英语专业四级作文写作技巧

英语专业四级作文写作技巧
英语专业四级作文写作技巧

专四概要

英语专业四级作文写作指南

Guide to TEM4 Writing Assignment

一、英语专业四级作文考试大纲要求

1.测试要求

(1)作文:分值15 分

能根据所给的作文题目、提纲或图表、数据等,写一篇200 个单词左右的作文。

能做到内容切题、完整,条例清楚,结构严谨,语法正确,语言通顺,表达得体。考试

时间为35 分钟

(Write on ANSWER SHEET TWO a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:

The Benefits of V olunteering

You are to write in three parts.

In the first part, state specifically what your opinion is.

In the second part, support your opinion with appropriate details.

In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.

Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks.)。

(2)便条:分值5 分

能根据所给提示写50 到60 个单词的便条、通知、请帖等。能做到格式正确,语言得体。考试时间为10 分钟。

(Write on ANSWER SHEET TWO a note of about 50-60 words based on the following situation: Jane, your classmate, is thinking of subscrbing to an English-language newspaper. And you would like to recommend one to her. Write a note, telling her which newspaper it is and describing two features of the paper.

Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar, and approapriateness.)

2.测试形式

本部分为主观试题,分两节:Section A和Section B。

Section A: Composition

本节为命题作文,文章体裁主要属于说明文、议论文或记叙文的范围。

Types of Writing

1. Description: painting a picture in words of a person, place, object, or scene. A description essay is generally developed through sensory details, or impressions of one’s senses: sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch.

2. To narrate is to give an account of an event or a series of events. In its broadest sense, narrative writing includes stories, real or imaginary, biographies, histories, news items, and narrative poems. Narration often goes hand in hand with description.

3. Exposition is perhaps the type of writing that is most frequently used by a student, a scientist, or

a professional. Exposition means expounding or explaining. An expository paper explains or explores something, such as the process of making a machine, the causes of a natural or social phenomenon, the planning of a project, or the solution of a problem. We have seen that description mainly deals with appearances and feelings, and narration with events and experiences. Unlike these two types of writing, exposition deals with processes and relationships. In an expository paper, we discuss its cause and effect, its nature, and its significance in history.

4. Argumentation: The purpose of exposition is to inform; the purpose of argumentation, on the

other hand , is to convince. While an expository paper makes known something and explains it to make the reader understand, and argumentative essay tries to make the reader agree with its point of view and support it, to persuade him to change his mind or behaviour, to approve a policy or a course of action that it proposes. Speeches on policies, editorials of newspapers, articles on political or theoretical questions, and various proposals are often argumentative. Argumentation frequently makes uses of the other three types of writing: description, narration, and above all exposition, for argumentation and exposition are very closely related—argumentation is actually exposition with the additional purpose of convincing or persuading.

Section B: Note-writing

本节为写便条。

3.测试目的

按照《大纲》要求测试学生书面表达的能力。

二、专业4 级写作五步曲

第1 步

了解专四写作基本要求:专四概要

作文时间:35 分钟字数:200 词

便条时间:10 分钟字数:50~60 词

第2 步

研究专四写作历年真题:

熟悉真题命题思路,才能适应考试,才能写出符合要求的文章,并作出合理的预测。

第3 步

根据写作中所遇问题,进行自我评估:问题评估提笔无话可说不只是英语水平有限有话说不出需要加强语言基本功的训练表意不清多多背诵高分词汇、精彩句式内容空洞加强思维拓展训练个别地方意思表达不准确需要仔细检查改正

第4 步

根据写作水平设定提高目标:每天学习写作技巧每天背诵美词,佳句,写作操练用具体练习数量代替规定练习时间,更能提高水平!

第5 步

多加练笔,勤于背诵,步步提高,自信走向考场!

三个好方法:

1、平时坚持模拟训练,保持临场考试

的感觉。

2、注意审清题目,偏题、跑题可是作文大忌!纵使文采飞扬也无济于事!

3、学会三段式写作,巧妙套用各类精彩句式、结构性模板。

三、破译作文的主要类型

一般来说,各类考试中涉及到的作文,

按照命题形式可划分为提纲式作文、图表式作文、规定情景式作文等类型。

1.提纲式作文

提纲式作文为考生提供了明确的英文题目与一个简单的写作提纲,将考生的写作控制在一定范围内。它要求考生紧扣题目主题,并根据提纲提示的思路和要点展开段落。由于提供的写作提纲一般分为提出论点、论证或描述论点和总结全文等三部分,所以考生必项按照三段式作文将简单的提纲扩展为主题句,再按照主题句作文的写作方法进行写作。按照话题的性质,提纲式作文又可进一步划分为三个具体的命题类型:

1)对比选择型

对比选择型的题目,在提出一个话题后,通常给出关于这个话题的两种观点或两种选择,然后要求考生分析对比两个观点或两种选择的优缺点,从二者中选出一种作为自己作文的论点,并论证其正确性。

2)给定观点型

给定观点型的题目,在提出一个话题之后,同时也给定了关于这个话题的一种观点,要求考生以这个给定的观点作为作文的论点进行论证。这种类型作文的关键是如何能够很好地论证给定的观点。

3)自由发挥型

自由发挥型的题目,在提出一个话题之后,可能会提供一些大家对此话题的观点和看法,要求考生通过利用已给定的材料做出自己的分析,然后发挥想象力,提出并论证自己的观点。题目对考生的观点不做限定,只要不离开给出的话题即可。考生既可以从题目给出的观点中选一个作为自己的观点,也可以自己提出一个题目没有提供的想法。

