人教版高中英语[知识点整理及重点题型梳理]-高考总复习：句子种类

高考总复习：句子种类

真题再现

1．（2015北京高考）He is a shy man, _______he is not afraid of anything or anyone.

A. so

B. but

C. or

D. as

2. （2015福建高考）—I wonder__________ Mary has kept her figure after all these years.

—By working out every day.

A. where

B. how

C. why

D. if

3. You have to move out of the way _____ the truck cannot get past you.

A. so

B. or

C. and

D. but

4. At school, some students are active ______ some are shy, yet they can be good friends with one another.

A. while

B. although

C. so

D. as

5. ______ at the door before you enter my room, please.

A. Knock

B. Knocking

C. Knocked

D. To knock

6. Jane won’t join us for dinner tonight and_____.

A. neither won’t Tom

B. Tom won’t either

C. Tom will too

D. so will Tom

7. The young man couldn’t afford a new car. _______, he bought a used one.

A. Besides

B. Otherwise

C. Instead

D. Still

8. Bring the flowers into a warm room they’ll soon open.

A. or

B. and

C. but

D. for

9.—Someone wants you on the phone.

—nobody knows I am here.

A. Although

B. And

C. But

D. So

答案与解析

1. B。根据选项判断本题考查连词，翻译前后两句的含义，应该是转折

2. B。考查主从复合句中的宾语从句。句中I是主语，wonder是谓语，how引导的宾语从句在整个句子中做宾语。连接副词how是宾语从句中的方式状语。句子是用表示方式的介词by回答的，所以是针对方式题提问的，故用how。

3. B。此处or表示“否则”。句意：你必须躲开，否则卡车过不去。

4. A。题干句意为：在学校，一些学生很活跃而一些却很害羞，然而他们都可能彼此成为好朋友。根据句意选while，表示两个分句中两种情况的对比。

5. A。纵观题干，before后引导的是时间状语从句，因此before前面为一个完整的单句，用动词原形构成祈使句。

6. B。题干中有并列连词and，并且根据句意，空格处表示“这种情况也适用于汤姆”，前一个分句为否定形式，如果用倒装形式，须用neither will Tom，否则选择B，表达同样的意义。

7. C。题干中为两个独立的单句，需要填入C项才符合逻辑。

8. B。空格前后为独立的句子，根据前后句的逻辑，需要填入and构成“祈使句+and+将来时”句型。

9. C。本题的答语是承接第一句话而来，并且和第一句话构成的语境形成转折关系，填入并列连词but。

知识讲解

英语中的句子按交际用途分为：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句、THERE-BE存在句

陈述句

陈述句说明一个事实或陈述一个看法，有肯定式和否定式，语序是主语在前谓语在后。

She arrived early.

He is six years old.

She cannot have arrived now.

She didn’t hear of you before.

半否定句：在英语中，有些单词如seldom, scarcely, hardly, little, few, barely等，都含有否定意义，其所表达的否定意义，很接近never, not, no, none等词，不过语气较弱，而且在否定意义上留有余地，不像never, not,

no, none等词绝对。由半否定式表示的否定句称为“半否定句（或准否定句）”。

I hardly know anything about it.

部分否定句：当句子中出现表示全部概念的词，如all（全体），both（两者），every（每个），everybody（每个人），everything（每件事），everywhere（每个地方），always（常常），altogether（全体），entirely（全部），wholly（全部）等，如果用not否定这些词就使句子产生部分否定，表示“不都……，并非……都”的部分否定意义。

All that glitters is not gold.

A man of learning is not always a man of wisdom.

I don’t like both the films.

some用于否定句的四种场合：

1. 用于部分否定的句子中。

I do not like any of the films. 这些电影中我一部也不喜欢。

I don’t like some of the films. 这些电影中的某一些我不喜欢。

I don’t like some one of the films. 这些电影中某一部我不喜欢。

2. 用于否定句，但在否定范围之外。

Some of the students didn’t see the film. 其中有些学生没有看这部电影。

3. 用于否定句表示特别的强调。如：

All of you must pay, not just some. 你们所有人都必须付钱，而不只是一些人付钱。

4. 用于否定句介词without之后。如：

There is no fire without some smoke. 有火就有烟。

注：若在without后用any，则所表示的语气很强，含有“没有任何”“没有一点儿”之意。

He came without any money. 他来时身无分文

全否定句：用either，never，no，no one，nobody，none，neither...nor，nor，not，nothing，no way，nowhere 等否定词引导的句子。

I like neither Cathy nor Mary. （全部否定句）

双重否定

双重否定的结果是肯定的。

There was no one who did not feel sympathy for the victims of the accident.

