研究生学术英语summary
In his article “Ethical, Legal and Social Implications of Autonomous Systems”, Austin Modine puts forward that the autonomous systems may rise ethical, legal and social issues. People’s reactions to these technologies may be negative because autonomous systems are inherently outside of their control. However, autonomous systems may be trusted more than human operators in some special situations in which humans may make bad choice as a result of panic. As we all know, all technologies are liable to failure, and autonomous systems will be no exception. Then, who will be responsible for the failure? There is still not a legal framework covering autonomous systems currently. As it is almost inevitable that autonomous systems will experience failures, actions must be taken to address these issues. Therefore, these kinds of social, legal and ethical questions need to be debated so that autonomous systems can be developed in a way that is legally and socially acceptable.
In his article “Why do Things Become More Complex?”Carrington,S. puts forward that complexity tends to increase as functions and modifications are added to a system to break through limitations, handle exceptional circumstances or adapt to a world itself more complex. Fifty years ago, things are simpler. But lately, things are getting more complicated as time passes. Taking jet engines for example, they were beautifully simple at first, but they steadily become more complicated over the years. However, there is nothing wrong with the increase in complexity, not only jet engines, but also higher organisms. Sometimes the results of growing complexity are not so streamlined, our lives are also in this way. Interestingly, there is hope even when a system gets lumbered down with complications because growing complexity is often followed by renewed simplicity in a slow back-and-forth dance, with complication usually gaining a net edge over time. It is true that the secret of well-being is simplicity. Thus, we can’t seek complexity as an end or allow it to go unchecked. It is then that we need to discover the new modes and the bold strokes which bring fresh simplicity to our organizations, our technology, our government and our lives.
研究生综合英语上册Unit1 summary
Traits Of The Key Players Kao Yingchao 2014020603 考颖超2014020603 General Statement A “key player” who has a handful of staff in a given area of expertise is essential to the organization.The companies hire a “key player”from the competitor’s companies who has more experienced or just a newbie who has 4 traits—the selfless cooperator, a sense of urgency, risk tolerance,risk tolerance and strength in interpersonal relationship. Main Points Part 1:para1~para3 What a key player is and how the companies hire a key player. Part 2:para4~para5 What the difference between academia and industry,there is more collaborative and more teamwork in the industry.And how to make yourself look like a selfless collaborator. Part 3:para6~para7 A sense of urgency is important for the company.If the team want to win,that means you not only need the people who can think fast and
学术英语写作总结
专业英语写作考点总结 part ? academic english writing （专业英语写作）chapter 1 six considerations in academic writing 1、academic writing is a product of many consideration : audience, purpose, organization, style, flow and presentation. （学术写作六要素：写作对象，目的，组织结构，文体特征，表达连贯和宣讲或宣读）。 2、organization usually has the following four parts : 问题-解决方法包括四个部 分 (1) description of a situation （描述情况） (2) identification of a problem （甄别问题） (3) description of a solution （描述解决方法） (4) evaluation of the solution （评估解决方法） 3、formal grammar style：（正规的语法风格） (1) generally avoid contractions （一般来讲避免使用略缩词） 例：won’t改为will not (2) use the more appropriate formal negative forms （使用更为适宜的正规的否定 形式） 例：not...any改为nonot...much改为little not...many改为few (3) limit the use of “run-on” expressions, such as and so forth and etc. （限 制使用多个词连用的表达法） 例：句子内不能出现and so forth和etc.出现时应将省略的部分扩展出来。 (4) avoid addressing the reader as you(except, of course, if you are writing a textbook or other instructional materials).（避免向读者说“你”）例：you can see the results in table 1. 改为：the results can be seen in table 1. 改为： it is necessary to consider how costs may be lowered. 或者 we now need to consider how costs may be lowered. (6) place adverb within the verb. （将副词放于动词词组内）例：this model was developed by krugman originally. 改为：this model was originally developed by krugman. (7) consider whether you should split infinitives.（考虑是否该使用割裂不定式）例：we need to adequately meet the needs of those enrolled in the program. (8) aim for an efficient use of words. （目的是为了有效地使用词汇）例：there are some inorganic materials that can be used by bioengineers in the process of tissue engineering that have been shown to be very promising. 改为：some inorganic materials used in tissue engineering have shown great promise. 习题： （1）you can use this model to analyze the effects of several parameter changes. 错误：使用了you。 改为：this model can be used to analyze the effects of several parameter changes. （2）ok, what are the reasons that coffee prices have fallen? there’re a lot of possibilities. 错误：使用了口语ok；直接引语的使用；使用了缩略词there’re。
【良心出品】Summary的写作技巧和常见句型
Summary的写作技巧和常见句型 一、概括原文 （一）阅读 1.读懂文章 读文章的时候，要养成良好的阅读习惯，划划写写，英文阅读的时候，用铅笔轻轻划出重点词汇。 认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。 2.拆分文章 按照作者的思路，把文章分段，每个段落用几个词，几个短语概括。尽量简短，精炼。 段落中心句，在段落的开头或末尾。有时也会变态的在当中。 3.概括主旨 写出文章的thesis, 一句话概括文章的主旨。 （二）基本结构和技巧 1.重新拟定标题 给summary起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。 2.阐述观点 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。写概述的时候，如果能够明确是他人写作的文章，注意要把作者的名字放在第一句（或者是the author…….）。接着写出要阐述的main ideas（主要观点）和supporting points（对主要观点的支持）。 3.词汇运用 注意概述的coherence（连贯性），运用好transition words（过渡词）, like however, furthermore, nonetheless, besides, therefore etc. 4.删除细节 只保留主要观点。 5.选择一至两个有代表性的例子 原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 6.把长句变成短句，把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。 “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” 6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子： “Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.” 可以概括为：”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.” 7) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：
研究生4篇summary
中国地质大学 研究生课程论文封面 课程名称研究生英语 教师姓名何霜 研究生姓名刘改宁 研究生学号1201510871 研究生专业数学 所在院系数理学院 类别: A.博士 B.硕士 C.进修生 日期: 2016 年4月15 日
Summary 1.The summary of “From Competence to Commitment”. In thisarticle,“From Competence to Commitment”,Ernest Boyer argues that itis not enough to merely teach undergraduates the specialized skills needed to do a particular job. R ather, students need “a large vision.” He argues that they need to become familiar with issues far beyond the simple concerns of a narrow academic field, and gain an appreciation of the values and philosophy of their own culture as well as the issues shaping nations far from the university campus. In addition to learning specialized facts and skills, students should examine larger issues of right and wrong, so that each student may develop the intellectual sophistication required to make wise decision for themselves and their society. Therefore Ernest Boyerstates that the undergraduate education should move the student from competence to commitment. At first, the author reveals a common phenomenon that many college students are confused about where to put their belief. In order to work out this problem, undergraduate education should reflect in loyalties that rise above self. Next, college graduates should fulfill civic obligations. The imperative measures should be taken to narrow the gap between public policy and public understanding in American teaching today. The complicated public liferequires more participation of citizens,
研究生学术综合英语1-6课课文及翻译