2.图表式作文

图表式作文可综合提供题目、数据、图像、提纲,形式多样,是一种控制性和应用性更强的出题方式,从写作类型来看,基本上属于论说文。图表作文提示部分包括图表和文字要点两部分。图表的类型主要有:饼形图(pie)和条形图(graph)、曲线图(chart)和数据统计表(table)。考生要围绕题目并将有关信息转化为文字形式,这要求考生具有一定数据分析和材料归纳的能力,同时能运用一定的写作方法。图表作文的写作内容包括综合理解、客观详述和主观表达。一般以三段式写作方法来组织文章,第一段总结归纳信息所反映的总的情况,点出主题思想;第二段回答第一段所提出的问题,对数字、数据等信息做出有条理的分析和比较;第三段做出总结或给予简单评论。

3.规定情景式作文

规定情景式作文也是一种控制性作文出题方式,它一般不给标题,但规定了具体的情景,考生须从情景信息中找到所写文章的中心思想,在此基础上确定文章的标题和段落结构。在写作过程中,考生应按照情景中规定的范围和条件结合自己的经验和知识来体会、想象和发展段落,但不能脱离情景自由发挥。要注意文章的发展必须合乎逻辑情理,段落之间的衔接要连贯和自然。

四、解读专四作文历年真题

专四作文历年真题(1994~2009)及其类型

年份作文题目类型

2009

Will Tourism Bring Harm to the Environment?

对比选择型(社会生活类)

2008 The Benefits for Volunteering

给定观点型(社会生活类)

2007 Is It Wise to Make Friends Online?

对比选择型(社会生活类)

2006

Saving Money or Using Tomorrow’s

Money

对比选择型(社会生活)

2005 My Idea of a University Art Festival

自由发挥型(校园)

2004 Will Phones Kill Letter Writing?

对比选择型(社会生活)

2003

The Importance of Keeping a Good Mood

给定观点型(社会生活)

2002 The Best Way to Stay Healthy

自由发挥型(社会生活)

2001 Travel Broadens the Mind

给定观点型

2000

The Importance of Extracurricular

Activities

给定观点型(校园)

1999

A Major Advantage/Disadvantage of Advertising on Television

对比选择型(社会生活)

1998 One Way to Solve the Problem

自由发挥型(社会生活)

1997

More Pressuer from Academic Studies Does(or Does not) Good to Us

对比选择型(校园)

1996

The Main Difference Between My College Life and My Middle School Life

对比选择型(校园)

1995

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Part-time Jobs

对比选择型(校园)

1994 TV: a Good Thing or a Bad Thing?

对比选择型(社会生活)

如上表所示,从1994 年到2009 年共16年的专业四级作文考题来看,没有采用过图

表式作文或规定情景式作文作为题目,全部都为提纲式作文。

采用对比选择型命题方式的作文最多,有9 个,可以分为三类:

第一类:Advantages/Disadvantages 型

1999 年真题: A Major Advantage /Disadvantage of Advertising on Television 要

求考生在电视广告的好处和坏处中两者选

一,把问题说明白。

1995 年真题:The Advantages and Disadvantages of Part-time Jobs 要求描述大学生做兼职的利与弊。

1994 年真题:TV:a Good Thing or a Bad Thing?电视是一个什么样的事物,有利的还是有害的?就此说明自己的观点。

第二类:A/B 型

2009 年真题:Will Tourism Bring Harm to the Environment?要求考生在旅游业会(A)还是不会(B)给环境带来危害之间择一发表自己的看法。

2006 年真题:Saving Money or Using Tomorrow’s Money 要求考生在存钱(A)和预支明天的

钱(B)之间择一发表自己的看法。

2004 年真题:Will Phones Kill Letter Writing?要求考生在用电话(A)还是写信(B)作为交流方式上择一而论。

第三类:Yes/No 型

2007 年真题:Is It wise to Make Friends Online?要求考生就交网友的明智与否发表观点。1997 年真题:More Pressure from Academic Studies Does(or Does not) Good to Us 要求考生就过多的学业压力是否对我们有利发表看法。

采用给定观点型命题方式的作文共有4个。

2008 年真题:The Benefits for V olunteering 要求说明参加志愿者活动的好处。

2003 年真题:The Importance of Keeping a Good Mood 要求论证保持良好心态的重要性。2001 年真题:Travel Broadens the Mind要求说明旅游对开阔视野的作用。

2000 年真题:The Importance of Extracurricular Activities 要求说明课外活动的重要性。采用自由发挥型命题方式的作文有3个,可分为两类。

第一类:My Idea 型

2005 年真题:My Idea of a university Art Festival 针对学生会举办的大学艺术节的组织活动和内容,贡献自己的想法和建议。

1996 年真题:The Main Difference Between My College Life and My Middle Schoo1 Life 要求以自己的经历来对比说明大学生活(A)和中学生活(B)的主要不同之处。

第二类:The Best Way 型

2002 年真题:The Best Way to Stay Healthy 指出你认为的最好的保健方式,并给出一至两个理由来支持你的观点。

1998 年真题:0ne Way to Solve the Problem 要求就现代交通工具已经成为城市空气污染的一个主要来源这个问题提出一种解决建议,当然应该说最好的建议。

五、专四作文五步写作方案

从近十几年的专四作文考题来看,都是基于提纲式作文的,下面就以提纲式作文为

主来说明专四作文的写作流程。考试时的写作步骤与平时的写作步骤有所不同。在考试过程中,由于时间和其他客观条件的限制,短文写作的步骤比平时写作步骤简化得多。一般说来,考生的写作步骤可以分为五步,即审题、联想、谋篇、写作和修改定稿。

①审题

审题即仔细审读题目内容,弄清楚题目的要求。考生在短文写作之前必须仔细分析作文题目、所给提纲、图画/表和图画/表提示语。审题是解题的第一个步骤,磨刀不误砍柴工。一定要认真、仔细地进行审题,避免没有领会题目意思就匆忙写作,导致最后跑题。

审题的过程中要找到题目中的关键词和短语(key words and phrases)。以“People Are Becoming Isolated from Each Other”(人际关系越来越冷漠)为例。这个例子中的英文

题目要求如下:

The development of information technology has made the world smaller,and made people become more and more isolated from each other at the same time.How do you think of the reasons for this phenomenon,and how to deal with the problem?

