广东2011高考物理一轮复习第六章第二讲《电场能的性质的描述》试题

广东2011高考物理一轮复习第六章第二讲《电场能的性质的描述》试题
广东2011高考物理一轮复习第六章第二讲《电场能的性质的描述》试题

第六章第二讲电场能的性质的描述

一、单项选择题(本题共5小题,每小题7分,共35分)

1.(2008·江苏高考)如图1所示,实线为电场线,虚线为等势线,且

AB

=BC,电场中的A、B、C三点的场强分别为E A、E B、E C,电势分

别为φA、φB、φC,AB、BC间的电势差分别为U AB、U BC,则下列

关系中不.正确的有 ( )

A.φA>φB>φC B.E C>E B>E A

C.U AB<U BC D.U AB=U BC

解析:A、B、C三点处在一根电场线上,沿着电场线的方向电势降低,故φA>φB>φC,A正确;由电场线的密集程度可看出电场强度的大小关系为E C>E B>E A,B正

确;电场线密集的地方电势降低较快,故U BC>U AB,C正确D错误.

答案:D

2.如图2所示,在等量异种点电荷形成的电场中有A、B、C三点,

A点为两点电荷连线的中点,B点为连线上距A点距离为d的一

点,C点为连线中垂线上距A点距离也为d的一点,则下面关于

三点电场强度的大小、电势高低的比较,正确的是 ( )

A.E A=E C>E B,φA=φC>φB

B.E B>E A>E C,φA=φC>φB

C.E A<E B,E A<E C,φA>φB,φA>φC

D.因为电势零点未规定,所以无法判断电势高低

解析:根据等量异种电荷电场线的分布图,电场线的疏密反映场强的大小,故E B>

E A>E C,又因沿电场线方向电势逐渐降低,而A、C两点在同一等势面上,故φA=

φC>φB,所以B项正确.

答案:B

3.(2010·青岛模拟)如图3所示,在真空中有两个带正电的点电

荷,

分别置于M、N两点.M处正电荷的电荷量大于N处正电荷的

电荷量,A、B为M、N连线的中垂线上的两点.现将一负点电

荷q由A点沿中垂线移动到B点,在此过程中,下列说法正确

的是 ( )

A.q的电势能逐渐减小

B.q的电势能逐渐增大

C.q的电势能先增大后减小

D.q的电势能先减小后增大

解析:负电荷从A到B的过程中,电场力一直做负功,电势能增大,所以A、C、均错,B对.

答案:B

4.(2010·汕头模拟)如图4所示,在a点由静止释放一个质量为m、电荷量为q的带

电粒子,粒子到达b点时速度恰好为零,设ab所在的电场线竖直向下,a、b间的高度差为h,则以下说法错误的是 ( ) A.带电粒子带负电

B.a、b两点间的电势差U ab=mgh q

C.b点场强大于a点场强

D.a点场强大于b点场强

解析:在a、b之间,ΔE k ab=0,所以mgh=W=qU ab,电场力做负功;粒子在a点

加速,重力大于电场力,接近b点时减速,重力小于电场力,故b点场强大.选项A、

B、C正确,D错误.

答案:D

5.(2010·赣州模拟)如图5所示,虚线表示等势面,相邻两等势面

间的

电势差相等.有一带正电的小球在电场中运动,实线表示该小球的

运动轨迹.小球在a点的动能等于20 eV,运动到b点时的动能等

于2 eV.若取c点为电势零点,则当这个带电小球的电势能等于- 6 eV时(不计重力和空气阻力),它的动能等于 ( ) A.16 eV B.14 eV

C.6 eV D.4 eV

解析:从a到b由动能定理可知,电场力做功W ab=-18 eV,则从a到b电势能增

加量ΔE pab=18 eV,由等势面特点及c点为电势零点可知:a点电势能E pa=-12 eV,又由动能和电势能之和不变可判断B正确.

答案:B

二、双项选择题(本题共5小题,共35分.在每小题给出的四个选项中,只有两个选项正

确,全部选对的得7分,只选一个且正确的得2分,有选错或不答的得0分)

6.如图6所示是某电场中的一条电场线,一电子从a点由静止释放,

它将沿电场线向b点运动,下列有关该电场情况的判断正确的是

( )

A.该电场一定是匀强电场

B.场强E a一定小于E b

C.电子具有的电势能E pa一定大于E pb

D.电势φa<φb

解析:仅由一条电场线无法判断电场的情况及各点场强的大小,A、B错误;电子从a点由静止释放,仅在电场力作用下运动到b点,电场力做正功,电子的电势能减小,C正确;由题意知电场力方向由a向b,说明电场线方向由b向a,b点电势高, a

点电势低,D正确.

答案:CD

7.(2009·上海高考)位于A、B处的两个带有不等量负电的点电荷在平面内电势分布如图7所示,图中实线表示等势线,则 ( )

A.a点和b点的电场强度相同

B.正电荷从c点移到d点,电场力做正功

C.负电荷从a点移到c点,电场力做正功

D.正电荷从e点沿图中虚线移到f点,电势能先减小后

增大

解析:同一检验电荷在a、b两点受力方向不同,所以A错误;因为A、B两处为负电荷,所以等势线由外向内表示的电势越来越低.将正电荷从c点移到d点,正电荷的电势能增加,电场力做负功,B错误;负电荷从a点移到c点,电势能减少,电场力做正功,C正确;正电荷沿虚线从e点移到f点的过程中,电势先降低再升高,电势能先减小后增大,D正确.

