外贸函电

外贸函电
外贸函电

外贸函电学习辅导资料

一、课程与考试情况简介

《外贸函电》课程是全国高等教育自学考试国际贸易专业专科段必考课程和英语专业的选修课程,是一门融国际贸易业务与英语为一体的实用英语课。我国已经加入了世界贸易组织,随国际商业往来的日益频繁,对本课程的学习需求与日俱增。

在国际贸易中,买卖双方通过洽商,就各项交易条件取得一致协议后,交易即告达成,买卖双方当事人即存在合同关系。国际买卖合同的商订是整个交易过程中最重要的一个环节,虽然可以通过口头的方式进行,但实践中,主要是通过函电的方式进行。1999年出台的《新合同法》第10条和第11条规定:当事人订立合同,有书面形式、口头形式和其他形式。书面形式是指合同书、信件以及数据电文(包括电报、传真、电子数据交换和电子邮件)等可以有形地表现所载内容的形式。“函”是“封套”的意思,即是指信件,而“电”即是包括电报、传真、电子数据交换和电子邮件等在内的数据电文的统称。所以说,函电不仅是洽商国际买卖合同的手段,而且是签订国际买卖合同的主要形式之一。

虽然从狭义的角度讲,《外贸函电》课程属于英语课的范畴,但却有其明显的不同于一般的英语课程的特殊性。外贸英语函电作为开展对外经济贸易业务和有关活动的重要工具,其课程的开设目的主要是为了让学生能系统地学习、掌握外贸英语函电,主要是书信体的行文结构、专业词汇及语言文体等特点,提高在日常对外经贸工作中正确地使用英语语言和进行对外各项业务联系和通讯活动的能力,以适应对外经济贸易发展的需要。为了达成这一目的,教材内容按照国际贸易实务程序,涵盖建立业务关系、询价、报盘、外贸政策、还盘、谢绝还盘、确认订货、谢绝订货、实盘、虚盘、续订、形式发票、转交业务关系、支付方式、修改信用证、催开信用证、装运须知、信用证延期、装船、敦促立即装运、请求修改信用证、保险、装运、短重索赔、了结索赔、次品投诉、换货等实务流程,以书信为主体,每课均包括书信范本、生词与表达式、课文注释和课后练习等,旨在使学员了解对外贸易业务各个环节,同时学习和掌握英语在各个业务环节中的应用。

《外贸英语函电》的学习目的清楚地表明了它的特殊性。一方面,《外贸函电》课程的专业性质决定了学习和复习这本课程不能单从概念出发去熟悉业务,而是通过具体操作去熟悉进出口业务各个环节,在操作各个环节中深刻理解相关英语。在此意义上可以说,专业词

汇和词组并不是学习这门课程的终极目标,只是实现其终极目标的途径和基础。同学们在复习这本课程时,首先要掌握《国际贸易实务》等先导课程中传授的业务知识,准确理解课文内容和各种业务环节,对进出口贸易业务的环节有一个概念,弄懂每笔交易的来龙去脉。另一方面,《外贸函电》从严格的意义上说,又确实是一门英语课程,课程的重点仍然在于技能训练。其终极目标是在熟悉外贸业务的前提下,按照特定的语言文体,在正确使用专业词汇和标准英语基础上,表达特定的写作目的。因此,必须具有相当的英语基础,通过大量的练习,熟悉包括词法和句法在内的英语语法,达到熟能生巧的程度,在训练语言技巧和表达能力方面狠下功夫。正如《外贸函电自学考试大纲》所说,“从学习英语的角度看,学习语义、语法、句型、同义词的分辨、用词场合等等都不能脱离业务环节去讲去学,因为专业英语的含义不同于日常生活英语。从学习业务角度看,对课文情节了解不透,一知半解容易导致错误。同样,有了情节但不知用什么字句去表达,结果也完不成外贸磋商的任务。”

教育部有关高等教育自学考试的文件明确规定,高等教育自学考试采取个人自学、社会助学和国家考试相结合的形式,命题依据为大纲中所规定的各课学习要点和考核目标,在突出课程规定的重点内容前提下,还要考虑到覆盖面的问题,即考核内容要尽量涉及到所有各课。《外贸函电》不是一门理论性很强的课程,而是一门实践性较强的课程,所以同学们在课程学习和复习考试过程中,切忌不要猜题押题、寻找考试的“捷径”,而要以严谨的治学态度,围绕教材与大纲全面熟悉理解课文,认真做好课后练习,并且注意在不断积累、强化记忆专业词汇、常用句型的基础上,灵活运用业务知识与英语技能。

根据过去几年《外贸函电》试卷分析,本课程考试时间为150分钟,采用的题型有:单项选择题、填空题、英译汉、汉译英、和撰写英语书信五大题型。各类题型所占分数比重大致为:选择题共20小题,每小题1分,占总分的20%(单项选择);填空题共15题25个空,每个空一分,占总分的25%;英译汉共10小题,每小题2分,占总分的20%;汉译英共5小题,每小题3分,占总分的15%;撰写英语书信占总分的20%。试题难易度可分为较易、适中、较难三个等级。每份试卷中,不同难易度试题的分数比例为:较易占总分的20%,适中占总分的60%、较难占总分的20%。

每一种题型都有各自的特点和要求,同学们在全面理解和综合掌握整个教材体系的基础上,可以根据各种题型的特点和要求,在考前进行一些有针对性的训练。

选择题。一般20题左右,每题1分。主要是单项选择,每题有A、B、C、D四个答案,将正确的答案选出,每个正确选择给一分,错误选择不给分。此类考题的特点是点多面广,要求学员对所学知识的掌握程度要详细具体,同时还要求有一定的辨析能力,只有这样才能