题目中的关键词和短语有smaller,more and more isolated,reasons 以及how。前两个词说明在论述该问题时,要先阐述这个矛盾的现象,即随着信息科技的发展,世界越来越小,人们却彼此越来越孤立,人际关系越来越冷漠。后两个词表明在论述的过程中既要涉及该问题的原因,又要对该问题提出解决办法。

2. 联想

审题完成,确定文章的中心思想后,接下来就要在对题目正确认识的基础上进行联想、构思

选材。考生应放开思路,在脑海里找寻与题目有关的信息材料,比如,听过的类似的故事、新闻、数字,过去学习过的文章资料,相关的范文模板或优秀句型、例

子等。再以“人际关系越来越冷漠”为例。本题是当前的一个热点问题,可说的话很多,因此在具体的写作思路上也多种多样,例如可以分析这一问题产生的原因,该问题的危害性,解决该问题的建议,等等。根据该题的要求,首先应该联想一下该问题的成因有哪些,而解决的方法又有哪些。下面就分别从问题成因和解决办法两个方面来联想:

问题成因:1.工作、竞争压力的增加使现代人太忙而无暇交友;2.随着城市化进程的深入,人们往往住得比较远,不方便互相拜访;3.电话、手机、网络等现代通讯设施的发展使现代人改变了交往方式;4.现代人生活观念已与先前不同,他们更喜欢享受个人的私生活;5.还有一部分人是为了避免不必要的麻烦而不愿与人交往,等等。

解决办法:1.鼓励传统的通讯方式,比如写信或面对面交流;2.即使工作再忙,也应该保持与人交往,因为朋友相交是缓解压力的很好的方式;3.现代人可以选择结伴出游或在周末举办party的形式进行交往

3.谋篇

充分联想,调动自己已有的信息资源之后,就可以谋划篇章了,它有助于考生理清思路,合理安排作文结构和写作时间,以避免出现漏洞,造成无可挽回的后果。谋篇阶段要把想法组织成一个篇章规划。通常把列出的细节进行归类,看看哪些材料放在第一段,哪些材料放在第二段,哪些省去不用。有时作文会给出简单的提纲,此时可以把他们扩展成完整的句子,这样既得到了完整的提纲,同时又有了各个段落的主题句。另外,还要注意,因为时间有限,所以草拟提纲时不必太正式,只要列出要点,理清结构,自己能看懂就可以了。还是以“人际关系越来越冷漠”为例,可以把在第二阶段联想到的内容组织成以下的篇章规划:

1)引出话题——指出信息技术的发展使世界变得越来越小,然而人际关系却越来越冷漠。

2)论证论点——分析问题成因:1.工作、竞争压力的增加使现代人太忙而无暇交友;2.随着城市化进程的深入,人们往往住得比较远,不方便互相拜访;3.电话、手机、网络等现代通讯设施的发展使现代人改变了交往方式。

3)总结全文——一提出解决问题的办法:鼓励传统的通讯方式,比如写信或面对面交流。4.写作

提纲式作文是典型的三段式作文,包括引出话题,提出论点、论证/描述论点和总结全文等三部分。在谋篇阶段其实已经完成了三段式作文各部分的主题句。所以,考生在写作阶段的主要任务就是把提纲和主题句落实为具体的段落,完成作文。提笔写作的关键要看有限的语言是否言之有物、表达是否切题有力度。对写作规模做出合理的控制需要注意以下几点:

1)在首段中写出有气势的开篇句。

2)注意中间拓展段和结论段的段首句和层次感。

3)写出有特色的篇尾结束句。文章的结尾好与不好,很可能会使阅卷老师给你的作文加上一分或减去一分。所以要有意识安排一个闪光句型在结尾,让阅卷人读到结尾时能眼前一亮。

4)注意笔迹工整。写作中笔迹是否工整美观直接影响考试成绩。

5.修改定稿

写作完成后不要急于放松休息,也不要只顾欣赏自己的大作,而要做语言文字的润饰工作,以使作文锦上添花,不留遗憾。浏览检查不可能推翻全部内容,因为时间有限,也为了保持卷面整洁,修改工作要以纠正明显的语法和拼写等低级错误为主。

六、三段式的作文写作手法综述

1.作文开头部分的写作

三段式作文的开头部分一般来说,应尽量做到开门见山,用简单明了的叙述引出文章的主题,使阅卷老师了解文章要谈论什

么,易于引起他们的兴趣。第一段对于得高分起着很关键的作用,大家一定要重视第一段。作文常见的开头形式大致有以下几种:

1)开门见山,点明主题

文章一开头,就交待清楚文章的主题和论点是什么。这种写法适用于“自由发挥型”和“给定观点型”两种提纲式作文。

如2002 年的专四作文考题“The Best Way to Stay Healthy”(保健的最好方法)的开头段可以只有一句:

The best way to stay healthy is to develop a good quality of psychology.(保健的最好方法就是保持良好的心态。)

再如,在“Widening Gap Between the Rich and the Poor”(日益拉大的贫富差距)的=范文的开头一句是:

These days we often hear about the widening gap between the rich and the

poor.(最近我们经常听到贫富差距拉大。)

2)正反表态法

在开头一段中把正反观点都表达出来,最后一句写自己的观点。用一、两句介绍主题,再用一、两句介绍正反两种观点或看法,接下来再表达自己的看法。这种写法比较适合“对比选择型”题目。

例如,1999 年的专四作义考题“A Major Advantage/Disadvantage of Advertising on Television”(电视广告的一个主要优点/缺点)可以采用正反表态的方法开篇:

Nowadays more and more advertisements are seen on TV every day.Some people think that advertising on TV can bring us a lot of benefits ,but others hold the different opinions.In my opinion.I am in favor of the former.

