2013年5月SAT阅读真题详细分析

2013年5月SAT阅读真题详细分析
2013年5月SAT阅读真题详细分析

1.本次考试难度中等偏上,比13年1月真题难了不少。难度主要是体现在:前两个中篇阅

读中的某些题目,对审题提出了极高的要求,这一点我已经在讲解的时候详细说明。最后的一篇长小说阅读,不少题目需要用到全文的写作基调和感情基调来解题(SAT的小说大多数都是直接事实题,可以直接从行号细节中找出答案,但本文有些题目需要用对主人公的“设定”来做题,这样更好判断)。

2.因为我做中、长篇文章是不读文章的,直接就做题了,双篇文章也读得很少,因此本文也

是按我个人的做题流程来解题(比如全文题最后做等),不过每道题我都给出了详细的解释,对一些难题还给出了分析过程,希望可以帮助大家。

3.若是对我的解释有疑惑或者有不同看法,欢迎PM我询问或讨论。谢谢。

Section 2, Q6--‐9. 短双篇阅读

短双篇阅读首先要读文章弄清文章的结构、作者的观点和态度。不需要精读,有一个整体的概念即可。我是这样阅读的:

Passage 1:第一句说一个人的生活很难放进文字里面;第二句是引用MA说的话,必然是支持第一句的观点,因此不读;第三句说更糟的是传记作家似乎下决心来创造可信的描述来解释一切他们的人物没有做过或者说过的事情(就是捏造事实),即便是…(even i f…)后面就不用看了,因为肯定是在说相似的内容。最后一句是总结。

第一篇文章实际上就是在说:一个人的生活很难被写出来,更糟的是传记作家还在捏造事实。

Passage 2:第一句说作家经常被传记作家当成值得关注的人物,第二句说问题在于,绝大多数作家,不同于政治家和探险家,他们一种表面上看起来无趣的生活(基本可以看出来本文要为传记作家说话了)。第三句读了前几个单词,发现实在举例说作家的生活如何无趣,因此跳过不读。第四句话说好的传记作家因此变成了故事写手。第五句说这不是说他们在创造事实,rather后面不用看了,内容无外乎就是他们没有捏造事实,知道是为传记作家说话就好了。第六句说好的传记作家把作家生活中那些无聊的事实变成了吸引人的故事。

第二篇文章实际上就是在说:因为作家本身生活无聊,于是传记作家把这些无聊生活写得生动。

因此,两篇文章的态度上是互为反对的。现在开始做题。

Q6:答案E

这类双篇题的方法就是先看选项中对passage 1的概括排除几个,再看对passage 2的概括选出正确答案。

A:P1说写传记的过程,排除

B:P1说实际的传记的主题/主人物,排除

C:P1讨论了现在的传记,沾点边,先留着

D:P1考虑到小说家的技法,排除

E:P1整体上说了下传记,沾边,留着。

C的P2说:P2关注早期的传记,错的离谱,因此选E。E的P2说关注传记的一个子集,即是说传记编故事的那个部分。

Q7:答案C

2--‐7行MA做了件啥事?AM说了话,这话的主题必然和P1首句的那个观点相一致,因此只需要把P1的观点选过来即可。因此答案是C。A可能会成为干扰选项。A是说他暗示现实比fiction 更难以置信,和原文中的“难以放进文字”实际上没有关系。

Q8:答案B

P2回应P1的最后一句话(总结句),实际上这类题很好做:谁回应谁,就把前者的主题(或者前者提到的内容)选出来就可以了。因为回应的话,必须用原文内容来回应。只有B对应了P2提到的内容,第五句:That d oes n ot m ean t hat t hey i nvent f acts;…

Q9:答案D

P1会怎么回应P2的good literary biographers? 太简单了,态度负面,捏造事实,因此来一个D。

Section 2, Q10--‐15

先看引言:没给任何有用信息。

不读文章直接做题:

