美国文学复习整理
美国文学复习整理
一、殖民主义时期的文学（colonial settlements）&
理性和革命时期文学（revolutionary period）（文艺复兴时期）
1.清教主义的shaping influence
代表人物
安妮·布莱德斯特
”
Philip Freneau 菲利普·佛瑞诺
有宗教隐喻，关注本土地貌、人文。写印第安人故事。
father of American poetry
The Wild Honey Suckle
3. Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊
起草了独立宣言The Declaration of Independence 1776
Thomas Paine 托马斯·佩因
拥护独立宣言
代表作：《常识》Common Sense
《理性时代》The Age of Reason
Jonathan Edwards乔纳森·埃德沃兹
大觉醒运动的代表人物the Great Awakening
Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林
代表作：《自传》The Autobiography
《穷理查德历书》Poor Richard’s Almanac
美国梦的代表
二．浪漫主义时期的文学（American Romanticism）
早期浪漫主义（Early Romantic Period）
背景：1> 时间：18世纪末到内战爆发前夕（1861）
2> 条件：○1国家的快速发展，大量移民和工业化发展
○2小说的发展，期刊杂志（periodical）出现
○3受英国文学的影响
浪漫主义的基本特征
Stressing emotion rather than reason
Stressing freedom and individuality
Idealism rather than materialism
Writing about nature, medieval legends（中世纪传说）and with supernatural elements. 美国浪漫主义文学的特征
Imitative，Independent，newness，to moralize and to edify（教化）
文学常用主题：
Home，family，nature，children，idealize love，major problems of American life 代表人物
Washington Irving（华盛顿·欧文）
短篇小说的代表，美国文学之父（因为是第一位被欧洲接受的美国作家）
写作特点：○1Amuse and entertain
○2He is good at enveloping his stories in an atmosphere
○3Humor
○4Avoid preach
代表作：《见闻札记》The Sketch Book 地位：the first modern short stories
《瑞普·凡·温克尔》Rip Van Winkle
《睡谷传说》The Legend of Sleepy Hollow
见闻札记标志着美国浪漫主义文学的开始
美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家the first great prose stylist
James Fenimore Copper Cooper 詹姆斯·芬尼莫·库珀
代表作：《皮袜子故事集》Leatherstocking Tales
《杀鹿者》The Deerslayer
《最后的莫希干人》The Last of the Mohicans
《探路者》The Pathfinder
《开拓者》The Pioneers
《草原》The Prairie
主人公Natty Bumppo 是一个追求自由的人物，诚实，朴素，慷慨。
浪漫主义文学巅峰（summit）
新英格兰超验主义（New England Transcendentalism）
主要特征：○1Place emphasis on spirit, or the oversoul（超灵）
○2Stressing the importance of the individual
○3Nature is symbol of spirit
Nature《论自然》was written by Emerson, which is regarded as the bible of new England transcendentalism.
《日晷》杂志出版Dial
代表人物：
Ralph Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生
超验主义思想引入新英格兰的先驱，被看作是超验主义运动的领袖，爱默生首先强调的是个人主义、思想独立和自强，他崇尚英勇，并不忌讳变化和有冲突的思想
代表作: 《论自然》Nature 宣言书;
《论美国学者》The American Scholar
Henry David Thoreau 亨利·戴维·梭罗（爱默生的徒弟）
代表作：《瓦尔登湖》Walden
《论公民之不服从》Civil Disobedience
当时未被认可，影响了托尔斯泰，马丁路德金等人。
Hawthorne 霍桑
代表作：《红字》The Scarlet Letter
赏析：The Scarlet Letter
主题：Darkness in human nature
At first, it is a token of shame, “adultery” but the genuine sympathy and help Hester offers to her fellow villagers change it to “able”. Later in the story, the letter A appears in the sky, signifying “angel”. There is reason to agree with article observation the A may represent Adamic. “A” stood for adultery on her breast finally became the symbol of angel(A).