避免丢分。学员对此类考题一定要反复练习,提高熟练程度。

填空题。一般15题左右,25个空,每个空1分。此类题要求学员对所学知识和基本概念一定要清晰,尤其是对功能词的掌握,切忌模棱两可,否则失分可能性极大。

单句翻译题。单句翻译题包括英译汉和汉译英两种。其中英译汉包括10个题,每题2分,共计20分;汉译英包括5个题,每题3分,共计15分;两者共计占总分的35%。翻译时,一定要注意句子结构、动词的使用、以及用词拼写的正确,否则相应扣分。

英文写信题。英文写信通常占总分的20%,分数比例大,且难度较大,所以要特别重视平时对此种形式的练习。撰写英文书信,仅仅从理解学习课文是不够的,应该在平时多看类似的例句,做大量的笔头练习,在加深并巩固对课文理解的基础上,多写多练,做到熟能生巧。另外,要注意称呼和结束礼词的书写规范,以及在语言水平上的前后呼应。

以上题型都属于考试范围,但并不是每一份试卷都肯定出现所有题型。从业务角度看,考试重点包括:询价、报价,还价磋商,接受、成交、拒绝接受,签订和寄送合同,支付货款,开立和修改信用证,促装运合同货物,索赔和理赔。重点代表撰写外贸函电必须具备的英文写作水平,但不表示非重点就不必重视和熟悉。

二、教学重点:外贸英语函电的特点与风格:外贸英语函电的基本写作原则:相关专业知识与专业术语。

三、教学难点:外贸英语函电的结构、格式及写作基本原则;相关专业知识与专业术语。

四、教学目标:通过外贸英语函电的学习,使学生明确商务英语函电区别于普通社交书信的不同点,了解外贸英语函电的特点风格,掌握商务英语函电的结构、格式及写作基本原则,能够撰写并阅读标准的商业书信。

五、教学基本要求:

(一)要求学生熟练掌握国际贸易实务相关知识。

(二)立足培养学生对所学知识的实际运用能力,其方法主要有问答练习、英译汉和笔、口头练习。教学中,教师应设法多为学生创造尽量多的听说机会,逐渐培养学生运用英语的习惯和能力,培养学生的听说能力和笔译能力。

(三)要求学生记住教材中的全部专业词汇,并掌握这些词汇在课文中含义和用法。

(四)在外贸英语函电教学中,以学生理解并掌握函电为度;旨在使学生具有准确翻译函电的能力。

教材名称:《外贸函电》编著:方春祥中国人民大学出版社出版

参考书目:

(一)《外贸函电》编著:戚云方浙江大学出版社出版

(二)徐美荣等《外贸英语函电》北京对外经贸大学出版社,2002.06

(三)徐美荣《外贸英语函电辅导用书,北京对外经贸大学出版社,2004.10

(四)曲清德蓝天《外贸英语函电,东北财经大学出版社,1991.10

(五)罗恩·霍尔特International Business

(六)尼克·桑普森Correspondence Handbook外语教学与研究出版社,1999.03

(七)蒋恩奇外贸业务函电,青岛海洋大学出版社,1992.06

(八)武振山,国际贸易英文函电,东北财经大学出版社,1993.05

(九)徐景林,国际贸易实务,东北财经大学出版社,1992.04

(十)廖瑛用外贸谈判英语2004年09月

下面我们来回顾与温习《外贸函电》课程第一课到第二十课的学习目的要求及主要内容。Lesson 1 The Layout of Business letters 商务书信的撰写

一、商务英语书信的格式概述

必备部分:

1.信头(Heading)

作用:表明信是从哪来的;形成收信人对写信人或公司的印象。它包括:发信人的姓名(单位名称)、地址、发文编号和日期,一般写在信纸的左上角。一般公函或商业信函的信纸上都印有单位或公司的名称、地址、电话号码等,因此就只需在信头下面的第一行中间写发文编号,发文编号右下角写上写信日期就可以了。

英文地址的写法与中文完全不同,地址的名称按从小到大的顺序:第一行写门牌号码和街名;第二行写县、市、省、州、邮编、国名;然后再写日期。

标点符号一般在每一行的末尾都不用,但在每一行的之间,该用的还要用,例如在写日期的时候。

2. 日期

日期的写法,如1997年7月30日,英文为:July 30,1997(最为普遍);July 30th,1997;30th July,1997等。1997不可写成97。

3.信内地址(Inside Address)

在一般的社交信中,信内收信人的地址通常省略,但是在公务信函中不能。将收信人的姓名、地址等写在信头日期下方的左角上,要求与对信头的要求一样,不必再写日期。

在一般的社交信中,信内收信人的地址通常省略,但是在公务信函中不能。将收信人的姓名、地址等写在信头日期下方的左角上,要求与对信头的要求一样,不必再写日期。

4.称呼(Salutation)

是写信人对收信人的称呼用语。位置在信内地址下方一、二行的地方,从该行的顶格写起,在称呼后面一般用逗号(英国式),也可以用冒号(美国式)。

(1)写给亲人、亲戚和关系密切的朋友时,用Dear或My dear再加上表示亲属关系的称呼或直称其名(这里指名字,不是姓氏)。例如:My dear father,Dear Tom等。

(2)写给公务上的信函用Dear Madam,Dear Sir或Gentleman(Gentlemen)。注意:Dear 纯属公务上往来的客气形式。Gentlemen总是以复数形式出现,前不加Dear,是Dear Sir的复数形式。

(3)写给收信人的信,也可用头衔、职位、职称、学位等再加姓氏或姓氏和名字。例如:Dear Prof. Tim Scales, Dear Dr.