没有人不同情那位意外的牺牲者。

never...without...型双重否定，其意为：没有～决不……；要～一定会……

The dog never crosses a street without stopping at the curb (路边).

双重否定用于表示肯定的内容时，因形式上仍属否定句，所以附加问句为肯定形。

No Japanese breakfast is complete without misosoup(味噌汤), is it?

否定转移：

最常见的否定转移情况是，在表示“看法”的谓语动词上的否定形式，语义上却是否定后面的宾语从句。此类动词有think, believe, suppose, imagine, expect, anticipate, fancy, consider, find (感到), guess, be supposed to, figure等。

I don’t believe I’ve met you before. 我认为我没有见过你。

I don’t think you will be late. 我认为你不会迟到。

I don’t suppose he cares, does he? 我看他不在乎，对吧？

He doesn’t expect we need worry. 他认为我们不必着急。

一些表示否定含义的短语:

anything but 决不(=not…at all)

far from 完全不

fail to 无法～(=do not, cannot)

too…to…太……，以致无法……

the last+名词+to不定式(关系代词从句); 最不……

much (still) less 更别提

know better than to 还没笨到……

(but) in vain (但却)无法办到

more than 无法……

be above 是……之力所不能及，无法……

be free from 没有，不

疑问句

疑问句分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句。

一般疑问句

一般疑问句用来询问一件事，这类问句一般由助动词、情态动词或be动词开头，答案通常是yes或no，也有用其他形式回答的。

Do they like skating？

Have you anything to say?

Did someone phone me last night?

—Haven’t you been to the UK?

—I don’t know.

一般疑问句也有用否定形式开头的，它一般都传达某种情绪，如责难、惊奇或赞叹等。在回答这种疑问句时要注意，若回答是肯定的，要用no，否则用yes。

—Can’t you understand it? —No, I can’t.

Isn’t it a beautiful lake?

特殊疑问句

特殊疑问词有who, whose, what, which, where, when, why, how等。

如果疑问词作主语或主语的定语，即对主语或主语的定语提问，其语序是陈述句的语序：疑问词（＋主语）＋谓语动词＋其他成分。

Who was the first man in space?

对句子的其他部分提问用倒装语序。

Who are you talking about?

How old is he？

特殊疑问句还有一些简略形式，即省略句子的某些成分，例如：

Why not go alone?

Why get so angry?

How/What about taking a rest?

复杂特殊疑问句：

What do you think he has done?

选择疑问句

选择疑问句提出两种或两种以上的答案以供选择，看哪一种是正确的。

以一般疑问句为基础：

Is he six or seven years old？

Is he a teacher or a doctor or a policeman?

以特殊疑问句为基础：

Which do you prefer, red wine or white wine?

How shall we go there? By bus or by train?

反意疑问句【句子种类】

反意疑问句由两部分组成，前面是陈述句，后面是简短问句，如果前面是肯定句，后面一般为否定句，如果前面是否定句，则后面为肯定问句。

祈使句的反意疑问句：

Close your books, will you?

Don’t forget to bring your notebook, will you?

Let us go out for a walk, will you?

Let’s go out for a walk, shall we?

含有推测语气的句子的反意疑问句：

You must have a lot of homework today, don’t you?

He can’t be happy about it, is he?

Mum must have heard about it, hasn’t she?

You must have stayed up late last night, didn’t you?

He couldn’t have found the correct answer, has he?

He must be waiting for you outside, isn’t he?

It must have rained last night, didn’t it?

He must have finished his homework, hasn’t he?

含有宾语从句的反意疑问句：

He said he could come and help me when I had trouble, didn’t he?

He didn’t believe they should say such a thing to him, did he?

主句主语是第一人称现在时，动词为think, guess, suppose, believe, expect等词时：

He thinks he is right, doesn’t he?

I think he is right, isn’t he?

I don’t think/believe/suppose/expect/imagine he is right, is he?

Everyone/everybody/someone/somebody went there, didn’t they?

No one/nobody went there, did they?

Everything, anything, to do, doing, that he does it, this, that is right, isn’t it?

Nothing is right, is it?

Everything is going on well, isn’t it?

These/Those are your books, aren’t they?

含否定副词never, hardly…和否定前缀的反意疑问句：

He never likes you, does he?

He dislikes you, doesn’t he?

They seldom went out, did they?

They are unable to go out, aren’t they?