写作特点：○1American Romanticism adapted itself to American Puritan moralism.
清教思想融入美国浪漫主义
○2Structurally compact in a tiny frame and contains deep meaning.
结构紧凑，蕴含深意
○3He used supernatural 超自然手法
Hester’s 形象分析：She was a real individual and dare to challenge the gender concept
in people’ s mind with her own action. a strong-willed，
impetuous（冲动的，鲁莽的），passionate
compassionate（富于同情心的），maternal（母亲般的），
intelligent，capable
Herman Melville 赫尔曼·麦尔维尔
代表作：《大白鲸》Moby Dick
象征对大自然和真理的探究。
浪漫主义文学诗歌（the 19th century American Poetry）
代表人物
Walt Whiteman沃尔特·惠特曼
写作手法：free verse 自由体诗
主题内容：democracy, individual
代表作：《草叶集》Leaves of Grass
《哦，船长！我的船长》O Captain！My Captain！
赏析：One’s Self I Sing 《我歌唱自我》
The poem mainly expresses that people should be filled with enthusiasm, impulsion and power. Besides, people should be optimistic. Under the divine laws, people should enjoy the rights freely.
Emily Dickinson艾米丽·狄金森
代表作：《最美妙的胜利感觉》Success is Counted Sweetest
主题：爱情&死亡很少涉及政治&战争等男性题材
赏析：The theme is that only those who never been successful would think that success is so important. The loser is the one who craves success as the winner fades into a neutral state of emotion
她的诗歌富有激情，诗歌都很短，很多诗建立在一个简单的意象或象征之上，成功对于失败者来说是最甜蜜的，就像人们在受尽煎熬时喝到的花蜜，只有战败之人（defeated，dying）可以体会。比喻得当。
Purple host：胜利之师army
He：垂死战败者
Allan Poe 爱伦坡
写作特点：twisted，Gothic Style
地位：Father of modern short story
Father of detective story
Father of psychoanalytic criticism
代表作：诗：《安娜贝尔·李》Annabel Lee
小说：《瓦舍古屋的倒塌》The Fall of the House of Usher
《一桶酒的故事》The Cask of Amontillade
《乌鸦》The Raven
《椭圆形画像》The oval Portrait
三．现实主义文学（The Literature Of Realism）
背景：1> 发现问题，想要解决；报业发展
自然主义是现实主义的分支，环境在其中起了很重要的作用，自然主义是在科学，心理学，人类行为以及社会思潮理论影响下派生的现实主义，尽管经常揭露残酷的现实，但是旨在通过社会改革来完善社会制度。德莱塞的《嘉莉妹妹》是代表。
代表人物：
上流社会：
亨利·詹姆斯（Henry James）
代表作：早期：《贵妇的画像》The Portrait of a Lady
《鸽翼》The Wings of the Dove
中产阶级：
威廉·迪恩·豪威尔斯（Howells）现实主义作家
代表作：《塞拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹》The Rise of Silas Lapham
穷人阶层：
马克·吐温（Mark Twain）
地方特色主义（乡土文学）（local colorism）19世纪晚期在美国南方作家中流行的写作风格，它使用大量方言，俚语。马克吐温是代表人物。描绘密西西比河沿岸的风土人情，废奴思想，尊重人性。
2>代表作：《跳蛙》Jumping Frog
《艰苦岁月》Roughing It
《镀金时代》“The Gilded Age
《汤姆·索亚历险记》The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
《密西西比河上的生活》“Life on the Mississippi
《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
赏析：Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
两种因素主导：人的性格特征&环境（heredity&environment）
Theme：Racism and slavery, in Huckleberry Finn, Twain, by exposing the
hypocrisy of slavery demonstrates how racism distorts the
oppressors as much as it does those who are.
Intellectual and moral education, By focusing on Huck’s education. He is especially free from society’s rule, able to make his own decisions without restriction. By the novel’s end, Huck has learned to “read” the world around him.