再如,在“Where Would You Go after Graduation?”(大学毕业后到何处发展?)的范文的开头一段采用了正反表态法:

After graduation,some students choose to go to super cities for career development .Meanwhile ,some students prefer to return to their hometowns.As for me,

I would like to go back to my home city.

3)让步法

也称为先抑后扬法,先把反方观点引出来,做一个肯定的评价,然后笔锋一转,回到自己的观点上来。比较适用于“对比选择型”题目。

例如,2004 年的专四作文考题“Will Phones Kill Letter Writing'?”(电话是否会使书信消失?)的开头可以采用让步法:

Nowadays ,young people choose to phone each other rather than write letters.Some are worried that letter writing will be useless in the future.Even so, I still maintain that letter writing will never be killed by phones,despite the fact that we have already stepped into the information age.再如,在“Degree and University Study”(学位与大学学习)的范文的开头一段采用了先抑后扬的手法,首先肯定学位的重要性,然后提出了“学位并不是大学学习的一切”这样的观点:In our society ,the most commonly recognized standard of a stu dent’s academic achievement is the degree.Consequently some people regard the degree as the only thing valuable while studying in college.Admittedly,the degree is essential for students who want a prosperous future,but it is by no means the only purpose at university.

4)背景法

即对一个现象进行分析时,先把这个现象事件的原因、结果、发展等背景信息介绍一下,然后再给出自己的看法。这种写法适合“给定观点型”和“自由发挥型”。例如,2003 年的专

四作文考题“The Importance of Keeping a Good Mood”(保持良好心态的重要性)可以采用如下一段作为开头,先介绍背景,然后提出观点:

The modern society is characterized by rapid pace,and people in such a society have to cope with a lot of pressures from either outer world or inner will.The most difficult,but necessary thing for them is to keep a good mood under whatever circumstances.

再如1998 年的专四作文考题“One Way to Solve the Problem”(解决问题的一个方法)的首段可以先介绍机动车是城市污染的主要来源,接下来亮出自己的观点发展公共交通:Vehicles are a major source of air pollution in cities.In my opinion,the solution to this pollution problem is developing the modern public transportation.

再如,在“How to Deal with the Problem of Unemployment”(怎样处理失业的问题)的范文的开头一段:

In recent years,China has experienced an alarming increase in unemployment rate.Unemployment is more than an economic problem.If it were not handled properly,it would result in serious social problems.Effective measures must be taken to solve the unemployment problem.

5)提问式

要讨论什么就先把话题以问句形式提出,然后通过回答问题表达自己的观点。或者,对自己的观点做个理由概述/先写出反方观点,对其进行反驳,顺势提出自己的观点。比较适用于“对比选择型”题目。例如,在“Factors Influencing Young Adults”(影响青年人成长的因素)的范文的开头一段:

Of the various factors that can have influence on young adults,the family and friends stand out most.Which of the two is more important? My view is that it is friends who have more important influence on young adults.

再如,在“Choosing a Job Profitable or a Job I Love”(选择赚钱的工作还是自己喜欢的工作)的范文第一段:

How can one find a desirable job? This question puzzles nearly everyone.In practice,most people look for well-paid jobs while a few search for jobs they love.

2.作文主体部分的写作

提出文章的主题和论点之后,即可进入三段式作文的第二部分,也就是论证主体的部分。主体部分按照谋篇时的设计,可为一个自然段,也可分为两个或多个自然段。这一个或多个自然段均为文章的中心思想服务,形成一个有机的整体。

1)段落

好的段落必须是意思完整,语义连贯,完全体现文章中心主旨,同时又是层次分明,结构严谨,逻辑关系应用合理的。一个段落由三部分组成:

●主题句(Topic Sentence):点出段落的主题(谈论什么)

●扩展句(Developing Sentence):说明和支持主题

●结尾句(Concluding Sentence) :得出结论

主题句、扩展句是每个段落必有的,结尾句在有些段落中可能没有。一篇文章有中心思想,也就是主题。而每个段落则有段落主题,段落主题是为文章中心思想服务的。每个段落只能有一个主题(central idea),它用一个句子加以表达,所以称为主题句。主题提出后需要很多结构严谨的句子来支持和说明,这些句子称为扩展句。最后得出一个结论,并用一个结尾句表达。参看2000 年的考题“The Importance of Extracurricular Activities”(课外活动的重要性)的范文中的一段:

Extracurricular activities can give students team-spirit and teach them how to cooperate with

others .Because in those activities,students usually need to cooperate with others for achievement,from which they can learn the strength and importance of a team.

主题句为一个完整的句子,用以概括、叙述和说明该段的主题。主题句一般位于段首,也可置于段尾或段中,考生最好放在段首,这样较醒目并易于构思。在英文中,大部分段落的第一句便是主题句。开门见山地提出观点,后面的扩展句围绕主题句加以说明、支持、补充和解释。

写好主题句的方法:

●主题句要概括一定的内容,不要空泛,否则扩展句将难以说明和支持它。

空泛:English language is very important.

概括:English language is very important in our daily life.

空泛:The Olympic Games are exciting.

概括:In the Olympic Games the football teams from many countries compete intensely.

●尽量使用简单句式简洁明了的句子。

复杂:She likes collecting stamps which is her hobby.

简洁:Collecting stamps is her hobby.

复杂:Gone With the Wind was a good film which I enjoyed watching very much.

简洁:I enjoyed watching Gone With the Wind very much.

●主题句应该使句子和表达的主题思

想完整。

不完整:How to write a composition.

完整:How to write a composition is not an easy thing to talk about.