5.正文(Body of the Letter)

位置在下面称呼语隔一行,是信的核心部分。因此要求正文层次分明、简单易懂。和中文信

不同是正文

一般不用Hello!(你好!)

正文有缩进式和齐头式两种。每段书信第一行的第一个字母稍微向右缩进些,通常以五个字母为宜,每段第二行从左面顶格写起,这就是缩进式。

但美国人写信各段落往往不用缩进式,用齐头式,即每一行都从左面顶格写起。商务信件大都采用齐头式的写法。

6.结束语(Complimentary Close)

在正文下面的一、二行处,从信纸的中间偏右处开始,第一个词开头要大写,句末用逗号。不同的对象,结束语的写法也不同。(1)写给家人、亲戚,用Your loving grandfather,Lovingly yours,Lovingly等;

(2)写给熟人、朋友,用Yours cordially;

Yours affectionately等;

(3)写业务信函用Truly yours(Yours truly),Faithfully yours(Yours faithfully)等;

(4)对上级、长辈用Yours obediently(Obediently yours),Yours respectfully(Respectfully yours)等。

7.签名(Signature)

低于结束语一至二行,从信纸中间偏右的地方开始,在结束语的正下方,在签完名字的下面还要有用打字机打出的名字,以便识别。职务、职称可打在名字的下面。当然,写给亲朋好友的信,就不必再打了。

可选部分:

8.事由(The Subject Heading Or Caption)

Main heading:主标题

Paragraph headings: 分标题

It gives a brief indication of the content of the letter. There are two kinds of subject

headings---main headings and paragraph headings. The main heading is typed two line-spacing below the salutation, underlined. The paragraph heading is placed at the beginning of each paragraph to show what subject the paragraph is dealing with.

标题分为主标题和分段标题。主标题在称呼下面空两行,加下横线。分段标题放在每段之首表示这一段所涉及的主题。

9.经办人(Attention Line)

Generally, it is used where the writer of a letter addressed to a firm or a company whishes to direct it to a specific person. It generally follows the inside address and was two line-spacing above the salutation, underlined.

需注明对方经办人,希望收信商号将信迅速交经办人办理,可用Attention / Attention of, 用于称呼上两行,加底线。

Eg. For the attention of Mr. Smith

Attention: Mr. Smith

Attention of Mr. Smith, Export Manager

Attention of Purchasing Manager

10.附件(Enclosure)

信件如果有附件,可在信纸的左下角,注上Encl:或Enc:,例如:Encl:2 photos(内附两张照片)。如果附件不止一项,应写成Encl:或Encs。

我们有时可看到在称呼与正文之间有a 参考号Ref.No.(Re:)

Re:或Subject:(事由)字样。一般在信纸的中间,也可与“称呼”对齐。还应在底下加横线,以引起读信人的注意,使收信人便于在读信之前就可了解信中的主要内容。事由一般在公务信函中使用,也可以省略。另外英文书信常用语还可能有

11. 抄送( Carton Copy) 简写C.C

If the copy of the letter is to be sent to a third party, type cc or CC two line-spacing below the signature or immediately below the enclosure at the left-hand margin, followed by the name of the recipient of the copy.

信件的内容需抄送第三方时,可在签名或附件下两行沿左边缘线打上cc /CC, 再打上抄送对象的名称即可。

But in some countries, people are using the brand name Xerox for cc as the latter one is now almost replaced by the photocopy in business circle.

但在有些国家,由于商界几乎已全部采用影印件来抄送,故往往用Xerox来代替cc.

Eg. cc: Shanghai Branch Office

12. 附言(Postscript)或再启,P.S

一封信写完了,突然又想起遗漏的事情,这时用P.S.表示,再写上遗漏的话即可,要长话短说。通常在信末签名下面几行的左方,应于正文齐头。

注意:在正式的信函中,应避免使用附言。

二、书写基本原则:

(一)、Courtesy 礼貌

语言要有礼且谦虚,及时地回信也是礼貌的表现。

例如:

We have received with many thanks your letter of 20 May, and we take the pleasure of sending you our latest catalog. We wish to draw your attention to a special offer which we have made in it.

You will be particularly interested in a special offer on page 5 of the latest catalog enclosed, which you requested in your letter of 20 May.

(二)、Consideration 体谅

写信时要处处从对方的角度去考虑有什么需求,而不是从自身出发,语气上更尊重对方。

例如:

“You earn 2 percent discount when you pay cash. We will send you the brochure next month. ”就比“We allow 2 percent discount for cash payment. We won't be able to send you the brochure this month.” 要好。

(三)、Completeness 完整

一封商业信函应概况了各项必需的事项,如邀请信应说明时间、地点等,确忌寄出含糊不清的信件。确定你的信息内容完整,务必包含足够的信息。你必须考虑到对方在阅读这份文件时,心里会提出哪些问题,但是你也要考虑到有哪些信息是他们不知道自己需要的!一份信息怎么样才算完整,由你自己决

定。要确保你的文件内容完整,自问下列这些问题:

□ 我有没有回答读者可能会提出的问题?

□ 我有没有考虑到读者会怎么处理这份文件?