The hypocrisy of “civilized” society, again and again, Huck encounters individuals who seem good ------Sally Phelps, for example------but who Twain takes care to show are prejudiced slave-owners.
美国自然主义:
西奥多·德莱塞（Theodore Dreiser）
书写小人物的命运
代表作：《嘉莉妹妹》Sister Carrie
赏析：Sister Carrie
被环境左右，被迫选择
It depicted social transgressions by characters who felt no remorse and largely
escaped punishment, and it used “strong” language and used names of living
persons.
Carrie was influenced by environment factors and her own desires, which gave
her four typically characteristics: unsatiable desires, violation of traditional
morality, changing from dependence to independence, and disillusionment of
her American Dream.
斯蒂芬·克莱恩（Stephen Crane）
代表作：《红色英勇勋章》The Red Badge of Courage
四．现代主义时期（Modern Period）
20世纪20年代的美国文学
背景：一战发生，打击民众的乐观态度，但在20年代，高度繁荣。这个崭新而多变的时代同
样需要创新而丰富的文学表达，文艺界的思想家们逐渐意识到旧的形式已不足以表达新
的现实生活。
意象派（Imagism）：1> 特点：○1direct ○2precise ○3free verse
2> 代表人物：
○1庞德（pound）
在庞德眼里，到处一片喧嚣，凄凉，无序和野蛮，写作以简洁和扼要为特点，
深受李白影响——意象并置（juxtaposition of images ）
代表作：《在地铁站》In a Station of the Metro
（意象派的经典之作，诗歌的客体是出现在潮湿、阴暗环境下的面庞，黝黑
树枝上的花瓣是独立的起主导作用的意象，对“人群中的脸庞”生动形象的
比喻）
○2威廉·卡洛斯·威廉斯（William Carlos Williams）
自由体诗歌之父
写作特点：清晰的意象，押韵。给事物带来全新的含义。诗人不应该泛泛而
谈，应该详细、具体的写作。平凡之中见伟大
代表作：《红色手推车》The Red Wheelbarrow
赏析The Red Wheelbarrow
平淡景象写出意想不到的效果。色彩鲜明，动静结合。本诗体现了诗人敏锐
的洞察力，节奏感，艺术构思和冷静分析的现实态度。
It write about nature and New England landscape, he use symbolism to show
deep meaning, he was likely to choose traditional forms but modern themes
This an imagery poetry, which forms a picture with ordinary things and provides
a new perspective for observing ordinary things. The whole poem is vivid and
dynamic.
○3.艾略特（. Eliot）
代表作：《荒原》The Waste Land
（是现代文学中的主要经典作品之一，讲述的主题就是第一次世界大
战给人们的启示，荒原意味着西方文明的衰落，现代人在精神上和文
化上的颓废，采用讽刺性对比）
○4华莱士·史蒂文斯（Wallace Stevens）
An American Modernist poet who won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry for his
Collected Poems in 1955
代表作：《风琴》Harmonium;
○5罗伯特·弗罗斯特（Robert Frost）
代表作《冰与火》Fire and Ice
《雪夜林边驻脚》Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
《未选择的路》The Road Not Taken
迷惘的一代（Lost Generation）
定义：特指一群从一战结束到大萧条开始前那段时间一直在巴黎的一群美国文学知识分子。
海明威（Hemingway）
○1推动报告文学的发展，强调moment of truth understated style
○2He was generally regarded as spokesman for the Lost Generation.
