2009年吉林大学考博英语真题

2009年吉林大学考博英语真题

G Part 1 Vocabulary and Structure (15 points)

Directions: There are thirty incomplete sentences in this part. For e ach sentence there are four choices, marked A, B, C, D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSW ER SHEEET with a single line through the center.

1. However, growth in the fabricated metals industry was able to____ some of the decline in the iron and steel

industry.

A. overturn

B. overtake

C. offset

D. oppress

2. France's ____of nuclear testing in the south pacific last month t riggered political debates and mass demonstrations.

A. assumption

B. consumption

C. presumption

D. resumption

3. The winners of the football championship ran off the field carryi ng the silver cup____.

A. turbulently

B.tremendously

C.triumphantly

D. tentatively

4. the 215-page manuscript circulated to publishers last October. ____ an outburst-of interest.

A. flared

B. glittered

C. sparked

D. flashed

5. The most important for assessment in this contest is originality of design. ？

A. threshold

B. partition

C. warrant

D. criterion

6.The American society is____ an exceedingly shaky foundation of natur al resources, which is connected with the possibility of a worsening environment.

A.established

B.affiliated to

C.originated from

D.incorporated with

7. She has ____ a large sum of money from her father.

A. inherited

B. presented

C. hosted

D. turned'

8. He may give the impression of being severe, but he is quite a kind person___.

A. from heart

B. at heart

C. of heart

D. by heart

9. The city government is getting its residents to property ___thei r garbage.

A. break up

B. dispose of

C. check out

D. hand out

10. The English weather defies forecast and hence is a source of interest ___to everyone.

A. speculation

B. attribution

C. utilization

D. proposition

11. In fact as he approached this famous statue, he only barely res isted the ___to reach into his bag for his camera.

A. impatience

B. impulse

C. incentive

D. initiative

12. Some day software will translate both written and spoken language so well that the need for any common second

language could____.

A. descend

B. decline

C. deteriorate

D. depress

13. Equipment not ____ official safety standards has all been remov ed from the workshop.

A.conforming to

B.consistent with

C.predominant over

D.providing for

14. The introduction of gunpowder gradually made the bow and arrow___ _, particularly in Western Europe.

A. obscure

B. obsolete

C. optional

D. overlapping

15. They used to quarrel a lot, but now they are completely with___ _ each other.

A. reconciled

B. negotiated C, associated D. accommodated

16. Whoever formulated the theory of the origin of the universe, it is just____ and needs proving.

A. spontaneous

B. hypothetical

C. intuitive

D. empirical

17. The future of this company is ____ : many of its talented empl oyees are flowing into more profitable net-based

businesses.

A. at odds

B. in trouble

C. in vain

D. at stake

18. It is no ______ that a large number of violent crimes are comm itted under the influence of alcohol.

A . coincidence B. correspondence C. inspiration D. intuition

19. The English language contains a(n) _ of words which are comparat ive seldom used in ordinary conversation.

A. altitude

B. latitude

C. multitude

D. attitude

20. A membership card ____the holder to use the club's facilities fo r a period of twelve months.

A. approves

B. authorizes

C. rectifies

D. endows

21. He wore shorts and a T-shirt that revealed well-muscled legs and arms and a strong neck that ____the grizzled hair.

A. belied

B. denied

C. relied

D. believed

22. The football team celebrated its victory in a ____fashion, so th

e neighbors downstairs complained bitterly to them.

A. strenuous

B. ambiguous

C. tumultuous

D. conspicuous

23. The bus is packed and it seems there is no room for one more person in the ____.

A. channel

B. street

C. lane

D. aisle

24. His first play has been ___to the screen.

A. transferred

B. translated

C. transported

D. transformed

25. It is impossible to __ what will happen.

A. talk

B. speak

C. predict

D. prediction

26. This is the sample of Chinese architecture ___by Japanese designe rs.

A. changed

B. altered

C. varied

D. modified

27. His whole attitude had undergone a ___ change.

A. miniature

B. subtle

C. few

D. little

28. My conscience __ me to tell the truth.

A. compels

B. repels

C. dispels

D spells

29. I never trusted him because I always thought of him as such a character.

A. gracious

B. unique

C. suspicious

D. particular

30. The room was dark, and Stan nearly fell over a chair as he

to the phone.

