心理学专业外语翻译第12页

The nature-nurture debate in psychology

NATURE

APPROACH

Roots of the approach-nativist philosophy,biology(physiology and genetics),evolutionary theory.

Causes of behaviour-genetic determinism;inherited

influence,maturational

blueprint,neurochemical and hormonal influences,brain activity.

Methods employed-gene/chromosome mapping,twin and adoption studies,brain scanning,brain stimulation or damage studies,drug testing.

Implications-due to biological determinism,behaviour can only be changed through physical means,such as selective breeding(eugenics),gene therapy,brain surgery,or durgs. Criticisms-reductionist,may neglect environmental influences.

AREAS OF EXPLANATION Perception-Research conducted by Fanz,Bower,and Gibson and Walk on new-born babies indicated pattern detection,size constancy and depth perception are innate abilities. Aggression-The ethologist Lorenz and psychoanalyst Freud believed aggression is an innate drive.Bio-psychologists have examined the role of hormones and brain areas in aggression.

Sex-role behaviour-Bio-psychologists propose gender identity is a direct result of genetic and hormonal influences. Abnormality-the biomedical approach 心理学的先天与后天教养

遗传决定论

研究方法

理论根源：自然主义哲学、生物学（心理与遗传学）、进化论.

决定行为的因素：基因决定、遗传决定、个体成熟、神经化学与荷尔蒙的影响和大脑活动。

研究方法：基因和染色体图谱研究、双生子研究、脑扫描、脑电刺激、脑损伤、药物测试。

启示：基于生物决定论的观点，行为只能通过物理方法来改变，比如优生学、基因治疗、脑手术或药物治。

缺点：遗传决定论(把个体的行为发展完全归因为遗传因素）过于简单，忽视环境对人行为的影响。

解释的领域

感知觉实验：Fantz,、Bower、Gibson 和Walk对新生儿的研究表明图案觉察，形状恒常性，深度知觉的是先天的能力。

攻击性行为：动物行为学家Loren和精神分析学家Freud认为攻击性行为是一种本能行为。生理心理学家已经证实了激素和大脑各区域在攻击性行为中的作用。

性别角色行为：生物心理学家认为性别认同是遗传和内分泌影响的直接结果。

变态：生物医学理论已经研究了基因

has isolated genetic and neurochemical causes of mental disorders. Language acquisition-Chomsky proposed language is gained through the use of an innate language acquisition device.

NURTURE APPROACH

Roots of the approach-empiricism philosophy,behaviourism, social psychology.

Causes of behaviour-the mind is regarded as a‘tabula rasa’( blank slate)at birth;therefore,knowledge and behaviour are the result of experience and learning from the environment. Methods employed- use of classical and operant conditioning techniques to affect behaviour,manipulation of social environment to change behaviour. Implications-due to environmental determinism,behaviour can only be easily changed through manipulating reinforcement and environmental conditions.Anybody could be traind to do anything.

Criticisms-reductionists,may neglect innate influences.

AREAS OF EXPLANATION Perception-Research into perception by Hebb on cataract removal and Turnbull on cross-cultural differences indicated that perceptual identification is a learnt ability.

Aggression-Social learning theory argues that aggression is learnt from the environment through observation and imitation.Social psychologists study conformity to aggressive norms.

Sex-role behaviour-Cultural relativism and learning theory argue that gender is socially constructed and reinforced. Abnormality-The environment plays a role in the development of 和神经化学物质对精神障碍的作用。

语言获得：Chomsy认为语言是通过“语言获得装置”获得的

遗传决定论

研究方法

理论起源：经验主义哲学、行为主义和社会心理学

行为的原因：人生下来思维被看作是一块白板，因此，知识和行为是后天经验与学习的结果。

使用的研究方法：使用经典条件反射、操作条件反射技术来影响行为，或通过改变社会环境来改变行为。

启示：基于环境决定论的观点，通过对强化物和环境条件的操纵，可以很容易改变。任何人都能够被训练来

缺点：(把个体的行为发展完全归因为遗传因素）过于简单，忽视遗传因素在人行为中的作用。

解释的领域

感知觉的研究：Hebb做的感觉剥夺实验和Turnbull做的跨文化研究表明感知觉认同是一种习得的行为。

攻击性行为：社会学习理论认为攻击性行为是通过观察和模仿习得的。社会心理学家研究了对攻击行为模式的遵从。

性别角色行为：文化相对主义和学习理论认为性别是社会化和强化的结果。

变态：环境对恐惧症、创伤后应激障碍、厌食症有很大的影响。

phobias,post-traumatic stress disorder, and anorexia.

