土木工程专业英语考试题集

一单元

[1.4] Hydraulic engineering is concerned with the flow and conveyance of fluids,principally water．整句的意思是：水利工程主要涉及流体的流动和传输，尤其是水的流动和传输。

[1.5] As construction firms tend to have higher business risk than other types‘of civil engmeenng．firms．manY construction engineers tend to take on a role that is more business。like in nature：drafiing and reviewing contracts，evaluating logistical operations，and cl osely。monitoring pnces of necessary supplies。

整体的意思是：由于建筑公司比其他类型的民用建筑公司往往承担更高的商业风险，许多建筑工程师往往会本能地扮演一种公事公办的角色：起草和修改合同、评估后勤的运作、严密监控必需供应品的价格等。

结构工程structural engineering 岩土工程geotechnical engineering 水利工程hydraulic engineering 海岸工程coastal engineering 环境工程environmental engineering 施工工程construction engineering

6段

Its charter defined civil engineering as the art of directing the great sources of power in nature for the use and convenience of man ,as the means of production and of traffic in states, both for external and internal trade, as applied in the construction of roads, bridges, aqueducts, canals, river nanvigation and docks for internal intercourse and exchang, and in the construction of ports, harbours, moles, breakwaters and lighthouses and in the art of navigation by artificial power for the purposes of commerce, and in the construction and application of machinery, and in the drainage of cities and towns.

把民用工程定义为直接为人类的使用和便利的自然界的伟大力量的来源的艺术，也定义为在各国的生产资料和交通手段，包括外部和内部的贸易，如为内部往来和交易为目的的道路，桥梁，沟渠，运河、航运和码头的建设中的应用，在港口、码头、防浪堤、防波堤和灯塔的建设中的应用，在以商业为目的的人工航运的应用，在建筑和机械以及城镇排水系统中应用的。

二单元

[1]In many countries the ratio of concrete consumption to steel consumption exceeds ten to one.在许多国家,水泥消费与钢铁消费的比例已经超过了十比一.

[2]Therefore,the selection and proportioning of materials for the concrete mixture was governed primarily by consid eration of the spread of construction by slip-forming and durability of hard ened concrete to the hostil e environment.所以,混凝土材料和配比的选择主要考虑滑模施工速度的影响,以及不利环境中坚硬混凝土耐久性的影响.

[3]Depe nding on the components’ transportation cost, in certain geographical locations the price of concrete may be as high as U.S. 75 to $100 per cubic meter, at other it may be as low as U.S. $60 to $70 per cubic meter.

根据材料的运输成本,在某些特定地区,水泥的价格会高达每立方米75至100美元,而在其他地方则会低至每立方米60至70美元.

[4]Since an adequate concrete cover on reinforcement or tendons is required for structural integrity in reinforced and prestressed concrete structures, the protection against failure due to excessive heat is provid ed at the same time.

由于在钢筋混凝土和预应力钢筋混凝土结构中,要求有一个足够结实的混凝土封面来确保建筑的一体性,所以,同时还要求必须提供因温度过高而导致失败的保护措施.

三单元

3.1.1 The placement location of the steel reinforcement within the concrete is specified by the concrete cover, which is the clear distance between the surface of the concrete and the reinforcement. 混凝土中加固钢筋的布置要根据混凝土覆盖层的具体情况决定，混凝土覆盖层和加固钢筋之间应保持有条理的间距。

3.1.2To construct concrete structures of even greater structural strength, very high-strength steel such as Grad e 270 strands, may be used instead of Grade 60 reinforcement bars. 要建造更为坚固的混凝土结构，就要使用强度非常高的钢筋，例如，要使用270号得加固钢筋，而不是60号得。3.1.3Therefore,designs that replicate member sizes and simplify reinforcement placement to result in easier and faster construction will usually result in being more economical than a design that achieves minimum material quantities.

因此，那些复制了构件尺寸和简化钢筋位置的设计能促使更容易更快捷的建设，这样的建设通常会比那些只能获得最小量材料的设计显得更经济

3.1.4The final design will generally be conservative even though the analysis does not refl ect the actual nonlinear structural behavior because member design is based on ultimate strength design and the ductility of reinforced concrete enable force redistributions.

最终的设计通常是保守的，即使这种分析没有表现出实际上的非线性结构行为，但因为构件设计是建立在极限强度基础之上，而且钢筋混凝土的延展性又使强度进行了重新分配。力矩：moment 轴力：axial force 剪力：shear force 扭矩：torsion 构件：member 内力：internal force 混凝土隔板：concrete diaphragm

3.3what design criteria is for reinforced concrete？Safety、Aesthetics、functional requirement、economy。

第六单元

6-1 The vertical l egs and the horizontal links are themselves frames with large dimensions in the plane of the frame.