不完整:If the weather was fine.

完整:If it was fine,we would have had a good time.

●写好主题句中的关键词。

关键词是直接表达主题的词汇,它决定段落的内容和展开的方法,引导整个段落的发展,例如:

There are several ways to boil the water.

The task can be finished in three steps.

There is a new method to reduce the cost.

围绕主题句展开,支持、说明和阐述主题句的句子便是扩展句。扩展句紧扣主题句中的关键词展开,句子与句子之间逻辑清晰,上下转承结合得当,简明扼要,重点突出。一般来说,每个自然段除了主题句与结尾句之外,还包含了3-6 个扩展句。所以,写好了扩展句便基本上完成了一个自然段落。

写作时,一旦定下了主题和关键词,便要按照自己的思路来组织段落中的句子,句子之间要具有连贯性,就必须由一系列的逻辑关系构成,例如:并列关系,因果关系,递进关系,转折关系,解释关系,概括关系,顺承关系,让步关系,对照比较关系等,这些逻辑关系可由一系列的过渡词(transitional words)来完成。过渡词在句子与句子之间、段落与段落之间起到承上启下的作用,使句子或段落之间的衔接自然、连贯,逻辑合理,结构严谨,故极为重要。例如:

构成时间关系的过渡词有:first,in the first place,since then,thereafter,there-fore,lately,later,meanwhile,at last 等。

构成空间关系的过渡词有:before,behind,below,between,beyond,farther,in front of,near to,next to,over,under,up,close to 等。

2)论证手法

(1) 举例或例证法(Example and Illustration)

当段落的主题为一理论性论点时,就需要举例或例证来加以支持,以说服读者。举例和例证使抽象的概念具体化,而所举的事例也应该具有充分的说服力,同时逻辑严密。

例如,2001 年的专四作文考题“Travel Broadens the Mind”(旅游开阔视野)的主体段可以通过“自己到西安旅游”的例子进行论证,如下:

Consider my own experience as an example.Two years ago,I visited Xi’an,an ancient city.Xi’an is a city of rich cultural inheritance.There are so many places of interests there,such as the old city walls,the tomb of the Emperor Qin and so on.It seems that everything there tell the stories and history of the ancient China.In this way, I have gained knowledge of history and culture,which is more vivid and impressive than what is learned in class.

再如,在“Opportunity and Success”(机遇与成功)的范文的论证过程中,以牛顿发现万有引力定律为例,说明了获得机遇只是获得了成功的可能性,只有加上不懈的努力,可能性才会变成现实:

When an opportunity comes,it brings promise for success,but that promise never comes true by its own.The popular story of how Newton was hit by a falling apple and thus finding the Universal Law of Gravitation also proves this.I suppose many people before Newton saw apples fall,but none found anything about gravity.However,Newton took the opportunity to think about the phenomenon further,propose and demonstrate a theory to explain it.This indicates you must make efforts before,during and after you get an opportunity.Thus,when it is coming,you can recognize it;when it is there,you can grasp it;when it is in your hand,you can turn

it into success.

举例或例证法常用的过渡词有:for example,for instance,for one thing,for another,to illustrate,one example is,to begin with,first,second,furthermore,besides,in addition,moreover,finally,in conclusion,in summary,also,a case in point,as an illustration,incidentally,namely,that is 等。

(2)因果法(Cause and Effect)

因果法是应用最广泛的论证方式之一。当段落的主题要解释“为什么”(why)时,便可采用因果法。因果法根据事物的原因(cause)推导出来结果(effect),它以事实(fact)和证据(evidence)为根据,推导过程合乎逻辑和常理,因果关系可分为前因后果,前果后因,一因一果和多果多因等多种形式。

例如,2004 年的专四作文考题“Will Phones Kill Letter Writing?”(电话是否会使书信消失?)的一个参考写法,作者持否定态度,他给出了三个理由,如下:

First,people can not only greet each other but also exchange their thoughts in letters.Because when a person writes,he must organize his mind and express his ideas and feelings more logically,while telephone often makes people lazy.Second,letters can be kept as a record of memory ,while phone cannot.You can imagine,when you read some old letters,a lot of beautiful and indelible memories will be brought back to you.Last,sending a letter is much cheaper than having a telephone call,especially when whom you want to communicate with is in another city.

再如,在“How to Get Along with Your Roommates?”(如何与你的室友相处?)的范文,采用了因果法的方式论证了室友关系的重要性:

Roommates constitute the most intimate partners in our college life.They enable us to have access to different regional subcultures of China,different personalities and uniqueness,and some of them will become our life friends .They also comprise our warm dormitory for four

years.These advantages...

(3) 比较与对比法(Comparison and Contrast)

当段落的主题要指出两个以上事物的相同(similarities)或不同(differences)之处时,便可采用比较或对比的方法。“比较”阐述所比对象的相似之处;“对比”阐述所比对象的不同之处。比较和对比一般采用两种方法来组织:①对两个或多个事物的异同之处逐点进行比较对照,排列顺序为:A1,B1;A2,B2;A3,B3;……。

②对两个或多个事物的异同之处分别进行比较对照,排列顺序为:A1,A2,A3;B1,B2,B3;……。

例如,1996 年的专四作文考题“The Main Difference Between My College Life and My Middle School Life”(我的大学生活和中学生活的主要不同)的范文,对比了大学牛活和中学生活在课外活动方面的不同,如下:

...the social life in college is colorful .Various clubs and communities welcome any students,whereas in middle school,chances for extracurricular activities were little.