□ 我有没有给予读者他们需要、而不只是他们想要的信息?

(四)、Clarity 清楚

意思表达明确,要注意:

1.避免用词错误:

例如:As to the steamers sailing from Hong Kong to San Francisco, we have bimonthly direct services.

此处bimonthly有歧义:可以是twice a month 或者once two month.故读信者就迷惑了,可以改写为:

1).We have two direct sailings every month from Hong Kong to San Francisco.

2).We have semimonthly direct sailing from Hong Kong to San Francisco.

3).We have a direct sailing from Hong Kong to San Francisco.

2.注意词语所放的位置:

例如:

1). We shall be able to supply 10 cases of the item only.

2). We shall be able to supply 10 cases only of the item.

前者则有两种商品以上的含义。

3.注意句子的结构:

例如:

1).We sent you 5 samples yesterday of the goods which you requested in your letter of May 20 by air.

2).We sent you, by air, 5 samples of the goods which you requested in your letter of May 20.

(五)、Conciseness 简洁

1.避免废话连篇:

例如:

1).We wish to acknowledge receipt of your letter...可改为:We appreciate your letter...

2).Enclosed herewith please find two copies of...可改为: We enclose two copies of...

2.避免不必要的重复:

3.短句、单词的运用:

Enclosed herewith----->enclosed

at this time----->now

due to the fact that----->because

a draft in the amount of $1000----->a draft for $1000

(六)、Concreteness 具体

具体原则是指信函中涉及的内容要言之有物,信息要详实具体、丰富生动,表达要完整。商务信函写作中注意避免类似:soon, at an early date, good, nearly 等笼统的、含混不清的表达。

例如:

I will send the samples to you soon. 就不如I will send the samples to you in two weeks.

如果能再具体,那就更好了,例如:I will send the samples to you next Monday.

(七)、Correctness 正确

“正确”的原则关系到许多要素,自问下列这些问题:

1. 文件里所有的名字、日期、事实和数字都写对了吗?

2. 检查过拼写和语法了吗?

3.文件的格式正确吗?

4.有没有使用信头?

5. 信封上的地址是打上去的吗?信封的格式清晰而专业吗?

6.文件里有没有明显的错误?有没有擦掉或涂改的痕迹?

比如:

1).标点要准确. 例如: He did not make repairs, however, he continued to monitor the equipment. 改为: He did not make repairs; however, he continued to monitor the equipment.

2).选词正确. 好像affect和effect, operative和operational等等就要弄清楚才好用啦.

3).拼字正确. 有电脑拼字检查功能后,就更加不能偷懒.

4).大小写要注意.非必要不要整个字都是大写,除非要骂人,:,例如: MUST change to OS

immediately. 外国人就觉得不礼貌和喝令人一样. 要强调的话,用底线,斜字,粗体就可以了.

三、书信的格式(Styles of layout )(见教材p14-16)

1. Indented Form / Style 缩头式,缩行式

2. Blocked Style 齐头,平头式

3. Modified Style / Semi-Indented Style 混合式

→ Modified B lock with Indented Paragraphs 段落缩头式

Modified Block with Blocked Paragraphs 段落齐头式

四、信封的写法(Addressing Envelopes)

The three important requirements of envelope addressing are accuracy, clearness and good appearance. Business stationery ordinarily has the return address printed in the upper left corner of the envelope. Name and address of the receiver should be typed above half way down the envelope, leaving enough space for the postmark and stamps. Post notations such as “Registered”, “Certified”, or“Confidential” should be placed in the bottom left-hand corner.

Example of Envelopes

★附注项:

1.如一信须由特种邮路或邮船寄送,或说明信的类别,可在信封左下角注明:

1)Per S/S “Empress of Canada” 由…轮寄递

2)Via Siberia For Europe 经由西伯利亚寄往欧洲

3)Via Cape Town 经由南非寄递

4)Via Air Mail 航空邮寄

5) Via Air Mail Registered 航空挂号

6)Registered 挂号邮件

7)Express 快递邮件,快件

8)Parcel Post 包裹邮件

9)Sample Post 样品邮件

10)Samples of Merchandise 货物样品

11)Samples of no commercial value 赠品

2.私人信或密件,须收信人亲自开启时,可在信封左下角注明:1)Private 私人信

2)Personal 个人信

3)Confidential 机密信

3.其他:

1)信封左下角注明:

Attention Hardware Dept. 请交五金部办

2)由公司转交私人信,在收信人姓名后,在公司名称前加c/o Eg. Mr. Charles Wood

c/o China National Chemicals

Import & Export Corporation

3) 托人带信:

→ Mr. Charles Wood

Kindness of Mr. J. W. Smith

或用:Per Kindness of …

By Kindness of …

Through the Courtesy of …

五、电报,电传

掌握电报电传的种类,计费方法及组成。一般分为普通电报和加急电报。按照国际电信联盟的规定,电报计费方法如下:电报中每一个字(word),包括姓名和地址均要收费,每封电报(包括姓名、地址、正文)至少是7个字,不足7个字的按7个字收费。1997年10月1日起,国际商务电报实行“十码作一” 的计费方法,既含1-10个字码的自然字或组合字(可根据意群由字母、数字、符号组成组合字)按1个字计费。