Q10是主旨题,最后做。

Q11:答案E

本题出得极其高明和狡诈。这是一道审好题就非常简单的题目,但是极其容易做错:如果你直接回到原文看line 5,那只要思想一放松基本上就是做错。题目是这样问的:THE N ARRATOR believes t hat…但是line 5的这句话呢:The 1911 B ritannica i s s aid t o b e…, 这不是作者的观点啊,是Britannica的观点。因此,如果你按照line 5的especially r eliable来判断态度的话,那么就错了。作者的观点要往后看看,在line 7--‐8: T he l iterary a nd h istorical e ntries o ften t urned out t o b e W estern c ultural i mperialism a t i ts w orst… 西方的文化帝国主义,worst,态度必然是负面的。五个选项中唯一没有正面态度单词的选项就是E了。

本题的狡诈之处在于,literary a nd h istorical e ntries并不仅仅是在line 5有出现,在line 7--‐8也有出现,而出题者把行号给到了line 5而不是line 7--‐8,而要是给到line 7--‐8的话,本题是不太可能做错的。唯一的解释是:这是故意的误导。

Q12:答案D

17--‐20行的话支持了一个观点说后世的人怎样?行号内的原文说3000年的人会嘲笑我们的幼稚的废话然后会用他们的废话来代替。也就是说,后代的人都会认为前代人的东西是幼稚的,因此正确选项是D。

Q13:答案E

25--‐40行,东西不少,一个自然段。遇到要归纳自然段的题目,我都是尽可能少读,只拎出大的概括即可。

本段说在我消化Britannica的时候,I r ead a bout h atters…(后面不读)我读到hatter(帽子商)

如何如何,abiogenesis如何如何(line 28,后面不读)如何如何,本句结束。下一句:line 32,from L inotype m achines如何如何,line 34,from w ombats a nd c onveyors如何如何。最后几句(line 37--‐40):it displayed, it cuts, it showed, 读这三个短语就行了。读到这里,基本上什么也没读懂,但是可以明显的知道,本段列举了这本书里的很多东西。因此答案只能选E。

Q14:答案B

原文说都有(空格)的细节的插图,B这本书的吸引力展现开了。A:时髦的细节的插图,不通;B:严谨缜密的细节的插图,留着;C:强烈的,激烈的细节的插图,不通;D:易碎的,虚弱的细节的插图,不通;E:雅致的,有品位的细节的插图,勉强也行。

在不止一个选项留下来的情况下,我们需要另一个线索来最终确定正确选项。往前看:from wombats a nd c onveyors t o r oofs a nd c rustaceans,和插图其实无关,往后看:it d isplayed t he secret i nteriors o f t hings. 表现了东西神秘的内部。那么明显B选项在逻辑上更加通顺。

Q15:答案D

类比题。38--‐40行说的内容是表现了神秘的内部、用了X光、仔细分析、把东西切开、表现了内部和外部。等于这整个就在说表现的非常细致全面,因此能对应到这个总结的就是D选项。

回来做Q10:答案B

回顾本文,作者主要的笔墨是在描写B这本书里详细描述了很多东西,并且吸引了作者(态度正);也写到了作者对人们看待前人知识的一些看法。因此,结合这两点,B选项是最合适的。

Section 2, Q16--‐24

先看引言:说作者在骑摩托旅行,和他的11岁儿子Chris.