再如,在“Internet or Library?”(上网还是去图书馆?)范文,采用了对比论证的方式说明了选择图书馆学习的原因:

For one thing,I am of opinion that library is more of a reliable source of information.As is known,publications will have to go through strict censorship before they come out.In school libraries,librarians will order books according to the requirement of teaching and learning.In this way,readers can have access to reliable information.Furthermore,library is a better place to study in.When you are in the library, with almost all the students absorbed in their studies,you will be able to concentrate on your books in such an atmosphere.For another,although using the Internet is more convenient ,I find studying before computer screen an unhealthy experience.There are warnings that radiation from computer may do damage to our body.Taking myself for instance,my sight has become weaker and weaker after semesters of unrestrictedly using the Internet .In consequence,I have set a rule that limits my using the Internet to one hour each time.

比较和对比法常用的过渡词有:like,likewise,unlike,similarly,in the same way,on the other hand ,compare with ,by comparison,in contrast to,on the contrary,but,yet,instead while,whereas,however,nevertheless, although, even though.conversely,different from,equally important,in spite of,instead,in the same manner,still 等。

(4)引用论证(Quotations of Proverbs or Facts)

恰当地引用,可以是某人的一句话、一句名言或一个谚语,以加深读者对文章的感受。通过合适地引入事实数据,既为文章添彩,又增强了说服力。

例如,在“Widening Gap Between the Rich and the Poor”(日益拉大的贫富差距)的范文的论证过程中,引用了孔子的一句名言“国不患寡而患不均”:

The Confucius once said,“A nation is not troubled by poverty,but by disparity .”Unfairness in distribution of wealth puts the society at stake.

(5)综合法(Combination of Methods)

在段落发展中同时应用以上介绍的几种不同手段即为综合法。事实上,在多数情况下,段落写作都是各种不同方法的综合应用,很少单纯采用一种方法来展开段落或文章,常见的为两三种方法混合使用,例如因果法与例证法合用,因果法与引用论证同时使用等。

3 作文结尾部分的写作

结尾是对全篇的总结、概括,也叫结束语。文章或段落的结尾和开头对整个文章来说是非常重要的。这是作者最后一次和读者交流的机会,这里可以进一步地进行解释、加强或者总结你在文中所阐述的观点和看法。一个好的结尾可以给评阅老师留下好的印象,同样,一个不

好的结尾会使他们失望和扫兴。不少同学在文章的阐述部分下了很大的功夫,而在结尾却匆匆了事,这样文章就没有达到预期的效果。文章结尾可分为以下几种:

1)总结式

对全文做简短的归纳、概括,得出结论。

例如,在“A Major Advantage of Advertising on Television”(电视广告的优点——1999 年真题) 的范文的最后一段总结了中间段落的两个分论点,就电视广告所传达的信息、而言,制造商和消费者都能受益:

From the above,we can easily see that TV advertising is beneficial both to manufacturers and consumers on account of the abundant information it provided.

再如,在“The Importance of Keeping a Good Mood”(保持良好心情的重要性)的范文的最后一段,同样也总结了中间两段的分论点,保持良好心情既有助于建立友谊,也有助于保持健康:

Taking into account of all these factors,we may draw the conclusion that keeping a good mood brings you not only friendship,but health as well.

2)重申式

重申主题,即再次强调和肯定文章引言段中阐述的中心思想。

例如,在“School and Major?”的范文中的最后一段再次强调作者观点(I prefer a prestigious university.):

As for me,choosing a good university is wiser,as far as the future job-hunting is concerned.

再如,在“Factors Influencing Young Adults”的范文中的第一段就已表述了作者观点:

My view is that it is friends who have more important influence on young adults.

最后一段再次强调作者观点:

But,generally speaking,in most cases,friends are the more important influence on

young adults.

3)引申式

提出建议,提供解决办法。这种方法特别适用于讨论问题的文章,例如对某事的原因或结果的分析,提出建议和解决办法,也可展望未来。住文章结尾处表示对未来的展望或号召读者采取行动。

例如,在“Widening Gap Between the Rich and the Poor”(日益拉大的贫富差距)的范文的最后一段中提出建议,为了解决贫富差距问题,必须加大教育投资,创造就业机会:

...The government should make more investment to ensure equal chances of education. We should create more job opportunities...

再如,在“Having a Company before Graduation”(毕业前开公司)的范文中,在说明了大学生在开公司前要慎重考虑后,在最后一句话提出,大学生应该记得自己的身份,大学学习才是他们毕业后走向社会的必要准备,主题有所深化:

From the above discussion, I hold the view that college students should be careful when they decide whether they should have a company or not.They should remember they are students,and their study in university is the essential preparation for their success in society after graduation.七、三段式作文常用表达句型

按照前面的分析,近十几年来的专四作文考题都是提纲式作文。提纲式作文的题目要求都是典型的三段式作文,提纲就是要点,给出的要点通常是三个。每个要点写一段正好是三段。三段通常包括引出话题或提出沦点,论证或描述论点和总结全文等三部分。鉴于此,这里给出了一些针对三段式作文不同部分的经典表达法,供考生参考。

1.开头部分

1)引出话题(TOPIC)

There is a public debate today that TOPIC.今天关于某话题有一场公众讨论。

Recently,TOPIC has been brought into focus.最近,某话题已经成了焦点。

In recent years,TOPIC has become a hot topic both on and off campus.最近,某话题成了一个校园内外的热点话题。

These days, we often hear about TOPIC.这些天来,我们经常听到关于某话题的消息。

Like a coin has two sides,there is a positive aspect and a negative aspect to TOPIC.如同一个硬币有两面一样,某话题也有其积极和消极的两个方面。

It has long been a contentious issue as to TOPIC.某话题是很久以来的一个有争议的问题。Nowadays,it is a heatedly discussed topic to many families that TOPIC.现存许多家庭

对某话题讨论得很热烈。

TOPIC has aroused much public concern in China.某话题已经引起了中国公众的关注。

A common ground has been reached that TOPIC.关于某话题,已经达成了共识。

There is no denying the fact that TOPIC.不可否认的事实是某话题。

It is a common scene in big cities that TOPIC.大城市里常见的一幕是某话题。

Now there is a growing awareness that TOPIC.现在愈加认识到某话题。

It is time we explore the truth of TOPIC.现在是我们探究某话题真相的时候。

2)提出观点(ARGUMENT)

