as well as a turquoise ring which Shylock had been given by his late wife, Leah. Shylock has Antonio brought before court.

At Belmont, Bassanio receives a letter telling him that Antonio has been unable to repay the loan from Shylock. Portia and Bassanio marry, as do Gratiano and Portia's handmaid Nerissa. Bassanio and Gratiano leave for Venice, with money from Portia, to save Antonio's life by offering the money to Shylock. Unknown to Bassanio and Gratiano, Portia sent her servant, Balthazar, to seek the counsel of Portia's cousin, Bellario, a lawyer, at Padua.

The climax of the play takes place in the court of the Duke of Venice. Shylock refuses Bassanio's offer of 6,000 ducats, twice the amount of the loan. He demands his pound of flesh from Antonio. The Duke, wishing to save Antonio but unable to nullify a contract, refers the case to a visitor. He identifies himself as Balthazar, a young male "doctor of the law", bearing a letter of recommendation to the Duke from the learned lawyer Bellario. The doctor is Portia in disguise, and the law clerk who accompanies her is Nerissa, also disguised as a man. As Balthazar, Portia repeatedly asks Shylock to show mercy in a famous speech, advising him that mercy "is twice blest: It blesseth him that gives and him that takes" (IV, i, 185). However, Shylock adamantly refuses any compensations and insists on the pound of flesh.

As the court grants Shylock his bond and Antonio prepares for Shylock's knife, Portia deftly appropriates Shylock's argument for 'specific performance.' She says that the contract allows Shylock only to remove the flesh, not the "blood", of Antonio (see quibble). Thus, if Shylock were to shed any drop of Antonio's blood, his "lands and goods" would be forfeited under Venetian laws. She tells him that he must cut precisely one pound of flesh, no more, no less; she advises him that "if the scale do turn, But in the estimation of a hair, Thou diest and all thy goods are confiscate." Defeated, Shylock concedes to accepting Bassanio's offer of money for the defaulted bond, first his offer to pay "the bond thrice", which Portia rebuffs, telling him to take his bond, and then merely the principal, which Portia also prevents him from doing on the ground that he has already refused it "in the open court." She cites a law under which Shylock, as a Jew and therefore an "alien", having attempted to take the life of a citizen, has forfeited his property, half to the government and half to Antonio, leaving his life at the mercy of the Duke. The Duke pardons Shylock's life. Antonio asks for his share "in use" until Shylock's death, when the principal will be given to Lorenzo and Jessica. At Antonio's request, the Duke grants remission of the state's half of forfeiture, but on the condition that Shylock convert to Christianity and bequeath his entire estate to Lorenzo and Jessica (IV,i).

Bassanio does not recognise his disguised wife, but offers to give a present to the supposed lawyer. First she declines, but after he insists, Portia requests his ring and Antonio's gloves. Antonio parts with his gloves without a second thought, but Bassanio gives the ring only after much persuasion from Antonio, as earlier in the play he promised his wife never to lose, sell or give it. Nerissa, as the lawyer's clerk, succeeds in likewise retrieving her ring from Gratiano, who does not see through her disguise.

At Belmont, Portia and Nerissa taunt and pretend to accuse their husbands before revealing they were really the lawyer and his clerk in disguise (V). After all the other characters make amends, Antonio learns from Portia that three of his ships were not stranded and have returned safely after all.

《尤利乌斯·凯撒》