直接做题:

Q16:答案A

对TV的态度就在原文那句话:你在小卧房里,因为你习惯了,你不会意识到通过汽车车窗你看到的任何东西都仅仅是more T V,有此可以看出,作者的语气是带着贬义的(从line 5的just 这个单词也可以读出来),那作者必然对TV的态度也是反对的。表示态度上反对的选项就是A 选项了。E选项可能会成为干扰:挑衅的,目中无人的,明显程度太过。

Q17:答案B

本题也是一道比较高明和狡诈的题目,一样需要提高审题的敏感度。题干中已经提醒了serves to support his preference, 用来支持作者的偏爱,因此我们必须要在原文找到作者的preference. L ine 6的boringly i n a f rame肯定不是偏爱,但是不少同学没有仔细审题就直接根据line 6的这个frame选择了E选项(以为问的是frame指的是什么,但实际上是问frame 指作者的偏爱是什么)。因此我们要往后看(谁说SAT阅读不能跨段找线索?):在line 7--‐9找到了偏爱:frame i s g one; c ompletely i n c ontact; i n t he s cene…因此选一个B。

Q18:答案E

线索也在line 7--‐9。结合Q17的那些分析(frame i s g one; c ompletely i n c ontact; i n t he s cene…),选一个E:直接的感受。

Q19:答案A

原文说enjoyable, b ank i nto t urns(倾斜着过弯),在汽车的小卧房里是不会这么摇的之类,因此选一个A

Q20:答案E

groves, m eadows, o rchards等看不懂问题都不大,后面的很容易看懂:人们看谁在那儿;你停下来问路或者问信息,给了你很长的答案;人们问你你从哪来之类。本题的答案其实不难选(E),但是正确答案我认为不是非常的好,只是其它四个很容易排除:大自然的美丽;公民荣耀;自力更生;方便便利。意气相投,可能是说作者和其他人接触的不错吧。

Q21:答案D

先看38--‐51,作者说离开主路,看到了完全不同的东西,包括不同的人的生活节奏,不同的人的性格等。然后35行的shorter,作者的态度必然是负面的(离开主路才让作者看到了不同的东西啊)。因此,结合负面态度,再结合“不同的人的生活节奏,不同的人的性格等”,选一个D。

Q22:答案C

问的是人的生活,因此从line 45开始看,从hereness和nowness可以选到C。

Q23:答案C

读这句话。Conned是欺骗的意思,conned i nto t hinking怎样怎样,就是说人们如何被欺骗了。那很显然只能选择C了:批评一个大众的错误想法。

Q24:答案D

因为已经是结尾了,因此线索只能往前看。前一句说truth来敲门,然后你说走开,我在找truth,于是它走了。因此答案只能选D:明显的东西(敲门)却很容易被忽略(走开,我在找truth)。

Section 5, Q9--‐10

先过一遍文章:第一句是说在作者的一个essay中,作者提到了黑人女性的资料很少。第二句说the e ssay i s b ased l argely u pon…读到这里就可以知道本句是在说essay的资料来源。第三句说actually如何如何,第四句说当然,说被忽略是最重要的,但是说明这个话题需要进一步研究,这也是一样重要的。最后一句说这些年鼓励了很多人来研究。

文章结构非常清晰,先提到资料来源,然后说了essay的两个重要目的,最后说第二个目的达成了效果。

Q9:答案B

只需要分析好了文章的结构就马上可以选到B选项。

Q10:答案D

非常简单,看到自己的essay鼓励了人们来研究,不选D选啥呢?

Section 5, Q11--‐12

本题看两个题目都是细节题,因此不看文章直接做题。

Q11:答案C

作者如何看others的?那么others有关的看前两句:others如何简单的把我包括进他们的循环的、复杂的生活?他们都非常习惯另一个人因此我想他们与众不同啥的。也就是说作者被这些人给烦上了嘛。那么选一个和被烦上了有关的选项就行了。

A:竞争的,B:审判的,C:紧密的,D:智力聪明的,E:复杂的

Q12:答案D

本题纯粹考词汇。在line 4--‐5已经出现了态度词给habits定义:most mundane of my habits,最平凡的。后面的例子根本不用看。能对上平凡这个意思的只有选D。