In my opinion/Personally ,ARGUMENT.我认为,论点。

From my point of view, I think/believe/hold ARGUMENT.从我的观点出发,我认为/相信/持论点。

My view is that ARGUMENT.我的看法是论点。

As for myself/For my part,I would like to ARGUMENT.对于我自己来说,我愿意论点。MY answer is ARGUMENT.我的回答是论点。

I cannot agree more with ARGUMENT.我非常同意论点。

As far as I am concerned,I would prefer to ARGUMENT.就我而言,我更愿意论点。

2.主体部分

1)给出多条理由

First(1y) ….Second(1y) ,…

Third(1y)….Last(1y),…第一点,理由…;第二点,理由二,……;第三点,理由二,……;最后,……To begin with,…首先,理由(经常用干给出第一条理由) First ofall,…首先,理由(经常用于给出第一条理由)The first and most important reason is that…首先一个最重要的理由是……(经常用于给出第一条理由)On the other hand…另一方面,理由(经常用于在给出一条理由后,给出其他的理由)

Another equally important aspect is…另一个同样重要的方面是……(经常用于在给出一条理由后,给出其他的理由)Besides,other reasons are…除此之外,另外的理由是……(经常用于在给出一条理由后,给出其他的理由)For one thing…,for another…一方面……,另一方面……(给出两条理由)Last but not least….最后但也很重要,……(经常用于给出最后一条理由)

2)提出假想例子的方式

We can assume…我们可以假定……

Let's assume that…假使……

Suppose that…假定……

Just imagine what would be ljke if...如果……,考虑会怎么样。

It is reasonable to expect…预计……是可能合理的。

It is not surprising that………并不奇怪。

3)举普通例子

For example(instance)….例如,………such asA,B,C and so on(so forth)如

A,B,c 等等。

A good case in point is…一个相关的很好的例子是……

A particular example for this is…对于此一个特别的例子是,……

Consider the case of…考虑……的例子。

Let's take…as an example,…让我们以……为例,……

4) 引用

One of the greatest early writers /thinkers said…一个伟大的作家/思想家曾说过,……“…”,such is the remark of somebody…“……”是出自……的一句名言。

“… ” That is how somebody comment(criticize/praise…)某人是这样评

价/批评/夸奖……的:“……”

“…”How often we hear such words like these.我们经常听到这样的话:“……,

5) 提出原因

There are many reasons for…对于……,可能有许多原因。

The answer to this problem involves many factors.这个问题的回答可能涉及到多方面的因素。Any discussion about this problem would inevitably involves…任何对此问题的讨论都不可避免地涉及……

The first reason can be obviously seen.第一个原因是显而易见的。

Most people would agree that…大多数人同意……

Some people may neglect that in fact…一些人可能忽略了,事实上……

Others suggest that…其他人建议……

Part of the explanation is…部分的解释原因是……

6)进行对比

The advantages of A outweigh the disadvantages of B.A 的优点超过了B 的缺点。Although…enjoys a distinct advantage…尽管……具有明显的优势,但是……

Indeed,A carries much weight than B when…is concerned.就……而言,A 的重要性要超过B。…maybe …,but it suffers from the disadvantage that………可能会……,但它有

一个缺点……

In comparison/contrast,…比较/对比说来,……

7) 承上启下

To understand the truth of...,it is also important to see…为了清楚……的真相,也就需要看一下……

A study of … will make this point clear.对……进行研究就会把这一点弄清楚。

8)让步

Certainly/Admittedly,B has its own advantages,such as…当然,B 有其自己的优点,

例如……I do not deny that A has its own

merits.我没有否认A 有其自身的优点。

3. 结尾部分

In summary,…总结说来,……

In short,…概括说来,……

In brief,…概括说来,……

To sum up….总结全文,……

In conclusion…得出的结论是,……

All in all….总而言之,……

On the whole….总体说来,……

In a word….一言以蔽之,……

On account of this,…针对于此,……

From what has been discussed above,we

may safely draw the conclusion that…根据上面的讨论,我们就可以得出结论……Thus,it can be concluded that…这样,可以得出结论……

Taking into account of all these factors,

we may reach the conclusion that…考虑了这些所有的因素,我们可以得出结论……We can conclude from the foregoing

reasons and examples that…从前述理由和例子,我们可以推断出……

Now,after close examination,it is not

difficult to draw the conclusion that…现在经过了仔细研究之后,就不难得出结论……

Homework assignment

Write a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:

How to Solve the Problem of Heavy Traffic

You are to write in three parts.

In the first part, state specifically what your idea is.

In the second part, support your opinion with appropriate details.

In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.

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以上均要求做到内容完整、条理清楚,语法基本正确,语言通顺恰当。 (3)能写一般的书信、通知、便条、请帖,填写简单的表格,格式正确,语言得体。 写作课培养学生初步写作能力,包括提纲、文章摘要、短文以及最简单的常用应用文。 (三)考试大纲对英语专业写作的要求和规定 (1)测试目的:按照英语专业基础阶段英语教学大纲的要求,检查学生在基础阶段末期的英语写作能力。 (2)题型:主观试题,分为section a和section b两个部分。 section a: composition写作文 section b: note-writing写便条 (3)测试要求: a)作文。要求根据所给的题目和列出的写作提纲或图表、数字统计表等(也附有写作提纲) 写一篇150词的短文,能做到内容切题、完整,条理清楚,文章结构严谨,语法正确,语言通顺恰当。作文的类别有说明文、议论文或记叙文。考试时间为35分钟。 b)便条。要求根据提示写大约50~60词的便条、通知、请帖等。要求做到格式正确,语言得体。考试时间为10分钟。 (四)英语专业四级写作的评分标准