Lesson 2 Enquiries 询函

概述

询函的发送与接受是为了获得有关商品、服务和信息。信函要求直截了当,清楚准确,用最简练的语言表达你的要求,不必过分讲究措辞来吸引读信人的注意。总之,询函要做到简单、具体、明确、有礼并且合理。由于询函意味着可能的贸易机会,因此询函应直接寄给公司,以免被拖延。同时,对询函的答复应迅速;注意语气要客气,内容要全面。撰写询函的理由通常包括如下几种:

(1)获取信息(如价格和技术数据等)

(2)获得印刷品(如商品目录本、说明书、公司介绍等)

(3)索取样品

(4)取得帮助(如得到特别许,帮助或建议等)

询盘也叫询价,是指买方为了洽购某种商品,向对方发出的有关该项商品的询问。询价信大致可以分成两类。一类是普通询价(general enquiry),指对卖方所经营的商品做出要求总体了解的询问,一般主要是要求对方寄送目录单、价格单、样品,或要求对方报价等。另一类是特殊询盘,或说具体询盘(specific enquiry),指对某项特殊商品的具体交易条件进行了解,一般指对规格、价格、支付条件、装运期等的询问。

本课属于具体询盘。全课共2封信:

第一封信包含6个要点:第一要点:询问对方是否能按样生产,第二要点:写信人的要求,第三要点:按样生产条件,第四要点:询问对方是否感兴趣,如感兴趣就报最低离岸价及交货时间,第五要点:如价格具有竞争性发货时间可接受就准备签订长期合同,第六要点:结束语。

学习、复习重点

1.inquiry询价

Inquiries may fall into two categories: general inquiries and specific inquiries.

If the importer intends to purchase goods of a certain specification, he may ask the exporter to make an offer or a quotation for the goods. That is a specific inquiry.

If the importer wants to have a general idea of the commodity, he may make a request for a pricelist, a catalogue, samples and other terms. This is a general inquiry. (Generally, it is also a first inquiry. That is inquiry writing without first writing a letter to establish business relations)

General inquiry 一般询盘

1 The source of information and a brief self-introduction

2 The intention of writing the letter. (Ask for a catalogue, samples or a pricelist)

3 Stating the possibility of placing an order

Specific Inquiry具体询盘

The names and descriptions of the goods inquired for, including specifications, quantity, etc.

Asking whether there is a possibility of giving a special discount and what terms of payment and time of delivery you would expect.

Stating the possibility of placing an order.

2.Quote

与quotation 相对应的动词是quote.

做报价解时的基本结构是:quote sb a price for sth: Please quote us your lowest price for walnuts.请向我方报核桃价。

有时不说以介词for短语表示的商品,就成为quote sb a price: Please quote us your lowest price. 请向我方报最低价。

有时只要直接宾语,而省略其它部分就成为quote a price: Please quote your lowest price.

3.Intend

intend 打算,是正式用语, 指“心里已有做某事的目标或计划”, 含有“行动坚决”之意, 如: I intended to write to you.我要给你写信。

mean 也含有“想做某事”的意思,可与intend互换, 但强调“做事的意图”, 较口语化, 如: I mean to go to bed earlier tonight.今晚我想早些睡觉。

另外类似的词还有propose,指“公开明确地提出自已的目的或计划”, 如:I proposed to speak for an hour.我想讲一小时。

4. be interested in…

be interested in…对……感兴趣

如:Please let us know if you are interested in such cooperation.

5.Appreciate

appreciate指对…表示感激、感谢。如:I really appreciate your help.我真的很感激你的帮助。Lesson 3 Replies to Enquiries 对询函的回复

概述

对日常询函的答复就是对询问的比较积极的回复。这种类型的答复常用在已经建立了贸易往来的公司之间。此种答复的主要功用就是传递必要的信息,通常都非常简短。当贸易的一方同意另一方的询函中所提出的要求后,应该将信息迅速、简要、及时地传递给对方。写这种答复通常遵循的法则是:

1. 开头就告诉对方已同意询函中的要求。

2. 告诉对方愿提供相关信息。

3. 如果是同意对方的订货和发货要求,还要说明己方的发货情况,包括 WHO,WHAT,WHE RE,和 HOW。

这一课包括第一封信3个要点:第一要点:提及对方的来信,并指出要报盘的商品,第二要点:详细说明主要的交易条件,如规格、数量、包装、价格、交货期、及支付条件等,第三要点:期望进一步的联系。第二封信3个要点:第一要点:提及对方的来信,并表明自己的态度,第二要点:详细说明自己不能直接销货给消费者以及给他提供信息的原因,第三要点:给来信者(消费者)在他们地区经销该产品销售的名单。

Content of replies:

Acknowledging receipt of an enquiry/request

- Thank you for your letter of … regarding / concerning / in connection with …

- I refer to your enquiry about / relating to …

- I have received your letter of … requesting information about …

Explaining action taken as a consequence of the enquiry

- I have (reviewed our available stock) …

- We held a meeting on 21 January to discuss possible solutions.

- I have checked/looked into/investigated (the possible approaches) …

Making suggestions / justifying recommendations / pointing out pros and cons / hedging

- The best choice would be … since …

- I highly recommend … as / due to the fact that …

- … would probably be more suitable because …

- … seems to suit you better although …

- Perhaps you should choose … even though …

- I suggest that you (should) choose …

- I recommend this item since …

- In view of the fact that …, I would strongly recommend … as …

Positive replies to Enquiries

1.Expressing thanks;

1)Thank you for your interest in A&M equipment.

2)Thanks for your inquiry.

3) We thank you for your letter of Mach 1 2011,enquiry for our…

4) We thank you for your enquiry of Mach 1, 2011, for our…

2.Expressing regret at inability to do sth.