Presenting a speech （做演讲） Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through 在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。我们用语言 language we share experience, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit 来分享经验，表达(传递？)价值观，交换想法，传播知识， knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to think itself. 传承文化。事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。[Contrary to popular belief], language | does not simply mirror reality but also helps to create our sense of reality [by giving meaning to events]. 和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在 具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。 ——语序的调整。 Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker’s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately. 好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。词语是演讲者演讲的重要“武器”，具有特殊的用途，这和任何其他的工作技艺没什么两样。作为演讲者，必须知道词语的具体含义，也要懂得如何做到用词准确、清晰、生动、适当。 Using language accurately is as vital to a speaker as using numbers accurately to a accountant. Never use a word unless you are sure of its meaning. If you are not sure, look up the word in the dictionary. As you prepare your speeches, ask yourself constantly, “What do I really want to say? What do I really mean?”Choose words that are precise and accurate. 演讲者准确地使用语言和会计准确使用数字是一样重要的。确定词意后再措词。如果不确定，请先查词典。当你在准备演讲的时候，要不断地问自己：“我到底要说什么？我到底想表达什么意思？”用词一定要精准。 Using language clearly allows listeners to grasp your meaning immediately. You can ensure this [by using familiar words （that are known to the average person and require no specialized background）; by choosing concrete words in preference to more abstract ones, and by eliminating verbal clutter]. 用词清晰可以让听众迅速理解你的意思（抓到你的点）。要做到这一点，就要尽量使用一般人都熟悉的不需要专业知识就能懂的词语；多用具象词汇少用抽象词汇；还有要减少口误。 Using language vividly helps bring your speech to life. One way (to make your speech vivid)|is through imagery，or the creation of word pictures. You can develop imagery by using concrete language, simile, and metaphor. Simile is an explicit comparison between things （that are essentially different yet have something in common）; it always contains the words “like”or “as”. Metaphor is an implicit
研究生学术英语翻译4教学教材
研究生学术英语翻译 4
Writing a literature review 撰写文献综述 A literature review is a very important part of the research project.It may be a self-contained review or a part of the introduction to an academic essay.In either case,its purpose is to demonstrate a clear understanding of the topic being https://www.360docs.net/doc/b611470866.html,ly,your literature review must tell what has been done on the topic,what different scholars have said about their own research,what major findings have been published,and what controversial area exist.A good literature review can enhance the credibility of your research by indicating that your present study is based on a thorough and critical knowledge of what has been done in the field. Before writing,to be critical,you must ask questions like these about each book or article you read: 文献综述是研究项目的一个重要组成部分。它可以是一个独立的综述或是一个学术论文引言的一部分。在每一种情况下，它的目的都是表明对所研究的课题有一个清晰的认识。即你的文献综述必须告诉大家对这一主题已经做了什么，不同的学者是怎么说自己的研究的，什么结果是已经发表的，和什么地方是有争议存在的。一个好的文献综述可以提高你的研究的可信性通过表明你目前的研究是基于在该领域已被报道的知识的全面的，批判的了解。在写作之前，关键的是，关于你读的每一本书或文章，你必须问这样的问题： .Is the problem clearly defined?Is its significance clearly established? .Could the problem have been approached more effectively from another perspective or an another theory? .Is the author’s research orientation(e.g.descriptive,critical,empirical)appropriate? .Is there a theoretical framework and is it appropriate to the research(e.g.psychological,developmental,cognitive,feminist)? .Has the author evaluated the literature relevant to the problem/issue?Does the author include literature taking positions she or he does not agree with? .How reliable are the basic components of the study design(e.g.population,variables,outcome)?How accurate and valid are the methods used?Is the analysis of the data accurate and relevant to the research question?Are the conclusions validly based upon the data and analysis? Does the author avoid using one-sided examples,or rhetorically-charged language and tone?Is there an objective basis to the reasoning?
