语言学教程 复习题
Part One Please read the following sentences and choose the best answer to each question. (25%)
1. Semantics is the study of ____.
A. linguistic competence
B. language functions
C. meanings
D. social behavior
2．Which of the following is not generally believed to be area of linguistics?
A. syntax
B. semantics
C. phonology
D. etiology
3．There are morphemes in the word “boyish”.
A．one B．two C．three D．four
4．The semantic components of the word “man” can be expressed as .
A．+animate, +human, +male, -adult
B．+animate, +human, -male, -adult
C．+animate, +human. +male, +adult
D．+animate, +human, -male, +adult
5．The maxim of ______ requires that a participant's contribution be relevant to the conversation.
A. quantity
B. quality
C. manner
D. relation
6．The words such as “editor”, “hawker” are .
A．formed by blending B．acronyms
C．coined by back formation D．Clipped words
7．The Swiss linguist laid the foundation of linguistics in the 20th century, and thus was described as “Father of Modern Linguistics”.
A．L. Bloomfield B．F. D. Saussure
C．N. Chomsky D．M. A. K. Halliday
8. is NOT a distinctive feature of human language.
A．Arbitrariness B．Productivity
C．Cultural transmission D．Displacement
9. TG grammar was advanced by ____.
A. Searle
B. Whorf
C. Halliday
D. Noam Chomsky 10．Who put forward the distinction between Langue and Parole?
A. Saussure
B. Chomsky
C. Halliday
D. Anonymous
11．The study of static, or so-called “literal”, meaning of language falls into the scope of , a major branch of linguistics.
A．Pragmatics B．Semantics C．Syntax D．Morphology 12．first put forward the speech act theory.
A．J. Searle B．J. Austin C．N. Chomsky D．M. A.K Halliday 13．The study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in co mmunication is _____
A. morphology
B. general linguistics
C. phonology
D. semantics 14．The famous Cooperative Principle was first put forward by .
A．J. Austin B．G. Leech C．H. P. Grice D．S. Levinson 15．Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and refers to the actualized language.
A．speech B．language C．parole D．language 16．Normally, a syllable consists of three parts, that is, the , the , and the .
A．onset, peak, coda B．peak, coda, onset
C．peak, onset, coda D．coda, peak, onset
17．According to morphology, “-ful” in the word “colorful” is called a(n) morpheme, while “-es” in “apologies” is cal led a(n) morpheme.
A．derivational, free B．inflectional, bound
C．inflectional, free D．derivational, inflectional
18．In semantics, the relationship between “buy” and “sell” are opposites, and “single” and “married” are called antonyms.
A．relational, complementary B．gradable, relational
C．relational, gradable D．complementary, relational
19．is the study of the rules governing the ways words, word groups and phrases are combined to form sentences in a language.
A．Semantics B．Pragmatics C．Syntax D．Morphology
20. Which of the following word classes are open classes?
A. conjunction
B. determiner
C. article
D. verb
21. “Concord” has the same meaning as _____.
A. perfective
B. progressive
C. agreement
D. government
22. Synonymy is the technical term for the _____ relation.
A. oppositeness
B. complementary
C. gradable
D. sameness
23. Which of the following are correct readings of “CAUSE (x, (BECOME (y,
(~ALIVE (y)))))”?
A. x causes y to become not alive.
B. x causes y to become alive.
C. x causes y to become not dead.
D. y causes x to become dead.
24. Linguists give priority to the spoken language not the written language
because .
A. vocal sounds are derived from writing systems
B. speech precedes writing everywhere in the world
C. we have recording devices to study speech
D. spoken language precedes written language only in Indo-European languages.
25. The study of language development over a period of time is generally termed
as linguistics.
A. applied
B. diachronic
C. comparative
D. synchronic Part Two Read each in the following statements and judge whether it is true or false. Write “T” for true, “F” for false on your answer sheet. (10%)
26. For sounds to be allophones of the same phoneme they must be
complementarily distributed and must have phonetic similarity.
27. A closed syllable is one without a coda.
28. Every word has a sense just as every word has a reference.
29. Conversational implicative is a kind of implied meaning, deduced on the basis
of the conventional meaning of words together with the context, under the
guidance of the CP and its maxims.
30. The first meaning for a word that a dictionary definition gives is usually its
figurative meaning.