答案:CD

8.(2009·全国卷Ⅰ)如图8所示,一电场的电场线分布关于y轴(沿

竖直方向)对称,O、M、N是y轴上的三个点,且OM=MN.P

点在y轴右侧,MP⊥ON.则 ( )

A.M点的电势比P点的电势高

B.将负电荷由O点移动到P点,电场力做正功

C.M、N两点间的电势差大于O、M两点间的电势差

D.在O点静止释放一带正电粒子,该粒子将沿y轴做直线运动

解析:作出过点M的等势线,因电场线与等势线是正交的,且沿电场线方向电势是

降低的,故A正确.将负电荷从O点移到P点时,因所处位置电势降低,其电势能增大,故应是克服电场力做功,B错误.由E=U/d及电场线疏密程度知O、M两

点间电势差应大于M、N两点间电势差,C错误.沿y轴各点场强方向相同,故从O 点由静止释放的带正电粒子运动中始终受到沿y轴正方向的外力,粒子沿y轴做直线运动,D正确.

答案:AD

9.(2008·山东高考)如图9所示,在y轴上关于O点对称的A、B

点有等量同种点电荷+Q,在x轴上C点有点电荷-Q,且CO

=OD,∠ADO=60°.下列判断正确的是 ( )

A.O点电场强度为零

B.D点电场强度为零

C.若将点电荷+q从O移向C,电势能增大

D.若将点电荷-q从O移向C,电势能增大

解析:A、B两点处的点电荷在O点处的合场强为零,因此,O点处的场强应等于 C 点处的点电荷在O点处形成的电场的场强,A错;由电场的叠加知,D点的电场强度为零,B对;将点电荷+q从O移向C时,电场力做正功,故电势能减小,C错;

将点电荷-q从O移向C时,电场力做负功,电势能增加,D对.

答案:BD

10.(2009·全国卷Ⅱ)图10中虚线为匀强电场中与场强方向

直的等间距平行直线,两粒子M、N质量相等,所带电

荷的绝对值也相等.现将M、N从虚线上的O点以相同

速率射出,两粒子在电场中运动的轨迹分别如图中两条

实线所示.点a、b、c为实线与虚线的交点.已知O点

电势高于c点,若不计重力,则 ( )

A.M带负电荷,N带正电荷

B.N在a点的速度与M在c点的速度大小相同

C.N在从O点运动至a点的过程中克服电场力做功

D.M在从O点运动至b点的过程中,电场力对它做的功等于零

解析:由O点电势高于c点电势知,场强方向垂直虚线向下,由两粒子运动轨迹的

弯曲方向可知N粒子所受电场力方向向上,M粒子所受电场力方向向下,故M粒子带正电、N粒子带负电,A错误.在匀强电场中相邻两等势面间的电势差相等,故

电场力对M、N做的功相等,B正确.因O点电势低于a点电势,且N粒子带负电,故N粒子在运动中电势能减少,电场力做正功,C错误.O、b两点位于同一等势面上,D正确.

答案:BD

三、非选择题(本题共2小题,共30分)

11.(15分)如图11所示的匀强电场中,有a、b、c三点,l ab

=5 cm,l bc=12 cm,其中ab沿电场方向,bc和电场方向

成60°角,一个电荷量为q=4×10-8C的正电荷从a移到

b,电场力做功为W1=1.2×10-7J.求:

(1)匀强电场的场强E;

(2)电荷从b移到c电场力做的功W2;

(3)a、c两点间的电势差U ac.

解析:(1)W1=qU ab,E=U ab

d,

d=l ab.

所以E=W1

qd

1.2×10-7

4×10-8×5×10-2

V/m=60 V/m.

(2)U bc=Ed1,d1=l bc cos60°,W2=qU bc.

所以W2=qEl bc cos60°=4×10-8×60×12×10-2×0.5 J=1.44×10-7 J.

(3)设电荷从a移到c电场力做功为W,有W=W1+W2,W=qU ac

所以U ac=W1+W2 q

1.2×10

-7+1.44×10

-7

4×10

-8

V =6.6 V.

答案:(1)60 V/m (2)1.44×10-7

J (3)6.6 V

12.(15分)如图12所示,AB 是位于竖直平面内、半径

R

=0.5 m 的1

4

圆弧形的光滑绝缘轨道,其下端点B 与水平绝缘轨道平滑连

接,整个轨道处在水平向左的匀强电场中,电场强度E =5×10

3

N/C.今有一质量为

m =0.1 kg 、带电荷量q =+8×10-5

C 的小滑块(可视为质点)从A 点

由静止释放.若已知滑块与水平轨道间的动摩擦因数μ=0.05,取g =10 m/s 2

,求:

(1)小滑块第一次经过圆弧形轨道最低点B 时对B 点的压力;

(2)小滑块在水平轨道上通过的总路程.解析:(1)设小滑块第一次到达

B 点时的速度为v B ,对圆弧轨道最低点

B 的压力为

F N ,则:

mgR

-qER =1

2

mv B 2

F N ′-mg =m

v B

2

R

由牛顿第三定律:

F N ′=F N

故F N =3mg -2qE =2.2 N. (2)由题意知qE =8×10

-5

×5×103

N =0.4 N

μmg =0.05×0.1×10 N =0.05 N 因此有qE >μmg

所以小滑块最终在圆弧轨道的

BC 部分往复运动[C 点离水平面的高度h 满足关系式

mgh =qE R 2-(R -h )2

]

所以小滑块在水平轨道上通过的总路程x 满足

mgR

-qER =μmgx 解得:x =6 m.

答案:(1)2.2 N (2)6 m

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