A. trembled

B. stumbled

C. mumbled

D. scrambled

Part II Reading Comprehension (40 points)

Directions: In this part there are 4 passages followed by questions or unfinished statements . each with four suggested answers. Choose t he one you think is the best answer. Mark you choice on the ANSWER SHEEET with a single line through the center.

Questions 31-35 are based on the following passage:

Economists believe that investors are rational, and that stock pri ces are therefore unpredictable. It sounds peculiar, but the logic is ironclad.

Rational investors would take into account everything they know wh en buying or selling stock ___ all the information available about w here profits, interest rates, technology and so on are going. So sto ck prices would reflect all available knowledge, and would change onl y when new information came in. And new information is, by definitio n, unpredictable, which means that changes in stock prices would be unpredictable, too. But investors, being human, are driven by fear, g reed and the madness of crowds.

In principle this should create patterns in stock prices, and in pri nciple you can use those patterns to outperform the market. But whil e it may be very hard to tell whether the market is overvalued or undervalued, one thing is for sure: It fluctuates more than it sho uld. That is

instead of rising or falling only when there is real news about fut ure, stocks surge and plunge for no good reason.

People sell because other people are selling, or buy because other p

eople are buying. And, as a result, it is more a series of random leaps than a random walk. Tuesday was a case in point. On a slow news day, markets suddenly dived, with the Dow falling by more tha n 3 percent and the Nastaq by more than 5 without anything happenin g to change your fundamental view about what is on in the U.S. eco nomy. Why was the market so easily spooked? Presumably because everyo ne is even more confused than usual about what stocks are really th ose days.

On one side, the U.S. economy has been wallowing in good news. Prod uctivity has been soaring, allowing the economy to grow far faster t han seemed possible. And with clever new applications of silicon chip s coming out every day, it is easy to become exuberant about the f uture. On the other hand, as any financial theorist could tell you, good news that you already expect to hear I isn't news. Five year s ago, a 2 percent annual increase in worker productivity would have been regarded as excellent, and stocks would have risen sharply. To day it would be regarded as a disappointing performance, and would d rive stocks down.

So, is it terrific or incredible? Nobody really knows. And a rationa l market would accept this ignorance, and waitfor some actual evidenc e in favor of one side or the other.

Of course, it doesn’t work that way. One Tuesday, something caused investors to become sligh tly less convinced than they had been the day before that we are li ving in the best of all possible world. And the result was a huge destruction of paper-virtual- wealth.

31. Paragraph 2 seems to suggest that ________ .

A. investors are not always rational

B. stock price reflects all available knowledge

C. a rational investor should be good in prediction of the market

D. because new information is unpredicted it is hard for investors t o be rational

32. According to the text, investors become irrational because _______ _ .

A. they are not experienced

B. they possess the nature we all have

C. the U.S. economy is sometimes unpredictable

D. they are confused about the changes of the stock market

33.The result of “Tuesday case’’is that _______.

A. the U.S. economy soared

B. the U.S. stock price fell sharply

C. people were disappointed about U.S. economy

D. people were not sure about what stocks were really worth

34. In paragraph 5, the phrase "wallowing in" may be replaced by____

.

A. delighted in

B. surprised by

C. convinced by

D. doublful about

35.We learn from the text that __.

A. the investors are ignorant

B. the stock market can be frightened very easily ?

C. the falling of Dow by 3 percent is considered as a 'random walk

”

D. a 2 percent annual increase in worker productivity is not a good

result

Questions 36-40 are based on the following passage

The military services recently have shown more interest in f

amily issues,including those relating to father-child relations

hips. This interest parallels

the growing recognition by military leaders of the interdependency be

tween military effectiveness and family functioning. It has been fou

nd that the extent to hich members are satisfied with their family

life is reflected in their job performance and is eventually tied to

their decision to stay in the military.

for handling incidents of child abuse (虐待)

and neglect. A key aspect of these important moves is their focus o

n prevention rather than punishment and discharge.