得分得分
得分
31. Similes and metaphors are different in that a metaphor makes a comparison between two unlike elements.
32. “Shit, you’ve put the peanut butter in the refrigerator again.” This is mostly likely to be said by a woman.
33．The relation between “vehicle” and “car” is called hyp onymy.
34．The consonant [s] in English can be described as: voiced alveolar fricative.
35．Inflection is the manifestation of grammatical relationships through the
addition of inflection affixes, which do change the grammatical class of the stem.
Part Three Please define the following terms briefly (20%)
36．the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
37．Conversational Implicature
38．IC analysis
39．the London School Part Four Answer the following questions: (15%)
40. How to understand the term “affix”? Give examples f or its different subtypes.
41. What is synonymy? What is antonymy? Give examples.
42. What is syllable? Use an example to illustrate its components.
Part Five ．Essay writing. (30%)
B ：Directions ：Choose any one from the given topics and develop it into an essay
in not less than 200 words. （30%）
The Prague school TG Grammar American Structuralism
Linguistics of My View
Part One．
此部分共25题，一题1分，合计25分。主要考察学生语言学基本知识的掌握程度。
1-5 ADBCD 6-10 CBCDA 11-15 BBCCC
16-20 ADACD 21-25 CDABB
Part Two．
此部分共10题，一题1分，合计10分。主要考察学生运用语言学基本知识进行分析判断的能力。
26-30 T F F T T 31-35 F T T F F
Part three．
此部分共4题，一题5分，合计20分。主要考察学生语言学术语及基本理论
的掌握程度。
评分标准：
1) 每题5分。
2) 拼写错误、语法错误、用词错误、语法错误每处扣1分。因拼写错误、语法错误或用词错误造成与原文意思不符，每处扣2分。
3) 内容比答案少按比例扣分，内容多于答案但没有概念性的错误不扣分。内容多于答
案但有概念性错误（如举例不当）酌情扣1－2分。
36. the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: a hypothesis developed by Benjamin Lee Whorf on his and Edward Sapir’s anthropological research and experience with Hopi, an American Indian language. It suggests that ‘our language helps mould our way of thinking and, consequently, different languages may probably express speakers’ unique ways of understanding the world’. Following this argument, two important points could be captured in this theory. On the one hand, language may
determine our thinking patterns; on the other, similarity between languages is
relative. The greater their structural differentiation is, the more diverse their
conceptualization of the world will be. For this reason, this hypothesis has alternatively been referred to as linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity—a view which “was first expounded by the German ethnologist, Wilhelm von Humboldt”.
37. Conversational Implicature: it was proposed by Grice, Grice’s aware that
speakers do not always follow CP and its maxims. In fact, they often violate them.
Whether the speaker follows or violates these maxims, he produces some
implicature –a kind of extra meaning that is not contained in the utterance.
Particularly, when any of the maxims is blatantly violated that the hearer knows that it is being violated, then conversational implicatures arise.
38. IC analysis, immediate constituent analysis, may be defined as: the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents---word groups (or phrases), which are in tern analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.
39. The London School generally refers to the kind of linguistic scholarship in England. The representatives are Malinowski, Firth and Halliday. The all stressed the importance of context of situation and the system aspect of language. Thus, London School is also known as systemic linguistics and functional linguistics.
Part Four.
此部分共3题，一题5分，合计15分。主要考察学生语言学术语及运用语言学基本原理分析诗歌的能力。
1) 每题5分。
2) 拼写错误、语法错误、用词错误、语法错误每处扣1分。因拼写错误、语法错误或用词错误造成与原文意思不符，每处扣2分。
3) 内容比答案少按采分点扣分，内容点多于答案但没有概念性的错误不扣分。内容点多于答案但有概念性错误酌情扣分，举例不当每处扣2分，概念或阐述性错误每处扣5分。
40 An affix is the collective term of the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem).
e.g.: prefix para-, mini-
suffix -ise, -tion
infix foot/feet, goose/geese
41. synonymy: is the technical name for the sameness relation. Such as, buy and purchase.
antonymy is the name for oppositeness relation. Such as husband and wife, buy and sell.
42. The syllable is an important unit in the study of phonology. In English, a word may be monosyllabic (with one syllable, like cat and dog) or polysyllabic (with more than one syllable, like transplant or festival). A syllable usually consists of an onset, a nucleus or peak, and a coda. The nucleus and the coda are called the rhyme.