2019年英语专业四级作文答案

2019年英语专业四级作文答案 By providing concrete facts and concrete statistics, the article mainly discusses the issue of media consumption in the children’s everyday life. The author holds the opinion that the nature of the screen time is one of the major factors. As is illustrated in the remark of Mr. Jocelyn Brewer in the essay, the time that a child spends on his electronic devices is not detrimental to his normal life. In accordance with the children’s behavior and character, parents can join with their children, rather than imposing a limit on their screen time. Personally, I strongly agree with Mr. Brewer’s view, as can be seen in the following paragraphs. There’s no denying the fact that many young people spend a large amount of spare time on the smart phones and Ipads. In view of their healthy living habit and academic performance, it is advisable that the parents restrict their children’s access to these high-tech devices. This statement does have an element of truth at the first glimpse. But it must be pointed out that it is not a viable option nowadays. For one thing, in the contemporary society, modern telecommunication devices are not only important, but also indispensable in the daily life of many young people. So it is realistic to absolutely forbid them from using them. For another thing, by influencing their children’s behavioral and thinking pattern, the parents can teach their sons and daughters to keep self-control and self-dis cipline. As a result of the parents’ active participation, it is possible that the children form a good living habit, and then improve their overall qualities. When this situation continues, the children will benefit tremendously from the media consumption, rather than reducing their on-line time. In a world well connected with Internet and cell phones, it is recommended that the parents teach their children how to overcome network addiction, instead of strictly prohibiting them from using these devices. This conclusion is somewhat traditional, but it is at least rational and realistic.

英语专业四级作文范文

The advantages and disadvantages of college students----taking part-time job Nowadays it has become fashionable for college students to taking part-time job in their spare time. I think this trend has advantages and disadvantages as well. The advantages of college students taking part-time job are as follows : By taking a part-time job,college students can earn some money for their daily necessities, so they can ease their families' financial burden and become economically independent. And by taking a part-time job, college students can get some working experiences and know how to use their knowledge in practical work , how to cooperate with the others and how to deal with some problems they may face. These experiences are surely helpful to their future work after graduation. However, the disadvantages of college students taking a part-time job can not be neglected. The main disadvantages are that if they spend too much time on their part-time jobs, their academic studies will be affected. They may not have enough time to digest what they have learned in class and they may not have enough time to extracurricular organized by their college after class. Since this trend has both advantages and disadvantages, college students should be careful when they decide whether they should take a part-time job or not. My suggestion is that they had better strike a balance between academic studies and a part-time job.

英语专业四级作文的实用技巧及近200篇作文范文 -

英语专业四级作文的实用技巧及近200篇作文范文,内容分为校园、生活、科技、社会等四大类话题。读者如能逐篇读下去,一定可以体会出英语专业四级作文的套路,并在不断的模仿中提高自己的应试能力,在考试中做到得心应手,有感而发,发挥出自己最好的水平。 目录: 第一部分英语专业四级作文写作技巧 一、英语专业四级考试写作测试要求及题型 二、英语专业四级作文常见错误与分析 三、正确、准确用词 四、让句式富于变化

五、增强英语语句表现力 六、这样开头最好 七、怎样写好段落 八、漂亮的结尾 九、英语专业四级作文(议论文)常见命题形式 十、掌握英语专业四级作文常用单词、短语 十一、掌握英语专业四级作文常用名言和谚语 十二、掌握英语专业四级写作常用句式 十三、掌握临场应试技巧 第二部分英语专业四级范文 Campus Life 1.How to Succeed in a Job Interview? 2.Examinations:Good or Bad? 3.The Sport I Like Most 4.My Roommate 5.My Views on Job-Hopping 6.Should Science Students Get More Financial Support? 7.A Few Remarks on Fake Diplomas 8.Intelligence and Diligence 9.Getting to Know the World Outside of Campus 10.Part-time Jobs Are Useful for Full.time Students

大学英语四级作文写作技巧汇总

大学英语四级作文写作技巧汇总 一.文章结构:(ten sentences, 120words) Para. 1. S1 General talk of the topic S2 Thesis: the writers attitude towards it Para. 2. S3 The writers reasons to have this attitude S4 Support I S5 Detail I S6 Detail II S7 Support II S8 Detail I S9 Detail II Para.3 S10 Conclusion: restate the thesis 二.段落(Paragraphs) 段落特征:统一,完整,连贯 常用的连接手段: 1. 每段的内容要围绕主题句,保持内容的一致性,并从不同的角度来充分发展段落的主题思想。 2. 使用代词来代前面提到的人,物或观点 3. 重复段落中的关键词,短语或句子 4. 使用同义词 5. 使用转折词语和句型: 1)用于段落开始的词语:of all, to begin with, nowadays, with

the development/invention/progress of,generally speaking, recently, etc. 2)常用于段落开始的句型: Peoples views/ideas/opinions onvary from personl When asked about, different people will offer different opinions. Some people say that Nowadays, play(s) an important role in/is popular around us. Like everything else, has/have both favorable and unfavorable aspects. Generally, thel There are many factors that may account for, but the following are the most typical ones. A. 用于举例的词语:for example, such as, for instance, to illustrate, a case in point, takefor example, etc. B. 用于比较和对比的词语:similarly, in the same way, equally important, in/by contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand, unlike, however, yet, etc. C. 用于表示因果关系或分析原因的词语:due to, owing to, as a result, therefore, so, thus, consequently, amongreasons, one should be emphasized that, etc. D. 用于表示层次递进的词语:first/firstly (second/secondly, etc.), to begin with, moreover, finally, first of all, since then, after that, further, etc. E. 用于表示让步的词语:although, in spite of, despite, etc.

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