Section 5, Q13--‐25

长双篇,策略是先做单篇题,然后视情况看需不需要做一些补充性的阅读用以理解每篇文章的结构、观点、态度,最后做双篇互联题。

本文按照我个人的做题顺序讲解,而不是按照出题顺序讲解。

Q15:答案A

27--‐51行,很多,一样是尽可能少读,拎出大概。

读文章。我个人在读的时候只读了以下信息(省略号都是我没读的):what they claimed they saw w as a g iant s quid, a n a nimal t hat h as… I n a f amous s cene i n 20,000 L eagues U nder t he S ea, Jules Verne… More recently… Such fictional accounts have elevated the giant squid into the fabled realm of the fire--‐breathing dragon… The giant squid is no myth, but the organism is so little u nderstood…

我只读了这么一点点,因为原文问的是primarily serves to,根据选项可知是写作的作用。因此只需要看个大概就行了。第一段大概在说他们看到了一个什么巨大的动物,然后在一些小说里有描述,下一段则是说这些小说里的描述把这货弄进了fable中,然后还说organism很少了解…因此选一个A:incident是最早说的看到了一个大动物,后面则扯上了小说、寓言、有机体什么的,这些就是larger context。B没有说一个解决方法;C没有质疑前面说的准确性;D没有加入个人的回应;E没有用权威来确认一个之前的发现。

Q16:答案B

第一个引号是说描述看到了一个可怕的怪物;第二个引号是说一个大squid怎么杀人。因此都是在从不同的方面描述这动物,只能选B。A的话没说力量;C根本没谈到需要科学研究;D 的actual错了;E没有说是不是被误解。

Q17:答案C

从into t he f abled r ealm(进入了一个传说的领域)就可以看出选C。本题很简单。

P1的单篇题做完了。因为前面大段内容没看,因此这时候我补看了一下。第一段说一哥们的船突然奇怪的搁浅,第二段说一船员发现了一个东西。知道了前面在说什么,后面的我就看得很快了。第三段我只看了the creature seemed to be, 第四段我只看了the creature has glistening skin…, 然后第五段接上了,然后看结尾,说科学家实际上还是没有发现活的标本。P1无非就是说发现了一个什么巨大的海洋动物,然后后面展开说了一下,没有作者态度。

Q19:答案E

之所以做是因为虽然是互联题,但是是细节回应细节,所以可以做。P2的第二段读一下,说制片人和小说家经常需要花时间和空间来解释,这动物在攻击之前,它是怎样“运作”的。很显然battle(line 32,P1)对应attack(line 64,P2),因此答案选E:首先要煞费苦心的解释一番,直接对应P2原文。

Q20:答案A

很容易读出来括号里的东西实际上就是在回应那个work,因此选个A就行了。本题也不难。

Q21:答案C

原文说我们都想相信这货存在,但我们还是怀疑。只能选个C了:inconsistency,矛盾。

Q22:答案E

本题也是可以现在做的。因为是两个细节,因此可以直接看了来比较。这类题目,建议先看一个信息,排除几个,再看另一个信息,选出答案,根据我的经验,很多时候你只要看一个信息就能直接出答案。

P1,23--‐26:说我航海经验40年,能回答任何问题--‐对飓风啊冰山啊什么的。但是我不能回答这个。

然后判断:A肯定不对,B:视力,不对。C:弹力,冲击,不对,D:恶意,狠毒,不对,E:难以置信,可以。

Q23:答案D

既然原文中有less than这个对比,那么本题就可以按照SAT填空的思维,找一个翻译重复。原文中说是less fulfilling than the hungry waiting, 那么前面的realization明显要选一个和hungry waiting相反的词。饥渴的等待,相反的词来看看:A:识别,认出,不妥;B:理解,不妥;C:想,思考,不妥;D:达到,完成,可以;E:代表,表现,不妥。

Q24:答案C

也是细节的互联。81--‐86说:人需要海怪在他们自己的海洋中,这海洋像是我们的low dark levels o f m ind。行了,只能选C,满足我们心理上的需要。