O(nset) R(hyme)
N(ucleus) Co(da)
k l a p s
All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda. A syllable that has no coda is called an open syllable while a syllable with coda is known as closed syllable.
Part Five
A. 具体得分要求如下：
分析方法见《语言学教程》第三版9.3，罗米欧和朱莉叶的这段对话采用的是十四
行诗的形式写成，说明莎士比亚娴熟地掌握了商籁体诗的写作技巧。本题要求学生掌握
诗歌分析的方法，能够运用诗歌分析的术语对诗歌中的特殊语言现象进行细致的分析。
答案要点和分值：
1) Information about the poem: Shakespeare and his four tragedies, esp. Romeo and Juliet, sonnet in his drama (2)
2) Form: layout (3 quatrains and a couplet = sonnet), number of lines (14), length of lines (10 syllables)
(3)
3) Sound patterning: metre (iambic pentametre), rhymes (ababcacadedeff), other forms of
sound patterning (eg alliteration) (3)
4) Language: figurative use of language, syntax, punctuation, register, intertextual allusion etc. (2)
B. (Omitted)
英语语言学试题及答案
英语语言学试题（1） I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、sociolinguistic C、descriptive D、psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、mouth B、lips C、tongue D、vocal cords 3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___. A、bound morpheme B、bound form C、inflectional morpheme D、free morpheme 4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、coordinator B、particle C、preposition D、subordinator 5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike." A、is synonymous with B、is inconsistent with C、entails D、presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、semantics B、pragmatics C、sociolinguistics D、psycholinguistics 7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization. A、elaboration B、simplification C、external borrowing D、internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、Lingua franca B、Creole C、Pidgin D、Standard language 9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area 10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、learning B、competence C、performance D、acquisition II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ . 13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said. 17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.
《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版课后练习题答案
《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版练习题参考答案 Chapter 1 Introduction 1. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language. 答：Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things. 2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? 答：The major branches of linguistics are: (1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication; (2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication; (3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words; (4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages;
语言学教程中文版
将英语译成中文(简体)胡壮麟“语言学教程”课后答案 定义以下条款： 1。设计特点：是他们的特点来定义，如任意性，双重性，创造性，位移，文化传播等，我们人类的语言， 2。功能：语言的使用ommunicate，思考，等anguage功能inclucle imformative 功能，人际功能，表演功能，人际功能，表演功能，情感功能，寒暄交流，娱乐功能和工具功能。 3。客位：在与主位是从美国语言学家派克的语音和音位的区别源于长期的对比。作为客位芒作出太多，以及behaviously无关紧要，鉴别，就像是多嚼不语言学与语音正确vx.phonemic分析实例。 4。主位：在与客位的是从美国语言学家派克的语音和音位的区别源于长期的对比。作者：主位言语行为和事件必须被作为一个有意义的资源，验证通过的最后一次演说communith本地成员，而不是通过qppeal到研究者的ingenuith或直觉孤单。‘ 5。同步：一类是描述以一个固定的瞬间（通常，但不一定，目前的）作为观察点。大多数语法是这样的。 6。历时：一种语言的研究是通过其进行的历史过程。 7。规范：一种语言的研究是通过其进行的历史过程。 8。规范：这类研究的语言，一切事都应该是如何规定的，ielaying下来的语言使用规则。 9。描述：这类研究的语言，一切事都只是描述。 10。独断性：一种人类的语言，这是指语言符号的脸，不承担任何形式的关系，其意义自然的设计特点。11。对偶：一种人类的语言，这是指有两对是二次元素组成的各级物业设计功能。水平和两级各有自己的组织原则。12。排量：一种人类的语言，这意味着人类语言的设计特点，使他们的用户，象征着在目前的通信对象，事件和概念并不在时间和空间目前?。13。寒暄交流：人类语言的一种功能，它是指语言的社会互动。14。元语言：语言符号或特定的分析和研究方面的某些种类的描述。15。macrolinguistics：他的语言之间的相互作用，如心理学，社会学，人种学，法学和人工智能等门类的
语言学练习Chapter2 习题
Chapter 2：Phonology I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English. F 2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution. T 3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning. 4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not. 5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. 6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. 7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph. 8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest. 9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing. 10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest. 11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar. 12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels. 13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels. 14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme. 15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning. 16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.