《学术英语》人文-译文
学术英语 翻译:黄邵，查文婷，肖峰，易志洪,赵维,许小勇,成夏炎孔凡超,李满,王志敏,刘玲君,肖聪,王雨溪,刘伟,刘淑娟统筹整理:黄邵 数计院2016级全体博士生版权所有 2016年12月
目录 UNIT1Text A文学的范围和内容 (1) UNIT1Text B (4) UNIT3Text A (7) UNIT3Text B (10) UNIT5Text A (11) UNIT5Text B (14) UNIT8Text A (17) UNIT8Text B (20) UNIT10Text A (24) UNIT10Text B (27)
UNIT1Text A文学的范围和内容 文学的范围 1文学是人类表达的一种形式。但是并不是所有的用文字组织写下来的都算作文学。那些主要提供信息的比如技术性的、教育性的、新闻业的写作虽然没有被所有的评论家但是被大部分评论家排除在文学的范畴之外。然而，某些形式的普遍被认为作为一种艺术而属于文学。如果本身就拥有艺术价值的话这些形式的个人划分就是成功的否则就是失败的。相比于识别艺术价值本质它的定义更难。作者甚至不需要追求它来实现它。相反的，一个科学博览会可能有很大的文学价值而一首一般的打油诗却一点文学价值都没有。 2纯的文学形式是抒情诗、是伤感的、壮丽的、喜剧的、叙事的、说明的韵文。大多数文学批判理论都是基于对诗歌的分析，因为文学的美学问题都是以最简单最纯粹的形式呈现。作为文学失败的诗歌不能叫做诗歌只能叫做句子。许多小说--当然所有世界上伟大的小说--都是文学，但是有成千上万的小说并不认为是文学。大部分伟大的戏剧被认为是文学。 3希腊人把历史看成七种艺术之一，灵感来自于女神及缪斯Clio。所有的世界历史经典调查都可以作为文学艺术的高尚例子，但是大部分现今的历史作品和研究在写作的时候并没有考虑文学上的突出，尽管偶然有文学上的优点。 4散文曾有意写为文学作品；主题退居其次。如今的散文多为论述性的，信息性的文章新闻，尽管如此还是有很多的散文作家传统地把自己看作艺术家。现在，如过去一样，一些最伟大得散文家也是文学、戏剧和艺术得批判家。 5一些个人文件（自传，日记，备忘录，书信）跻身于世界上最伟大得文学作品之列。例如，这些传记文学的一些例子是为后人而写的，没有考虑到作者之外的人阅读。一些有高度修饰的文学风格；其他的因为它们的说明力、见解、深度和广度而赢得作为文学作品的一席之地。 6许多哲学作品被归类为文学。柏拉图的《对话录》（公元前4世纪）是用伟大的叙事技巧和精致的散文写的。第2世纪罗马皇帝Marcus Aurelius的《沉思录》是一部随想集，在其中写的希腊语是奇怪的。但是两者都被归为文学，而古代和现代其他一些哲学家的沉思就没有
学术英语写作总结分析解析
学术英语写作总结分析解析
专业英语写作考点总结 Part ?Academic English Writing （专业英语写作）Chapter 1 Six Considerations in Academic Writing 1、Academic writing is a product of many consideration : audience, purpose and strategy ,organization, style, flow and presentation. （学术写作六要素：写作对象，目的，组织结构，文体特征，表达连贯和宣讲 或宣读）。 2、Organization usually has the following four parts : 问题-解决方法包括四个部分 (1)description of a situation （描述情况） (2)Identification of a problem （甄别问题） (3)Description of a solution （描述解决方法） (4)Evaluation of the solution （评估解决方法） 3、Formal Grammar Style：（正规的语法风格） (1) Generally avoid contractions （一般来讲避免使用略缩词） 例：won’t改为will not (2)Use the more appropriate formal negative forms （使用更为适宜的正规的否定 形式） 例：not...any改为no not...much改为little not...many改为few (3)Limit the use of “run-on” expressions, such as and so forth and etc. （限制使用 多个词连用的表达法） 例：句子内不能出现and so forth和etc.出现时应将省略的部分扩展出来。(4)Avoid addressing the reader as you(except, of course, if you are writing a textbook or other instructional materials).（避免向读者说“你”） 例：You can see the results in Table 1. 改为：The results can be seen in Table 1. (5)Be careful about using direct questions. In some fields they are common, while in others they are not.（使用直接引语时需谨慎） 例：What can be done to lower costs? 改为：It is necessary to consider how costs may be lowered.