现在P2的单篇也做完了。从这些题目中可以看出,P2主要讨论的是找到海怪实际上还不如不

找它(Q23),海怪实际上是在我们心中,我们心里需要海怪,因此也就有了海怪(Q24)

现在开始做未做完的题目。

Q13:答案E

这么没什么说的,P1是从一个故事中引出海怪,然后谈论了一下对它的描写和研究;P2主要是从人们的心理上讨论海怪。两篇文章都在谈论海洋生物,只是侧重点不同罢了。因此选个E。

Q14:答案D

本来是可以先看对P1的解释,排除几个,然后再看P2的解释。但是选项出的倒是不死板,于是灵活的来看。

A:P1说了一个经历,有,但不是主要的;B:P1讨论了一个物种的一些神话传说,依然不是主要的;C:两篇文章都在说和一个生命的实际遭遇,明显P2没说,D:P2说人们怎样看一个生物,这个生物在P1讨论了,很好;E:P1说了个事,P2提供了反对的线索。两篇文章其实讨论的主题都不太一样,怎么可能还会有反对线索?

Q18:答案D

本题可直接用P2的最后一句选出答案:我们需要找到海怪,我们也不需要找到它,能对应的只能是D选项。如果没看到这一句,排除法也可以,因为我们只要紧紧抓住P2的主题就可以了:P2是从人的心理上来研究海怪。A:精明的欺骗,和P2的主旨没关系;B:凄惨的发现,扯;C:革命性的,没说;E:侥幸和凶兆,都和人的心理是没关系的。

Q25:答案B

A:P1有,P2没有;B:都有,P1在结尾,已经读到了,P2在Q23;C:P1没有(虽然说还没抓到活的,但是P1实际上对抓不抓到是没有态度的),P2有;D:两篇都没有;E:P1虽然写了一些小说中的描述,但是实际上是没有评价的,仅仅描述而已。

Section 8, Q7--‐18

引言说文章是一个序言,研究四个移民美国的中国女人。

Q7是主旨题,最后做。

Q8:答案E

审题可知,题目问的是作者的childhood s ense,而不是母亲的态度。文中体现作者sense的有:line 4--‐6, n ot o f i nterest, i gnorance w e t urned o ur b acks o n w hat h ad g one b efore. 不感兴趣,不知道。因此选E。

Q9:因为涉及到passage a s a w hole, 因此也是留后面做。

Q10:答案B

句子说的是母亲会描述一些震惊的事情,漫不经心的的语气就和她去当地超市一样。很显然,trip去超市,并没有别的主观态度在里面,因此选B:成为日常,平常的缩影。

Q11:答案A

作者的“平和”来自什么?阅读equanimity所在的这句话,是说母亲说道她的奶奶裹脚的这个事实,作者平和的接受。然而,这句话只是一个最简单的陈述,并不能够帮助我们找出“平和”来自哪里。因此我们往后找线索,下一句:her delivery was so matter--‐of--‐fact…,她说话是如此的实事求是…明白了,是来自母亲的说话方式。因此选A。

Q12:答案D

结合前面所说,I begin to understand必然是他母亲不愿提及过去,而作者开始理解原因:to dwell o n t he p ast i s t o r e--‐experience i t, 停留在过去就是重新体验。因此我们选项也要选一个表示母亲不愿提到过去的选项。选D:母亲的不愿响应的动机。B可能会是干扰选项,不过B的意思是:母亲怎样能够真正的对过去不关心,文章一直没有提及方式。

Q13:答案B

原文说母亲的秘密就是礼物,那么我们要选一个和秘密有关的选项。

A:exemption,免去,有点秘密的意思;B:freedom f rom,免于,留着先。CDE的第一个单词都和秘密一点关系没有。

再结合文章,文章一直在说母亲拒绝说她以前的故事,因此A选项的duty就没有一点关系了,选B。

Q14:答案C

原文是(空格)from t he w orld a round m e,A:从周围的世界撤退;B:从周围的世界消失;C:超然于周围的世界;D:重新装载世界;E:从周围的世界解散。只有C才读的通。