1)We regret to say/state/inform you that we are not in a position to do …

2) We regret to say/state/inform you that we are unable to do …

3) We are afraid we can not…

3. State reasons (as…)

4. Solutions

5.Expectation cooperation one day/ in the coming days.

All is well that ends well.

一般认为,结尾句是信函的一部分,句子结构应该和正文没有区别。因此,分词短语作为结尾不可取。

Hoping to hear from you soon. →

I hope to hear from you soon.

We look forward your early reply.

Thanking you for your interest. → Thank you for your interest.

除了句子结构问题外,还有一些结尾句强化的负面信息,应该避免。

We trust this is satisfactory, but should you have further questions,

please do not hesitate to contact us.

We hope you are happy with this arrangement, but if you have any

questions, contact us.

以上两句有暗含存在问题之嫌。

学习、复习重点

What is Incoterms?

Incoterms are international rules that are accepted by governments, legal authorities and practitioners worldwide for the interpretation of the most commonly used terms in international trade. They either reduce or remove altogether uncertainties arising from differing interpretations of such terms in different countries.

What is Incoterms 2000 ? (2000年国际贸易价格术语)

"INCOTERMS 2000" is one in a series of short articles published by International Business Training, a division of InterMart, Inc. These articles are designed to help businesses and individuals succeed in the global marketplace.

For more information about a variety of import and export publications, self-study courses and seminars designed specifically for small and mid-sized companies, visit our web page at The laws,

regulations, procedures, requirements, methods, interpretations and other information contained in this article are subject to change and therefore the reader should not rely solely on this guide in dealing with the commercial laws of the United States or foreign countries. Errors and omissions, typographical, clerical and otherwise, sometimes occur and it is possible that errors have occurred in respect to anything printed in this article.

Incoterms make international trade easier and help traders in different countries understand each another. These standard trade definitions that are most commonly used in international contracts are protected by ICC copyright.

Correct use of Incoterms goes a long way to providing the legal certainty upon which mutual confidence between business partners must be based. To be sure of using them correctly, trade practitioners need to consult the full ICC texts, and to beware of the many unauthorized summaries and approximate versions that abound on the web.

What do they cover?

The scope of Incoterms is limited to matters relating to the rights and obligations of the parties to the contract of sale with respect to the delivery of goods sold, but excluding "intangibles" like computer software.

Why do Incoterms need revising periodically?

As the guardian and originator of Incoterms, ICC has a responsibility to consult regularly all parties interested in international trade to keep Incoterms relevant, efficient and up-to-date. It is also translated into 31 laguages. This is a long and costly process for ICC, which is a non-governmental, self-financed organization. The work is financed out of sales of Incoterms 2000 and related publications, which are protected by copyright.

What are the 13 Incoterms?

EXW - Ex-Works, named place where shipment is available to the buyer, not loaded.

The seller will not contract for any transportation.

International Carriage NOT Paid by Seller

FCA - Free Carrier, unloaded at the seller's dock OR a named place where shipment is available to the international carrier or agent, not loaded.

This term can be used for any mode of transport.

FAS - Free Alongside Ship, named ocean port of shipment.

Ocean shipments that are NOT containerized.

FOB - Free On Board vessel, named ocean port of shipment.

This term is used for ocean shipments only where it is important that the goods pass the ship's rail. International Carriage Paid by the Seller

CFR - Cost and Freight, Named ocean port of destination.

This term is used for ocean shipments that are not containerized.

CIF - Cost, Insurance and Freight, named ocean port of destination.

This term is used for ocean shipments that are not containerized.

CPT - Carriage Paid To, named place or port of destination.

This term is used for air or ocean containerized and roll-on roll-off shipments.

CIP - Carriage and Insurance Paid To, named place or port of destination.

This term is used for air or ocean containerized and roll-on roll-off shipments.

Arrival At Stated Destination

DAF - Delivered At Frontier, named place of destination, by land, not unloaded.

This term is used for any mode of transportation but must be delivered by land.

DES - Delivered Ex-Ship, named port of destination, not unloaded.

This term is used for ocean shipments only.

DEQ - Delivered Ex-Quay, named port of destination, unloaded, not cleared.

This term is used for ocean shipments only.

DDU - Delivered Duty Unpaid, named place of destination, not unloaded, not cleared.

This term is used for any mode of transportation.

DDP - Delivered Duty Paid, named place of destination, not unloaded, cleared.

This term is used for any mode of transportation.

Lesson 4 Offer报盘

概述

报盘是指交易的一方提出有关交易的主要条件。报盘也称发盘。发盘可以从不同的角度分类:按形式可以将发盘分为口头发盘、书面发盘及形式发票;按发盘人不同可以将发盘分成卖方发盘(售货发盘)与买方发盘(购货发盘);按法律约束力不同可以将发盘分成实盘(有法律约束力的发盘)与虚盘(无法律约束力的发盘)。按照国际贸易惯例,一方所发实盘(要约)在有效期内被对方无条件接受(承诺),合同即告成立。所以,报盘,特别是报实盘,是一件十分严肃的商业行为,具有重大的法律后果,必须认真对待。

这一课包括第一封信3个要点:第一要点:提及对方的来信,并指出要报盘的商品,第二要点:详细说明主要的交易条件,如规格、数量、包装、价格、交货期、及支付条件等,第三要点:期望进一步的联系。第二封信3个要点:第一要点:提及对方的来信,并表明自己的态度,第二要点:详细说明自己不能直接销货给消费者以及给他提供信息的原因,第三要点:给来信者(消费者)在他们地区经销该产品销售的名单。

学习、复习重点

1.under separate cover

under separate cover表示“另封邮寄”,对应于enclose。

Enclose表示“随函附寄”。除了under separate cover 还可以用by separate mail, by separate post ; 或by another mail, by another post

注意:这几个词意思完全一样,但搭配不同。

2.Offer

在国际贸易中,可作报价解的除quote与quotation外,还有一个常用词,即offer.