This recognition, coupled with the changing image of the milit

ary community and family, has helped to provide more support servic

es for military fathers. At the present time, the military services include a number of organizations that provide an impressive range

of services and programs for fathers. Among these are Family Suppor

t Centers, Chaplain Services, Parent Education Programs, Child-Care Ser

vices, and Recreational Services for fathers and their children. In a

ddition, each service branch has established policies and procedures Despite military efforts to provide services for families, military

fathers have been unwilling in ihe past to seed services or ask f

or help with a personal or family problem. They often believe that

if they seek help for a problem, (hey may risk the danger of putti

ng themselves in very unfavorable conditions and thus ruin their care

ers. As a consequence, military services and programs in recent years

have increasingly adopted the concept of reaching out to military f

athers to prevent certain problems in their planning efforts.

36. The word "parallels" (line 3, para1) means ___.

A. extends side by side with

B. is similar to

C. grows at the same time as

D. acts as a balance to

37. From the first paragraph we can see that _______ .

A. enjoyable family life is the key to military effectiveness

B. military leaders are anxious to improve their relationship with th

eir children C. fathers are usually unwilling to stay in the militar y D. enjoyable family life promotes job performance

38. The fundamental goal of the organizations listed in the second p aragraph is___.

A. to prevent crimes in the military

B. to bring about military effectiveness

C. to handle incidents of child abuse and neglect

D. to educate the children in the military

39. The support services described in the passage .

A. have done their best to help military fathers

B. have solved all the problems of military fathers

C. have not been functioning e fficiently

D. have ruined some people's careers .

40. Form the last sentence of the passage, we know that____.

A. access to military services has been made more convenient recently

B. military services have been working hard on some ideological pro blems

C. more and more people have realized the importance of planning in military services

D. the concept of prevention rather than punishment has been accepted by most people in the military

Questions 41-45 are based on the following passage:

For more than a decade, the Federal Superfund program, designed to c lean up America's waste sites, has been a gold mine for lawyers and consultants.

Billions have been spent on Superfund since 1980,but cleanup has been completed at fewer than 5 percent of the nation's 1,200 most dange rous waste sites.

Where has the money gone? An enormous amount has been spent arguing and litigating over who should pay for cleanup. When Congress creat ed Superfund, it envisioned fast, efficient cleanups that would be fu nded by finding

those responsible at each and every site and making them pay. While this sounds good in theory, in reality this approach has buried Co ngress's vision under an avalanche of litigation and expensive, length y negotiations.

First, many sites were created by waste disposal that took place 20, 30 or 40 years ago, or even longer. This can make identifying eve ryone connected with a site-finding records to prove who has owned a nd operated it, who sent what waste, how much and where-expensive an d time-consuming.

Second, Superfund holds anyone who has ever owned, used or transporte d waste to a site liable for the entire cost of cleanup, even if no laws were broken at the time and even if they contributed only a tiny fractions of waste. This forces those identified at Superfund

sites--- whether they be large corporations, small businesses, local governments, hospitals, universities or even individuals -- to spend more time and money looking for others to share the costs.

With cleanup costs averaging $26 milling per site and some sites cos ting in the hundreds of millions, it's little wonder that organizatio ns and private parties spend years in negotiating and litigation. In fact, at some sites, more money is spent on determining who will pay than on cleanup itself. This does a lot for lawyers and consult ants but very little for the environment. .

Even the Administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EP A) commented, “One of the sad truths about the program is that so much money has gone to people in three-piece suits and not moon s uits.

41. What can we learn about the Federal Superfund program?

A. It is an environmental protection plan.

B. It concerns the cleanup of mining operations for gold run by the federal government.

C. it employs lawyers and consultants to decide the proper cleanup sites.

D. It completes about 5% of the cleanup every year.

42. The third paragraph suggests that____.

A. quick results were not expected when the program was initiated

B. the funding of cleanups would come from whoever was responsible f or the waste sites

C. the program has caused people to be more car eful about waste disposal

D. Congress has all but given up the prog ram

43. Which of the following is the major problem in carrying out the program?

A. Identifying the waste sites.

B. Estimating the cost of cleanup.

C. Finding the important records and files.

D. Determining the responsibility for the waste sites.

44. Negotiations and litigation go on and on because those involved and identified .

A. demand absolute fairness in paying the cost

B. want others to sh are the costs

C. deny having broken laws

D. have little money on the cleanup

45.What does the last sentence of the passage imply?