河海大学研究生英语unit 14 summary
Unit 14 Summary In the text the author makes clear that mistakes are at very base of human thought.If things go wrong, it must be a personal, human error.The computer is an extension of the human brain.But real thinking is not the responsibility of the computer.So to err is human.Making mistakes is not the important error,what is needed is to learn from our mistakes and make progress.Other creatures do not seem to have DNA sequences for making mistakes.In fact,making mistakes is a unique human gift that distinguishes humans from other low-grade animals and encourages us to actively explore and create. The author advocates that computers should have ideas and do their own things.If computers were not interfered with by human thought, an ordinary computer would be able to work out the conclusion we had spent our entire life.We will reap huge gains from almost infinite precision machine calculations.The future of mankind and computers may be promising. 171319030007 张丹丹
研究生学术英语翻译
Deciding on a topic 决定一个主题 As a college student of science and technology,you are often required to write a literature review about a certain topic,or a 1500-word term paper.In either case,the writing is a complex process which involves choosing a topic,searching for relevant materials,and compiling a reference list.Hence the first thing you need to do is to choose a research topic. 作为一个研究科学技术学生，你通常需要写一个关于某一主题的文献综述，或一个1500字的论文。不管是哪种，写作都是一个复杂的过程，涉及选题，查找资料，编写参考清单。因此，你首先需要做的是选择一个研究课题。 A topic is what the essay or research paper is about.Choosing a topic for your literature review or research paper requires careful consideration.A topic that is too specialized or the general may bring many problems in terms of the time you can devote to the research or the sources of information available on the topic.How do you choose a topic which is possible to research?There are four principles: 主题就是文章或研究论文是与什么有关的。为你的文献综述或研究论文选择一个主题需要仔细考虑。一个太专业或太宽泛的主题可能带来的诸多问题，影响你花费在研究或与主题相关的信息资源上的时间。你怎么选择一种可能的研究课题？有四个原则： 1)Interesting.If a topic holds your interest,you will most likely working on it.However,you should also be aware of the interest of your readers.For example,if your readers are from different disciplines or academic backgrounds,your topic should not be too specific. 1)有趣.如果一个话题引起了你的兴趣，你将很有可能在它上工作.但是，你也应该知道你的读者的兴趣.例如，如果你的读者是来自不同的学科或学术背景的，你的主题不应该太具体。 2)Important.You also have to consider the value of the topic you are likely to choose,both academic and social.And essay without practical or theoretical value will probably not attract readers. 2)重要.你也需要考虑你可能选择的课题研究的价值,包括学术的和社会的。没有实践或理论价值的论文可能不会吸引读者。 3)Manageable.Narrow down your topic to make your paper manageable.For example,if you want to discuss the history of a disease,it may not be possible for you to cover all the important ideas in a 1500-word essay. 3)可控的.缩小你的主题，使你的论文易于管理。例如，如果你想讨论一种疾病的历史，你或许不可能用一篇1500字的文章来涵盖所有重要的想法。 4)Adequate.You have to ask the question:Can the topic I have chosen be researched?One criterion is that you mast make sure that there are adequate source materials available on the topic.Avoid a topic that has very limited information about it,for it is difficult to carry out your research without previous studies. 4）足够的。你必须问这个问题：我选择的话题能被研究吗？一个标准是，你必须确保这个主题有足够的可用的源材料，避免一个仅有非常有限的信息得主题，因为没有以前的研究，你是很难进行你的研究的。 Formulating a research question 制定一个研究问题
学术英语写作总结分析解析