垂直支架和水平连接的自身就是在一个平面结构上拥有巨大尺寸的框架结构

6-2 the corner truss legs need strong horizontal connections at frequent modular intervals to make them function together like an equival ent cantil ever 为了使角落桁架支柱的功能等效于等效悬臂，它需要强有力的有频繁模块化间隔的横向连接来保证

6-3 the aerodynamic behaviour was greatly assisted by the apertures which reduced the cross-wind accelerations and forces due to vortex shed ding by as much as 25% 由于涡脱落多达25％从而降低了风切变加速度和力的孔大大增强了空气动力性能。

6-4 this framing resulted from the concept of a tetrahedral framed solid form where all the non-essential el ements were eliminated to create the tube and the external shaping of it 这个框架源于一个四面体框架固体状的概念，这种框架形式的所有的非基本要素被淘汰来创造管与它的外部塑造。

第七单元

7.1Design process involves the selection and or detailing of the components that make up the structural system .

设计过程包括组成结构系统元件的选择和细节设计。

7.2Two components of reaction are d eveloped in hinged support and three reaction component , one moment and two forces parallel to horizontal and vertical axis are developed in fixed support .

铰支座产生2中构件反作用力，固定支座能产生3中反作用力，即1个弯矩，以及两种分别与水平轴和纵轴平行的力。

7.3Structural analysis comprises the set of physical laws and mathematics required to study and predict the behavior of structures . The subjects of structural analysis are engineering artifacts whose integrity is judged largely based upon their ability to withstand loads ; they commonly include buil dings , bridges , aircraft , ships and cars . Structural analysis incorporates the fields of mechanics and dynamics as well as the many failure theories . From a theoretical perspective the primary goal of structural analysis is the computation of deformations , internal forces , and stresses . In practice , structural analysis can be viewed more abstractly as a method to drive the engineering design process or prove the soundness of a design without a depend ence on directly testing it.

结构分析包括物理规律和数学设置所需的研究和预测的结构行为，结构分析的对象为工程构件，工程构件的完整性很大程度上取决于其承受荷载的能力，工程构件通常包括建筑，桥梁，飞机，船只和汽车。结构分析包含了力学和动力学领域以及许多失败的理论。从理论的角度出发，结构分析的主要内容是结构变形，内力计算，和应力。在实践中，结构分析，可以更抽象地看作一种以推动工程设计过程中或证

明一个设计合理性而没有依赖于直接测试它的方法。

第八单元

8.1 steel box girder bridges have great torsional rigidity,which makes them ideal for bridges that are highly curved in plan or where construction by launching is required 钢箱梁桥有很大的扭转刚度，这使得它们对于那些在计划中需要高度弯曲或需要开展建设的桥梁是理想的。

8.2 They are consid ered expensive to fabricate today ,being labour intensive, and maintenance issues have to be carefully addressed, e.g. ease of access 现在，将它们用于制作被认为是昂贵的，是因为需要密集的劳动力和维护事项需要谨慎地解决，例如，有利于通行。

8.3 The suspension concept dates back to antiquity, and it is because of their fundamental simplicity and economy of structural action that suspension bridges are used for the longest of mod ern bridge spans

悬挂的概念可以追溯到古代，而且因为他们的基本简单性和结构行为的经济性，所以悬索桥被用于最长跨度现代桥梁中。

课后练习

continuous beam bridge 连续梁桥box gird ers bridge 箱梁桥tied arch 系杆拱cable-stayed bridges 斜拉桥suspension bridge 悬索桥moveabl e bridge 移动式桥梁

第十二单元

12-1．The d efinition is l ess important than und erstanding the theoretical assumption behind the various design procedures.

定义与理解蕴含在各种设计过程之中的理论假设相比是不重要的。

12-2. Stated another way，it is important to recognize the theoretical limitations of a design procedure that may vary as a function of d epth，such as a bearing capacity equation. 换句话说，认识设计过程随作用深度变化而变化的理论缺陷是很重要的，比如承载力平衡方程。

12-3. uniformly distributed l oad 均匀分布载荷，等分布荷重。

12-4．Mat foundations have limited applicability for bridge support，except where large bridge piers，such as bascul es or other movable bride supports，have the opportunity to bear at relatively shallow d epth without deep foundation support. 筏基础对桥支座仅有有限的应用，除了大型桥墩，例如活动结构桥支座或其他可移动的桥支座，其他桥支座还是可以在没有深基础支持的前提下在相对较浅深度用筏基础承受荷载。

柱下单独基础：Isolated Spread Footings 墙下条形肌醇：Continuous Strip Spread Footings 筏基础：Mat Foundations 扩展基础：Spread Footings 联合基础：Combination Footings