○3代表作《永别了，武器》A Farewell to Arms
《太阳照常升起》The Sun Also Rises
《丧钟为谁而呜》For Whom the Bell Tolls
《老人与海》The Old Man and the Sea
○5Iceberg Theory冰山理论
爵士乐时代（Jazz Age）
定义：20世纪20/30年代一、二战之间的时代，主要指北美地区，强调颓废和享乐主义的倾向，以及个人主义的膨胀。
司格特·菲茨杰拉德（F. Scott Fitzgerald）
*生平：中产家庭，参军前完成《人间天堂》This Side of Paradise，婚后第一本《时髦女和哲学家》Flappers and Philosophers，第二本《美丽的和可诅咒的》，菲茨杰拉德一直被人们误解的是他对富人的态度。代表作：《了不起的盖茨比》The Great Gatsby
赏析：The Great Gatsby
菲茨杰拉德的文章行文流畅，感情细腻，并且在措辞修辞方面很有创意。他的散文
朴实优美，总体上和细节上把握的恰到好处。内容丰富多彩。表现了美国人对爱情、
豪华生活和各种欲望无止境的追求。(他的伟大之处在于通过个人经历，找到了一个
民族精神的体现。)
盖茨比的生活模式非常清晰，起初是满怀梦想，渐渐开始失望，最后演变成失败和
绝望。他的了不起，在于他对理想的执着。
绿光指的是梦想，也象征美国梦；象征daisy纯洁，天真，善良的形象；象征盖茨
比破碎的梦想，以及失去意义的美国梦。
绿色象征青春和生命，黛西就是心中向往的光明。
His prose is smooth, sensitive, and completely original in tis diction and metaphors. He
portrayed the hollowness of the American worship of riches and the unending American
dream of love, splendor, and fulfilled desires.
Gatsby’s life follows a clear pattern, at first, a dream, then disappointment, finally a sense
of failure and despair. ,
20世纪30年代的美国文学
经济大萧条时期
约翰·斯坦贝克（John Steinbeck）
○2代表作：《人鼠之间》Of Mice and Men
《愤怒的葡萄》The Grapes of Wrath
明确的表达对剥削者和不幸者的同情，写实——经济大萧条，对人性的信念
南方文艺复兴
概念：试图寻找自我价值，审视过去和现在。南方作家涌出，扎根于南方的生活环境
主题：反思南方的过去；怀旧
代表人物
威廉·福克纳（William Faulkner）
○1不断创新写作手法，第一人称，善用意识流。
○2虚构了杰弗逊镇和约克纳帕塔法县（Yoknapatawpha）
○3代表作：《喧嚣与骚动》The Sound and the Fury
表达了作者对过去幸福美好生活的追忆，一个家族的兴衰成败。
《去吧，摩西》Go Down, Moses
《押沙龙，押沙龙！》Absalom, Absalom!
人性的丧失所带来的不可避免的灭亡
《在我弥留之际》As I Lay Dying
五．美国戏剧
背景：在欧洲自然主义，象征主义，批判主义戏剧的刺激以及美国诗歌、小说的强势发展势头下，美国戏剧开始发展。
代表人物：
尤金·奥尼尔（Eugene O’ Neill）
写作特点：1> 个人家庭情感影响
2> 技巧不断创新
代表作：第一时期：独幕剧one-act《东航卡迪夫》Bound East for Cardiff
第二时期：《榆树下的欲望》Desire Under the Elms
第三时期：自传体《进入黑夜的漫长旅途》Long Day’ s Journey into Night
赏析：Desire Under the Elms
宗教隐喻，扭曲的爱情，人类的本性。榆树象征清教思想笼罩所有人
In order to demonstrate universal significance, this play uses the biblical metaphor and the
material of ancient Greek tragedies and mythology to reflect a universal value.
Through an uncontrolled desire , it calls for a modern rationality, morality, and order. It
shows he human's inner needs for life's truth and the desire for good feelings. Reflects O’Neill’s
critic of his society and reflects his sense of tragedy on life.
The old farmer’s third wife Abby in order to get a farm , she committed to adultery with
his second son .Aben thought that possessing Abby’s mother w ould allow his mother to
rest .The starting point of all tragedies stems from the farm's inheritance rights. Using the
eucalyptus as a topic symbolizes under the lush foliage of the banyan tree, as if all ugly desires
and evils are concealed, and of course, the pure humanity is concealed.