英语语言学试题库
英语语言学 Ⅰ.Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully，Decide which of the four choices completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets. 1.There are ( )main areas of phonetic study. A.2 B.3 C.4 D.5 ANSWER:B 2.The term( )linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages. A.synchronic B.diachronic https://www.360docs.net/doc/a914965762.html,parative D.historical comparative ANSWER:B 3.Foreign language learning always contain ( ) A language historical process learning B.input and language learning C inter language in language learning D.grammar and language learning ANSWER:BCD 4.The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+ last name, ( )and kin term. A title+ first name B title+ title
(完整版)戴炜栋《简明语言学教程》配套笔记_自己整理版
Chapter 1 Introduction What is linguistics? 什么是语言学 [A] The definition of linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language (对语言进行的科学研究) Process of linguistic study: ① Certain linguistic facts are observed, generalization are formed; ② Hypotheses are formulated; ③ Hypotheses are tested by further observations; ④ A linguistic theory is constructed. [B] The scope of linguistics General linguistics普通语言学: the study of language as a whole从整体研究 1.Phonetics: the general study of the characteristics of speech sounds (or the study of the phonic medium of language) (How speech sounds are produced and classified) 2.Phonology: is essentially the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language.(How sounds form systems and function to convey meaning) 3.Morphology: the study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words (how morphemes are combined to form words) 4.Syntax: the study of those rules that govern the combination of words to form permissible sentences (how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences) 5.Semantics: the study of meaning in abstraction 6.Pragmatics: the study of meaning in context of use Sociolinguistics: the study of language with reference to society Psycholinguistics: the study of language with reference to the workings of the mind Applied linguistics: the application of linguistics principles and theories to language teaching and learning Anthropological linguistics, neurological linguistics; mathematical linguistics; mathematical linguistics; computational linguistics [C] Some important distinctions in linguistics ① Prescriptive vs. Descriptive 规定性与描写性 ② Synchronic vs. Diachronic 共时性与历时性（现代英语多研究共时性） The description of a language at some point in time; The description of a language as it changes through time. ③ Speech and writing 言语与文字 Spoken language is primary, not the written ④ Langue and parole 语言和言语 Proposed by Swiss linguists F. de Sausse (sociological)
语言学教程第一章ppt
语言学教程胡壮麟主编
Contents ?Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics Chapter 2 Speech Sounds(Phonetics) Chapter 3 From Morpheme to Phrase (Morphology) Chapter 4 From Word to Text(Syntax) Chapter 5 Meaning(Semantics) Chapter 6 Language and Cognition ?Chapter 8 Language in Use(Pragmatics)
Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics ?1.1 Why study linguistics? ?1.2 What is language? ?1.3 Features of language ?1.4. Origin of language ?1.5. Functions of language ?1.6. What is linguistics ?1.7 Main branches of linguistics ?1.8. Macrolinguistics ?1.9 Important distinctions in linguistics
Lead-in ?Qestion1: Other animals can beat us in many different ways, but what makes us superior to all of them? ?Qestion2: Why are children easy to undrstand their mother's tongue??Qestion3: Why do people in different social classes speak in different ways??Qestion4: Why is it "I love you" in English, but "私はあなたを愛して" in Japanese?