专业英语写作考点总结 Part ?Academic English Writing （专业英语写作）Chapter 1 Six Considerations in Academic Writing 1、Academic writing is a product of many consideration : audience, purpose and strategy ,organization, style, flow and presentation. （学术写作六要素：写作对象，目的，组织结构，文体特征，表达连贯和宣讲或宣读）。 2、Organization usually has the following four parts : 问题-解决方法包括四个部分 (1)description of a situation （描述情况） (2)Identification of a problem （甄别问题） (3)Description of a solution （描述解决方法） (4)Evaluation of the solution （评估解决方法） 3、Formal Grammar Style：（正规的语法风格） (1) Generally avoid contractions （一般来讲避免使用略缩词） 例：won’t改为will not (2)Use the more appropriate formal negative forms （使用更为适宜的正规的否定 形式） 例：not...any改为no not...much改为little not...many改为few (3)Limit the use of “run-on” expressions, such as and so forth and etc. （限制使用 多个词连用的表达法） 例：句子内不能出现and so forth和etc.出现时应将省略的部分扩展出来。(4)Avoid addressing the reader as you(except, of course, if you are writing a textbook or other instructional materials).（避免向读者说“你”） 例：You can see the results in Table 1. 改为：The results can be seen in Table 1. (5)Be careful about using direct questions. In some fields they are common, while in others they are not.（使用直接引语时需谨慎） 例：What can be done to lower costs? 改为：It is necessary to consider how costs may be lowered. 或者We now need to consider how costs may be lowered. (6)Place adverb within the verb. （将副词放于动词词组内） 例：This model was developed by Krugman originally. 改为：This model was originally developed by Krugman.
安徽大学 研究生英语 课文summary and comment
上册 Summary of Unit2(Recession-proofing your career) in the text,the author firstly tries to tell us that guaranteed jobs have already become history.These days,no matter what our official employment status,we are all temporary workers. But there is much that you can do to protect yourself from change and economic upheaval,by equipping yourself with the skills to manage your career more effectively.She then suggests some skills.She recommends discovering both your overt and covert talents,making sure that a wide range of positions are available to you,and never committing to any“hot job”which exceeds either your interest or talent.Moreover,you should cultivate and maintain an active network both inside and outside of your profession,to“market”yourself,to convince the employer that you are the most suitable candidate for the job.Finally,always follow work trends. I am bound to face the work dilemma in the future sooner or later.I quite agree with the author’s opinion.There is no reason for us to stop learning when we are working.The author’s suggestions will help me much in the foreseeable future. 翻译： 在文中，作者首先试图告诉我们，保证工作已经成为历史，如今，不管我们在职场从事的是什么工作，我们都只是临时工。但是你可以学习一些技能来更有效地规划自己的事业，使自己免受变化和经济震荡的影响。她提出一些技能。她建议，发现你的显性和隐性的人才，确保广泛的职位提供给你，决不承诺任何“热门工作”而超过你的兴趣或才能。你应该在自己的行业内外建立和维持一个活跃的人际网络，来“推销”自己，说服雇主，你是最合适的求职者。最后，总是遵循工作趋势。 我迟早要面对这个工作的窘境。我完全同意作者的观点。当我们工作的时候，我们没有理由停止学习。作者的建议将在可预见的将来，我有很多的帮助。 Summary of Unit3(Lies) People usually have very negative views regarding lies.Liars are frequently criticized,even cursed.Yet this passage exemplifies a different perspective,one which cruelly reveals the fact that everyone tells lies.We can not live without lying and the lies direct out thoughts and the truth.We need our lies to mask our fear and anxiety about life and death----about the many things we do not understand and control.Lies make us feel superior to other species.Religions abound with myths and tales,which are basically lies that provide human beings with a sense of safety.People need big lies,because lying disguises our mortality,our inadequacies,our fears and anxieties,our loneliness in the midst of the crowd. I just agree the author’s views in a certain degree.People say some white lies,but it is moral problems if a person always tells lies.No one would like a man who never speaks the truth.Lies can not make our life,also can not let the world better.Which can make the world better only the more beautiful heart. 翻译： 人们通常对谎言有很消极的看法。骗子经常被批评，甚至被诅咒。然而，这篇文章是一