Offer作报盘解时,既可作名词用,也可作动词用。

Offer作名词用时,常与动词make, send, give等连用,后接介词for或on, 或of, 接for最普通,接on较少见,买方提及卖方的报盘时,即说到对方已报某货的盘或某数量的盘时,常用of。如:Please make (send, give) us an offer for (或on) Walnuts. Your offer of wood oil is too high.(当然,在这若用for或on也对,但用of较好)。

Offer做动词时,可以不及物,如:We will offer as soon as possible. 我方将尽早报盘。也可以及物。

作及物动词用时,宾语可以是人,可以是物,也可以有双宾语。

We hope to be able to offer you next week. 我们希望能于下周某一天向你方报盘。

We can offer various kinds of cotton piece goods. 我们能报盘各式各样的棉布。

We can offer you Iron Nails at attractive prices. 我们能以具有吸引力的价格向你报盘铁钉。

严格讲quote/quotation 与offer不同,quote/quotation是报价,指某一商品的单价,offer是报盘,除单价外,还包括数量,交货期,付款方式等等。

另外,offer比较固定,卖方价格报出后,一般不能轻易变动,而quote/quotation则不同,卖方报价后,不受约束,可以根据情况略加调整。尽管有区别,但各国商人则往往把这两个词混用。这一点要特别注意。

另外,在使用时,还应注意下列习惯用法:Please offer us 500 Bicycles CIF London. Please quote us your lowest price for 500 Bicycles CIF London.

注意:动词quote 的基本用法:to quote sb. a price for sth. 动词offer 的基本用法:to offer sb. sth. 与offer 常搭配的专业术语有:

报盘to offer, to make an offer, to submit an offering

发实盘to offer firm, to make a firm offer

还盘to make a counter offer, to counter

本报盘以尚未出售为准to offer subject to unsold, without engagement

留盘to hold an offer open, to keep an offer open

撤销一项发盘to withdraw an offer, to cancel an offer

接受一项发盘to close with an offer, to entertain an offer, to accept an offer

更改发盘to improve an offer

变更报盘to alter an offer

延长发盘有效期to extend an offer

重新报盘to renew an offer

重复报盘to repeat an offer

拒绝接受报盘to decline an offer

3.In due course

in due course 是商业书信中的成语,有时用副词duly,意指情况正常按时到达。

4.At seller’s/buyer’s option

at seller’s option 表示由卖方决定,而at buyer’s option 则表示由买方决定。

5.Acceptable,Accept, Acceptance

acceptable 是形容词,可接受的;accept是动词,接受;acceptance是名词,接受。

在报盘有效期内接受报盘的全部条款,达成交易。我们就说:We accept your offer of 2 000 kilos black tea. 或:We confirm our acceptance of your offer of …

若买方只是说:Your offer is acceptable. We are accepting your offer.都不应理解为业务已经成交,对此必须特别注意,以免在实际业务中发生误会。

6.conformation

confirmation 是名词,表示确认。

Lesson 5 Proforma Invoice形式发票

概述

形式发票是一种非正式发票,是卖方对潜在的买方报价的一种形式。买方常常需要形式发票,以作为申请进口和批准外汇之用。弄清楚形式发票的含义、内容、与作用,是学习本课的前提条件。

“Proforma”是拉丁文,它的意思是“纯为形式的”,所以单从字面来理解,Proforma Invoice 是指纯为形式的, 无实际意义的发票。这种发票本来是卖方在推销货物时,为了供买方估计

进口成本,假定交易已经成立所签发的一种发票。实际上,并没有发出货物的事实,正因为如此,在日本这种发票也被称之为“试算发票”。

形式发票与商业发票不同的是在发票上有“形式”字样。这种发票可以用作邀请买方发出确定的订单。发票上一般注明价格和销售条件,所以一旦买方接受此条件,就能按形式发票内容签定确定合约。

由于形式发票上详细载明了进口货价及有关费用,所以有些国家规定可以凭形式发票申请进口许可证,或作为向海关申报货物价格之用。

在实务上,倘若proforma invoice 具备报价单的内容而构成法律上的要约(offer),则可以用来替代报价单,甚至可以作销售确认书(sales confirmation)。

形式发票还可以用于其他需要结算的场合。

(1)用于预付货款,即在装货前要求现金支付。

(2)在寄售方式中,出口的货物没有确定的销售合约,而是放在代理商手中,对代理商来说,形式发票可以作为向潜在的买方报价的指南。

(3)如果是投标,形式发票可以使买方在许多相互竞争的供货商中按合理的价格和销售条件签订销售合同。

了解了形式发票的基本业务知识后,要认真复习课文与注释中英语生词、短语、及相关表达法。

了解了形式发票的基本业务知识后,要认真复习课文与注释中英语生词、短语、及相关表达法。

学习、复习重点

1.为什么采用形式发票?