Q15:答案C

本题需要审题。题干说的是reason before she asked her mother, 也就是说是作者最终问她母亲之前的原因。本题结合文章,文章之前一直在说母亲拒绝说她的过去,那啥也别多想,选个C,C选项说母亲的态度成功的阻止了这个冲动。干扰选项可能是A,说作者没有动机去从母亲那得到更多,很明显说反了。

Q16:答案A

从line 76的gave m e s omething b efore I l eft这句可以很容易的选出A选项。

Q17:答案C

从原文中map所在的那句话:map to my mother’s heart就可以选出C选项来。Heart对应essence. 其他选项都是说人和信息啥的,原文中提到了是一串名字,在作者小时候用中文打电话给她母亲的名字,而其他选项都没有重复这个信息,都对信息做了篡改,比如A的cared m ost, D的她母亲之前没有给任何人之类的。

Q18:答案B

最后只写了作者开始打电话了,啥其他信息没有。因此只能选B。

现在开始做Q7:答案是C

作者一直在让努力她母亲开口,好知道自己和家庭的过去,因此:A:celebrate就不对了;B:批评一个态度,母亲是不开口,但是作者的口气一直都是很平和的;C:阐释一个困难的事情,不错;D:想象一个人的历史,这个挺扯;E:计划一个研究课题。这…该吐槽什么好呢?

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把后面的题目做完,不得不承认Q9的正确答案实际上还不是非常明显,虽然可以从大的感情色彩来判断出A。本题若是用排除法做则非常靠谱:B选项说离开中国是逃避历史,这个是一点也没说的;C选项说失去了和任何人的联系,没提;D选项说她觉得历史很陈腐,全文都没表达这个意思;E选项说political,太扯了。排除法能很顺利的选出A来。

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————————————————————————————————作者:————————————————————————————————日期:

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sat作文题目汇总 【篇一:2014年sat写作题目汇总】 2014年sat写作题目汇总 2014.01.25 1. 2. 3. successful than those who do? 4. forward? 2014.03.08 5.assignment: should people who are more fortunate than others have more of a moral obligation to help those who are less fortunate? 6. 7. 2014.05.03 8. achievements? 9.assignment: should we express our disagreement with authority figures权威人物, even if there are negative consequences? assignment: should people focus on enjoying the present moment instead of following a plan for future achievement? 2014.06.07 achievement? another? 2014年10月 ice? assignment: is envy necessarily a bad thing? 2014年11月8日 assignment: is quitting ever a good idea? assignment: should we complain to get what we want? 2014年12月6日 assignment: are snap judgments better than decisions to which people give a lot of thought? assignment: is most of what people buy totally unnecessary?