英语语言学试题(2)及答案-2002年1月
英语语言学试题（2） 一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分) 1. The pair of words “lend”and “borrow” are ___. A. gradable opposites B. relational opposites C. co-hyponyms D. synonyms 2. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar____ . A. Jacob Grimm B. Rasmus Rask C. Franz Bopp D. Sir William Jones 3. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as ___. A. unusual B. something to be feared C. abnormal D. natural 4. ___produce fast and fluent speech with good intonation and pronunciation but the content of their speech ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense, often as unintelligible. A. Broca's aphasic B. The linguistic deprivation C. The damage on the angular gyrus D. Wernicke's aphasic 5. Some Southern learners of English in China tend to say “night” as “light”. This shows:___ A. They cannot pronounce/n/ B. Interlangue interference because there is not the sound /n/in their mother tongue C. The teachers do not have a good teaching method D. They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds 6. A word with several meanings is called __word. A. a polysemous B. a synonymous C. an abnormal D. a multiple 7. The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn't it?” is __. A. informative B. phatic C. directive D. performative 8. The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in __ and vocabulary. A. usage B. grammar C. pronunciation D. structure 9.__deals with the way in which a language varies through geographical space. A. Linguistic geography B. Lexicology C. Lexicography D. Sociolinguistics 10.The semantic c omponents of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __. A. +animate, +male, +human,-adult B. +animate, +male, +human, +adult C. +animate, -male, +human,-adult D. +animate,-male,+ human, +adult 二、填空题(每空1分，共10分) 11. A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of w________ to form a complete statement, q ________or command. 12. In sociolinguistic studies, speakers are treated as members of s____ g________. 13. Utterance is based on ________ ________ ;it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context. 14. To many people, a linguist is the same as a ________, one who can speak several languages fluently. 15. Consonant sounds can be either v ________or v____, while all vowel sounds are v________. 三、判断说明题(判断下列各小题，正确的在题后括号内写“T”，错的写“F”，并说明理由。每小题2分，共20分) 16. All words may be said to contain a root morpheme.( ) 17. Tense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning.( ) 18. Linguistics is the course of language.( ) 19. The part of a sentence which comprises an infinite verb or a verb phrase is grammatically called
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《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版第1-3章练习题参考答案 Chapter 1 Introduction P13 1. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language？ 答：Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things. 2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? 答：The major branches of linguistics are: (1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication; (2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication; (3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words; (4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages; (5) semantics: it studies meaning conveyed by language; (6) pragmatics: it studies the meaning in the context of language use. 3. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar? 答：The general approach thus traditionally formed to the study of language over the years is roughly referred to as “t raditional gramma r.” Modern linguistics differs from traditional g rammar in several basic ways. Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive. Second, modem linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, on the other hand, tended to emphasize, maybe over-emphasize, the importance of the written word, partly because of its permanence. Then, modem linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework. 4. Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why? 答：In modem linguistics, a synchronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a diachronic one. Because people believed that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successfully studied, it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development. 5. For what reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather than to writing? 答：Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication. Modem linguistics regards the spoken language as the natural or the primary medium of human language for some obvious reasons. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any langu age is always “invented” by its users to reco rd speech when the need arises. Even in today's world there are still many languages that can only be spoken but not written. Then in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. And also, speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later when he goes to school. For modern linguists, spoken language reveals many true features of human speech while written language is only the “revised” record of spe ech. Thus their data for investigation and analysis are mostly drawn from everyday speech, which they regard as authentic.
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1.3考研真题与典型题详解 I. Fill in the blanks. 1. The features that define our human languages can be called ______ features. (北二外2006研) 2. Linguistics is usually defined as the ______study of language. (北二外2003研) 3. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of______ communication. 4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences ba sed on limited rules. This feature is usually termed______ 5. Linguistics is the scientific study of______. 6. Modern linguistic is______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rul es for people to observe. 7. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ______ over writing. 8. The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called ______. (北二外2003研) 9. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called______. (北二外2004研) 10. ______mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. (北二外2005研) 11. Semantics and ______investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning. (北二外2007研) 12. In linguistics, ______ refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a lang uage, or simply, the study of the formation as sentence. (中山大学2008研) 13. ______can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relations hip between language and society. 14. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called _______. (北二外2008研) 15. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utteran ces) as and . The former refers to the abstract linguistic linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing. (人大2006研) 16. The description of a language as it changes through time is a ______ study. 17. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s______. 18. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The former is the French word for “language”, whi ch is the abstract knowledge necessary for speaking，listening， writing and reading. The latter is concerned about the actual use of language by people in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextual factors. 19. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is and performance. (人大2006研) 20. Chomsky initiated the distinction between ______ and performances. (北二外2007研) II. Multiple Choice 1.Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature? (大连外国语学院2008研) A. Arbitrariness B. Convention C. Duality 2.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? (西安交大2008研) A. tree B. crash C. typewriter D. bang 3. A linguist regards the changes in language and languages use as______. A. unnatural B. something to be feared C. natural D. abnormal 4. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, d ue to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. Transferability. B. Duality. C. Displacement. D. Arbitrariness: 5. The study of physical properties of the sounds produced in speech is closely connected with______. (大连外国语学院2008研) A. articulatory phonetics B. acoustic phonetics C. auditory phonetics 6. Which of the following statements is true of Jacobson’s framework of language functions? A. The referential function is to indulge in language for its own sake. B. The emotive function is to convey message and inf ormation. C. The conative function is to clear up intentions, words and meanings. D. The phatic function is to establish communion w ith others.