由出口商向进口商提供的,供进口商申请进口许可证或进行进口货物申报使用的单据,一般规定有“出口商最后确认为准”的保留条件,不具有法律效力。一些发展中国家为管制进口,控制外汇支出及掌握进口来源地,要求进口商凭出口商提供的形式发票申请进口许可证。中国政府无此类规定。

2.Functions of proforma invoices

1).to serve as a formal quotation or as a price reference;

2). to enable the buyer to make necessary preliminary arranges, such as, obtaining an import license for the goods he would like to order;

3).to inform the buyer the amount payable to the goods to be shipped.

3.Details of proforma invoices

1). descriptions of the goods( type, speciation)

2). unit price

3). quantity

4). terms of payment

5). time of shipment

6). total amount

7). shipper, cargo insurance, and transport charges

8). name of buyer and address

9) Useful trems

1.唛头Marks

2.货品名称及规格Commodities & Specifications

3.数量Quantity

4.单价Unit Price

5.总价Amount

6.付款方式PAYMENT: L/C AT SIGHT

7..包装条款PACKING: EACH PACKED IN COLOR BOX, THEN IN CARTONS.

8..装运港PORT OF LOADING : GUANGZHOU, CHINA

9.卸货港/ 目的港PORT OF DISPATCHING/DESTINA TION: ANTWERP

10.交货期DELIVERY: ON/BEFORE DECEMBER 15, 1999

11.其它

有错当查 E. &. O. E

Lesson 6 Terms and Conditions条款

概述

条款是商务合同中主要的内容,已经成为职场中人必须掌握的一门知识,虽然具体事项各有不同,而且现在不论大小公司都会有自己的合同制式,但是清楚各项条款还是必须的。

合同条款不论是用中文写作还是用英语写作,不论是草拟涉外经济贸易合同条款还是书写有关合同条款的信函,只要是写作,就涉及到三方面的内容,即选词、句型结构、段落结构。基于涉外经济合同本身特征,在拟合同条款时就要求用词准确,句子结构严密,通常在

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常用英文商务信函模板及实例

目录Chapter 1 外贸函电 1. 资信调查Credit Information 2. 推销Salesmanship 3. 建立贸易关系Establishing Business Relations 4. 询盘Inquiry 5. 报盘Offer 6. 还盘Counter-offer 7. 下订单Order 8. 接受订单Accepting the Order 9. 拒绝订单Declining the Order 10. 支付方式Terms of Payment 11. 催款Reminder 12. 更改信用证Amending the L/C 13. 理赔Settlement of Claims 14. 代理Agency Chapter 2 商务报告 1. 建议报告Proposal Report 2. 工作进度报告Progress Report 3. 述职报告Work Report 4. 说明报告Introduction Report 5. 总结报告Final Report 6. 可行性报告Feasibility Report 7. 评估报告Appraisal Report 8. 市场调查报告Investigation Report Chapter3 行政文书 1. 便条Note 2. 启事Announcement 3. 简报Briefing 4. 广告Advertisement 5. 备忘录Memorandum 6. 介绍信Letter of Introduction 7. 会议日程表Agenda of the Meeting 8. 会议记录Minutes 9. 公司决议Directors’ Resolution Chapter 4 申请函

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1. 申请人applicant 2. 实盘firm offer 3. 装运日期Time of shipment/delivery(date of shipment/delivery) 4. 航空货运单air waybill 5. 即期汇票sight draft 6. 合法持有人bona fide holder 7. 通知银行advising bank 8. 检验报告survey report 9. 到岸价CIF/cost, insurance and freight 10. 信用证修改书amendment to letter of credit 11. 中国对外贸易运输公司China National Foreign Trade Transportation Corporation 12. 代收银行,汇付行collecting bank 13. 订舱book shipping space 14. 运费率Freight rate 15.钩损险Hook Damage Risk 16.包装不良Improper packing 17. 支付条款Payment terms/terms of payment 18. 汇票draft 19. 装运港port of loading 20. 品质检验证书Inspection Certificate of Quality 21. 资信状况credit standing 22 信用证letter of credit

23. 销售确认书sales confirmation 24. 电汇telegraphic transfer 25. 仲裁Arbitration 26. 付款交单document(s) against payment 27. 水渍险With particular average/WPA 28. 提单bill of lading 29. 离岸价FOB/free on board 30. 贸易条款terms and conditions 31. 装箱单packing list 32. 原产地证明certificate of origin 33. 开证行Issuing/opening bank 34. 装运单据shipping documents 35. 综合险All Risks 36. 有关信用证the relevant letter of credit 37. 销售合同Sales Contract 38. 保险单Insurance Policy 39. 租船契约Charter Party 40. 索赔Lodge a claim (againt)…/claim 41.商业发票Commercial Invoice 42. 中国商检局China Commodity Inspection Bureau 43. 装船通知shipping advice/notice 44.目的港port of destination

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would like to take this opportunity to introduce our company and products, with the hope that we may work with Bright Ideas Imports in the future. We are a joint venture specializing in the manufacture and export of textiles. We have enclosed our catalog, which introduces our company in detail and covers the main products we supply at present. You may also visit our website https://www.360docs.net/doc/b412966115.html,,which includes our latest product line. Should any of these items be of interest to you, please let us know. We will be happy to give you a quotation upon receipt of your detailed requirements. We look forward to receiving your enquires soon. Sincerely, John Roberts 本文档由实惠网(https://www.360docs.net/doc/b412966115.html,)编制,版权所有,尽供外贸交流学习商业目的请联系实惠网(https://www.360docs.net/doc/b412966115.html,)

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外贸函电

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