A. The EPA has spent a lot of money.

B. Cleanup needs much more money than expected.

C. Money has disappe ared in many different ways.

D. Money has been wasted on litigation.

Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage:

The realm of product liability is one that has always put legal sch olars and practitioners at odds. Viewed by some as genuine efforts t o protect the public from dangerous goods and others as an excuse f

or dirty lawyers to sue rich companies, the matter has yet to be r esolved. Product liability, and its implications for disgruntled consum ers wishing to sue the makers of what they buy, continues to be de bated.

Those who argue that current product liability laws are positive asse rt that without such laws, manufacturers would be free to do as the y please without regard for the safety of the consumers who buy the ir products. As a result, they argue, shoddy merchandise would emerge , with every possible corner cut in order to lower costs, at the e xpense of quality. Not only would the shoddy merchandise be a rip-of f, however, but the products could likely be harmful as well. Propon ents of this point of view hail the new wave of warning labels and increased quality assurance that has resulted from recent product li ability legislation, confident in their conviction that it has made t he American marketplace a safer place to shop.

Opponents of the current status-quo, however, cite the overwhelming am ount of litigation that has taken place as a result of stricter pro duct liability. A moderate approach is advised by this group, between the necessary safeguards that would prevent abuse of the system by the companies and the excessive consumer-protection laws that allow producers to be sued at the drop of a hat. These people argue that greed and the alluring possibility of easy money lead unscrupulous buyers to look for any excuse to bring minor grievances to court, h oping for a million-dollar outcome.

As the situation stands now, the former camp is getting its way, re flecting society's priority of safety over economics. Recent lobbying by producers have begun to shift the tide, however. As abuse of pro duct liability laws continues and grows, courts are beginning to note the trend and take appropriate measures, casting a keener eye on s uch cases so as to distinguish between frivolous cases and more seri ous claims. In regard to the future of product liability legislation and its relation to our ever increasingly litigious society, only t ime will tell.

46. It is stated that consumers who bring product liability problems to litigation____.

A. are primarily motivated by the possibility of quick money through a lawsuit

B. suffer injuries from faulty merchandise and deserve ap propriate compensation

C. will find their options limited in the future as product liabilit y laws will move toward a more moderate

position

D. bring their issues to litigation based on both legitimate and pro fit-seeking ,grounds

47. Manufacturers in the passage tend to ________ .

A. invariably produce dangerous products that require legislation to e nsure safety

B. hold profit and cost-cutting in higher regard than consumer safety

C. be the victims of a legal institution that unfairly targets the m

D. be bound by the current system, causing them to take caution in producing their products

48. Those who favor less strict product liability laws believe that _________ .

A. such laws curb producers’ability to create shoddy merchandise to attain greater profit

B. the laws need to be modified to better s ense (he needs of both consumers and producers

C. the results of su ch laws have been positive thus far. but need to be modified

D. st rict product liability laws are unnecessary and should be disposed of

49.The author's attitude toward the issue seems to be _________ .

A. biased

B. puzzling

C. objective

D. indifferent

50. The main purpose of this passage is to ________ .

A. present two opposing sides of an argument for the reader's consid eration

B. educate the reader about the effect of product liability legislati on on the legal system

C. convince the reader that product liability laws need to be change d

D. inform the reader of the current status of product liability l aws

Part III Cloze(10 points)

Directions: There are twenty blanks in the following passage. For eac h blank there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corre sponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.

A food bank is the center of food collection and distribution in a community. This food usually 51 from grocery stores or manufactur ers that have thousands of pounds of food to give 52 . Food banks operate intricate and advanced warehousing operations, 53 food is co llected, 54 and re-distributed to the community. Traditionally, a food bank does not distribute food 55 to those in 56 . 57, food banks serve an58 network, of organizations in their 59 communities. These organizations serve one part of the 60 and know the needs of the people there. 61 working, together, the food bank and the community organization can serve a greater 62Many food banks provide of peo ple in the most efficient way.