Language acquisition-Skinner argued that language is learnt from other people via natural behaviour shaping techniques.

INTERACTIONISM

While some researchers have aimed to investigate the relative contributions of innate and environmental factors in psychology,it is now accepted that the two influences form a

continuum and interact so thoroughly with eath other that they are virtually inseparable.Even seemingly direct genetic influences, such as those on the physical development of the brain, are affected by environmental factors form the inside of the womb to the pollution of the atmosphere.Many genes could impose a susceptibility to develop in certain ways or provide a “norm of reaction”-a genetic potentional that may or may not be realized by environmental circumstances.In a similar way,environmental experiences are mediated by not only innate abilities but even by the physical structure of the body,e.g.what gender or skin colour it has.

EXAMPLES OF NATURE-NURTURE INTERACTION IN PSYCHOLOGY

Perception-Blakemore and Cooper showed restricted environmental experience could physcially affect the visual cortex of the brain.

Cognitive development-Piaget suggested that innate schemata develop and expand through interaction with the environment to adapt the child to its surroundings,although development was 语言获得：Skinner认为语言是儿童在对成人言语的学习中习得的。

交互作用

虽然一些研究人员旨在探讨遗传和环境因素分别在个体行为中的作用，但是现在普遍认为两种因素是相互联系、相互作用、几乎是不可分割的。即使那些直接受基因影响的身体部位，如大脑的发育，看上去似乎直接是由基因所决定，但实际上却受到子宫内部环境以及大气污染的影响。许多基因能够形成一种敏感性，为了以特定的方式发展或者是提供一种“反应范式”——一个基因的潜能是否可以通过外部环境实现。类似地，不仅先天的能力对后天经验有影响，而且个体的生理结构也起到一定的作用，如个体的性别或肤色。

遗传和环境交互作用的

心理学实例

感知觉：Blakemore和Cooper 指出过于受限制的环境会在生理上影响脑的视觉皮层。

认知发展：Piaget认为先天图示通过与外界环境的相互作用建立和发展起来，它使得儿童逐渐适应周围的环境，虽然这种发展总是受到生理成熟的限制。

always limited by biological maturation .

Abnormality–Many mental

disorders,such an schizophrenia,may have a genetic predisposition-those with an inherited susceptibility may be more likely to develop the disorder if they experience certain stressful environment conditions.Animal studies have looked at the effect aversive environmental stimuli upon the brain′s neurotransmitters to explain depression.

Sex-role behaviour-The Biosocial approach proposes that factors such as the physical sex and innate temperament of a new born baby elicits sex typing behaviour from the people around it,leading to a self-fulfilling prophecy in terms of its gender identity.

THE STANDING OF THE DIFFERENT

APPROACHES IN PSYCHOLOGY BIOPSYCHOLOGY

Focuses on genetic,physiological,hormonal

and neurochemical explanations of behaviour.

PSYCHOANLYSIS

focuses on instinctual drives of sex and aggression,expressed within the restrictions imposed by society via the ego and superego.

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY Focus on innate information processing abilities or schemata that are constantly refined by experience.

HUMANISM

While accepting basic physiological needs,the focus is upon the person’s experience of their social and physical environment

BEHA VIOURISM

Focus on the acquisition of virtually all 行为异常：许多精神障碍，例如精神分裂症可能与基因的倾向有关。所以遗传易感性的人在经受某种紧张时，更易得精神障碍。有关动物的研究表明，恶劣的环境促进大脑释放神经递质，缓解焦虑。

性别角色行为：生物社会理论认为生理性别和气质诱发新生儿向周围的人学习性行为,形成了性别认同中的自我验证预言.

两种不同的理论在心理学中的作用

生物心理学：

主要集中在基因、生理、激素、神经递质方面对个体行为的解释。

精神分析心理学：

关注性行为和攻击行为的本能驱力以及它们在社会环境的约束下通过自我和超我的表达

认知心理学：

关注先天的信息加工过程或者通过生活经验而不断完善的图式

人本主义心理学：

接受基本的生理需求，关注人经验的社会和自然环境

行为主义心理学：

关注的焦点在于通过条件反射作用从

behaviour from the environment via

环境中获得的几乎所有的行为。conditioning