SAT阅读测试题1

Questions 10-14 are based on the following passage. This passage is from the preface to a 1997 book by a United States journalist detailing a disagreement between doctors and family members about a child's medical treatment at a hospital in California. Under my desk I keep a large carton of cassette tapes. Though they have all been transcribed, I still like to listen to them from time to time, Some are quiet and easily understood. They are filled with the voices of American doctors, interrupted occasionally by the clink of a coffee cup or beep of a pager. The rest—more than half of them—are very noisy. They are filled with the voices of the Lees family, Hmong refugees from Laos who came to the United States in 1980. Against a background of babies crying, children playing, doors slamming, dishes clattering, a television yammering, and an air conditioner wheezing, I can hear the mother's voice, by turns breathy, nasal, gargly, or humlike as it slides up and down the Hmong language's eight tones; the father's voice, louder, slower, more vehement; and my interpreter's voice, mediating in Hmong and English, low and deferential in each. The hubbub summons sense-memories: the coolness of the red metal folding chair, reserved for guests, that was always set up when I arrived in the apartment; the shadows cast by the amulet that hung from the ceiling and swung in the breeze on its length of grocer's twine; the tastes of Hmong food. I sat on the Lees' red chair for the first lime on May 19, 1988. Earlier that spring I had come to Merced, California, because I had heard that there were some misunderstandings at the county hospital between its Hmong patients and medical staff. One doctor called them "collisions," which made it sound as if two different kinds of people had rammed into each other, head on, to the accompaniment of squealing brakes and breaking glass. As it turned out, the encounters were messy but rarely frontal. Both sides were wounded, but neither side seemed to know what had hit it or how to avoid another crash. I have always felt that the action most worth watching occurs not at the center of things but where edges meet. I like shorelines, weather fronts, international borders. These places have interesting frictions and incongruities, and often, if you stand at the point of tangency, you can see both sides better than if you were in the middle of either one. This is especially true when the apposition is cultural. When I first came to Merced, I hoped that the culture of American medicine, about which I knew a little, and the culture of the Hmong, about which I knew nothing, would somehow illuminate each other if I could position myself between the two and manage not to get caught in the crossfire. But after getting to know the Lees family and their daughter's doctors and realizing how hard it was to blame anyone, I stopped analyzing the situation in such linear terms. Now, when I play the tapes late at night, I imagine what they would sound like if I could splice them together, so the voices of the Hmong and those of the American doctors could be heard on a single tape, speaking a common language. 10. In line 17, "summons" most nearly means (A) sends for (B) calls forth (C) requests (D) orders (E) convenes 11. It can be inferred from lines 27-33 that "collisions" was NOT an apt description because the (A) clash between Hmong patients and medical staff was indirect and baffling (B) Hmong patients and the medical staff were not significantly affected by the encounters (C) medical staff was not responsible for the dissatisfaction of the Hmong patients (D) misunderstandings between the Hmong patients and the medical staff were easy to resolve (E) disagreement reached beyond particular individuals to the community at large

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去喜马拉雅关注“写作鲍老师” 3 Challenge authority/independent thinking/creativity 1. (2005.5) Does worrying too much about other people’s opinions prevent us from seeing things clearly? 2. (2012.6) Should people care for others' opinions, or take a stand against opinions that they think are wrong? Most people try to be fair to others and respect their opinions. It is sometimes difficult, however, to be open to and accepting of all opinions, especially when the people expressing them are obviously uninformed or mean -spirited. It is more important to point out to others what they are doing and saying wrong than to try to tolerate every opinion. 3. (2008.6) Are widely held views often wrong, or are such views more likely to be correct? When someone has the same ideas or views as most people do, we tend to believe that the person is reasonable and correct. Often, however, views that are considered reasonable or commonsensical are anything but sensible. Many widely held views regarding current events, science, education, arts and literature, and many other topics ultimately prove to be wrong. The fact that an idea or view is widespread —held by many people —does not make it right. 4. (2007.11) Is criticism ---judging or finding fault with the ideas and actions of others --- essential for personal well -being and social progress? All people judge or criticize the ideas and actions of others. At times, these criticisms hurt or embarrass the people receiving them. Other criticisms seem to be intended to make the critics appear superior. And yet criticism is essential to our success as individuals and as a society. 5. (2011. 10) Are people better off if they do not listen to criticisms? Although most of us do not like being criticized, it is said tha t we can always benefit from being told what we are doing wrong. We may lose a valuable learning opportunity if we do not listen to the criticisms expressed by others. Yet criticism, even when honest and well -intended, can be more harmful than helpful. We have more to gain by ignoring or shielding ourselves from the criticisms of others. 6. (2015.5) Should we always think before we speak? From the time we are very young, we are cautioned to think before we speak. That is good advice if it helps us word our thoughts more clearly. But reflecting on what we are going to say before we say it is not a good idea if doing so causes us to censor ou r true feelings because others might not like what we say. In fact, if we always

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