Many food banks provide 63 services. They 64 from after school feedi ng programs, 65In the aftermath of welfare reform, food banks through

out the country are raising private Kids Cafe, to community agricul ture projects.

66 to operate innovative programs and to 67 those who are hungry. Every food bank strives to be a hunger advocate producing 68 studi es and tracking statistics, while lending their hands-on expertise to get legislation passed and ensuring that the 69 of domestic hunger is not lost in the shadow of an70 boom".

51. A. results B. collects C. comes D. gathers

52. A. away B. out C. over D. off

53. A. which B. where c. what D. how

54. A. accepted B. offered c. processed D. sorted

55. A instantly B. directly c voluntarily D. readily

56. A need B haste c. debt D. order

57. A. However B. Otherwise c. Instead D. Certainly

58. A. abnormal B. optional c. imaginary D. extensive

59. A. individual B. respective c. special D. widespread

60. A. organization B. bank c. operation D. community

61. A. Therefore B. Nevertheless C. Still D. Conversely

62. A. amount B. deal C. number D. quantity

63. A regular B. other C. daily D. depositing

64. A.change B. alter C. differ D range distributing

65. A. including B. providing C. managing D

66. A. demands B. properties C. funds D. plans

67. A. shelter B. feed C. clothe D. finance

68. A. poverty B. welfare C. hunger D. food

69. A. issue B. policy C. reform D. project

70. A. economical B. economics C. economy D. economic

Part IV Translation from English into Chinese. (15 points) Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate th e underlined sentences into Chinese：Your translations must be writte n neatly on ANSWER SHEET.

Many critics of the current welfare system argue that existing welfar e regulations lead to family instability. They believe that those reg ulations, which exclude most poor husband-and-wife families from Aid t o Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) assistance grants, contribute to the problem of family dissolution. (71)

Thus, they conclude that expanding the set of families that can elig ibly get such grants would result in a marked strengthening of the low-income family structure.

If all poor families could receive welfare, would the incidence of instability change markedly? The answer to this question depends o n the relative importance of three types of potential welfare recipie nts. The first is the “cheater”-the husband who is reported to have abandoned his family, but in f

act disappears only when the social worker is in the neighborhood. ( 72) The second consists of a loving husband and devoted father who, sensing his own inadequacy as a family supporter, leaves so that h is wife and children may enjoy the relative benefit provided by publ ic assistance.

There is very little evidence that these two types are significant.

The third type is the unhappily married couple, who remain toget her out of a sense of economic responsibility or their children, bec ause of the high costs of separation, or because of the consumption benefits of marriage. This group is large. (73) The formation, main tenance, and dissolution of the family is in large part a function of the relative balance between the benefits and costs of marriage a s seen by the individual members of the marriage. Since the family performs certain functions society regards as vital, a complex network of social and legal process has evolved to reinforce marriage. Much of the variation in martial stability across income classes can be explained by the variation in costs of dissolution imposed by soc iety, such as division of poverty, and child support. (74) Marital s tability is related to the costs of achieving an acceptable agreement on family consumption and production and to the prevailing social p rice of instability in the marriage partners' social-economic group. E xpected income exerts pressures on family instability by reducing the cost of dissolution. To the extent that welfare is a form of gove rnment-subsidized AFDC payments, it reduces the costs of separation an d guarantees a minimal standard of living for wife and children. So welfare opportunities are a significant determinant of family instabi lity in poor neighborhoods, but this is not the result to AFDC regu lations that exclude most intact families from coverage. (75) Rather, welfare-related instability occurs because public assistance lowers bo th the benefits of marriage and the costs of its breach by providin g a system of government-subsidized payments.

Part IV Writing(20 points)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a co mposition.

The writing covers the following: more deserts appearing in many area s and possible causes of the problem, suggestions for improving the living environment such as planting trees, and what you could do for environmental protection. You should write at least 200 words follow ing the outline given above.