He has a book, doesn’t he/hasn’t he?

He has to buy a book, doesn’t he?

“used to do”的反意疑问句：

He used to get up early, didn’t he?

He used to get up early, usedn’t he?

I’m tired, aren’t I?

对反意疑问句的回答：Yes后跟肯定句，No 后面跟否定句。

—You don’t care about it, do you?

—Yes, I do.

—No, I don’t. It is none of my business.

—Don’t forget to bring your homework.

—No, I won’t.■

祈使句

祈使句是表达命令、要求、请求、劝告等的句子，通常省略主语，谓语动词用原形放在句首。Be quiet, please.

Don’t make any noise!

有时，为了指明是向谁发出命令或提出请求，可以带上主语。

You call a taxi.

Don’t you forget it.

Be quiet, boys. Don’t talk in class.

“No –ing”形式开头的祈使句表示“禁止、不准”。

No parking!

No littering!

还有一些祈使句中没有动词。

Away with him!

Off with your coat!

Not so fast!

带第一、三人称的祈使句Let me try again.

Let’s go.

Let us go.

Let’s not say anything about it. /Don’t let’s say…

祈使句加强语气：

Do be careful of my broken leg.

Do let me have another try.

感叹句

感叹句指的就是用以表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情的句子。

Wonderful! 真棒!

Good heavens! 天哪!

英语的感叹句通常以how和what开头，其中what修饰名词，how 修饰形容词、副词或动词。

1. What +名词+主语+谓语！

What a surprise! 真是没料到的事!

What fools they are! 他们多傻啊!

2. What+形容词+名词+主语+谓语！

What a fine day! 多好的天气呀!

What a slow train this is! 这列火车开得多慢呀!

注意：以上两条中，如果是单数名词，其前必须要有不定冠词；如果是不可数名词或复数名词，则其前不用不定冠词。

3.How+形容词或副词+主语+谓语！

How nice! 多好呀!

How beautiful the city is! 这座城市多么美丽！

4. How +形容词+ a +单数可数名词+主语+谓语！

How tall a boy he is! 他是一个多高的孩子啊!

How interesting a story it is! 这是个多有趣的故事啊！

注意：这类结构中的名词必须是单数可数名词，不能是复数名词，也不能是不可数名词，且名词前的不定冠词不能省略。

5. How +主语+谓语！

How he worked! 他多么肯干啊!

How I missed you! 我多么想念你啊!

How he wished for a drink! 他多希望能有点东西喝!

这类感叹句可为how的面省略了一个不言而喻的副词。第一句可视为在how之后省略了副词hard，第二、三句可视为在how之后省略了副词much。

“THERE-BE存在句”的具体用法见知识导学“句子成分及简单句基本句型”

按结构分，句子可分为简单句、并列句、复合句、并列复合句

简单句

如果句子只包含一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）结构，而句子各个成分都只由单词或短语表示，它就是简单句。

Blue and white make light blue.

The train left late that night and arrived at dawn the next morning.

He often reads English in the morning.

Tom and Mike are Americans.

All roads lead to Rome.

Is he a superman?

He got up, dressed quickly, washed himself and went out.

Don’t be shy.

The man dressed in black seems to be a spy.

并列句

并列句包含两个或更多相互独立的主谓结构，分句由并列连词来连接。

表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, 等连接。

The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John.

Government make laws and the police enforce them.

并列句表示选择关系，常用的连词有or, either…or…, otherwise等。

Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train.

并列句表示转折关系，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。

He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively

并列句表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。

It was too late for me to arrive home that night, so I decided to live in a hotel.

主从复合句

复合句含有两个或两个以上的主谓结构，其中一个句子的某个成分，如主语、宾语、表语、同位语、定语、状语等，由另一个句子承担。按照从句在整个复合句中所起的语法作用，可将复合句分为六类。即主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句。

The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.

（when they were at the Great Wall作前一个句子的时间状语。）

What he said was not true. （What he said作整个句子的主语成分。）

My suggestion is that they leave the village as soon as possible.

（that they leave the village as soon as possible作整个句子的表语成分。）

并列复合句

并列复合句即由并列连词连接带从句的并列句。英语中的长难句大多是由并列复合句。

English is widely used in the world, but China has the largest number of people who speak Chinese.

I ask him when we'll go to the zoo, but he doesn't know.

The man who is standing under the tree is very poor, but he is very helpful.

He likes math, and he often help others who are weak in it.

I don’t believe her, while what she said is true.

He didn’t know when they w ould have the meeting, so he called up his friend.