田纳西·威廉斯（Tennessee Williams）
写作特点：1> 南方佳丽主题
2> 手法创新
代表作：《玻璃动物园》The Glass Menagerie
《欲望号街车》A Streetcar Named Desire
亚瑟·米勒（Arthur Miller）
写作特点：美国梦主题
代表作：《推销员之死》Death of a Salesman
六．现当代美国文学（Modern and Contemporary American Literature）
1. 战后诗歌（the Post-war poems）
1>垮掉的一代（the beat generation）20世纪50年代，拒绝传统，追求直接。（Allen Ginsburg）
2>黑山派the black mountain poets（Charles Olson）
3>冥想诗the confessional school （Robert Lowell）
4>纽约派New York School （Frank O’ Hara）
5>代表人物：伊丽莎白·毕肖普（Elizabeth Bishop）
2. 战后小说（post-war novel）荒诞小说（absurd novel）（黑色幽默）
代表人物：1. 约瑟夫·海勒Joseph Heller讽刺小说家《第二十二条军规》Catch-22
2. 肯·克西Ken Kesey《飞越疯人院》One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest
3．黑人文学（African-American）
三次大的发展：
第一次：19世界末-20世纪初Harlem Renaissance negritude黑性
代表：兰斯顿·休斯Langston Hughes
《一个被延迟的梦》A Dream Deferred
第二次：民权运动
代表：理查德·赖特Richard Wright
《土生子》Native Son
拉尔夫?艾里森Ralph Ellison
《看不见的人》Invisible Man
詹姆斯·鲍德温James Baldwin
《向苍天呼吁》Go Tell It on the Mountain
第三次：表现手法出新，突破传统的“抗议小说”
女性作家突出——关注历史，题材改变
代表：艾丽斯·沃克Alice Walker
《紫色》The Color Purple
托妮·莫里森Toni Morrison
《最蓝的眼睛》The Bluest Eye, Beloved
《所罗门之歌》Song of Solomon
4. 犹太人小说（Jewish Novels）
代表人物：1. 索尔·贝娄Saul Bellow《奥吉·马奇历险记》Augie March
2. J. D. 塞林格J. D. Salinger《麦田守望者》The Catcher in the Rye
美国文学期末复习资料3
Part I Identification Directions: Decide whether the following statements are true or false. 1.( T ) Hurstwood is a character in Theodore Dreiser's Sister Carrie. 2.( F )In 1954, T. S. Eliot was awarded a Nobel Prize for his “mastery of the a rt of modern narration.” 3.( T )Hemingway believed that a man could find meaning in life by facing his death with dignity and courage. 4.( T )Literary naturalism may be regarded as the new development of literary realism, and was sometimes called “pessimistic realism.” The naturalistic writers were philosophical pessimists. 5.( F )Hemingway, Pound, Cummings, Dos Passos, and Fitzgerald, belong to the school of “Beat Generation”. 6.( F )William Faulkner's woks mainly concerned the decay in economy and moral in the American North. 7.( F ) Fitzgerald's fictional world is the best embodiment of the spirit of the romantic period. 8.( T )The narrator in T he Great Gatsby is a minor character named Nick Carraway, who is also a participant in the event. 9.( T ) Hemingway's novel The Sun Also Rises pained the image of the whole generation, the lost generation. 10.( F )In Faulkner's The Sound and the Fury, he used a technique called imagism, in which the whole story was told through the thoughts of one character. Part II Multiple choice: Directions: Choose the best answer and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet. 1. ___________ showed great interest in Chinese literature and translated the poetry of Li Po into English, and was influenced by Confucian ideas. A. Ezra Pound B. Robert Frost C. T. S. Eliot D. E. E. Cummings 2. Ezra Pound's long poem____________ contained more than one hundred poems loosely connected. A. The Waste Land B. The Cantos C. Don Juan D. Queen Mab 3. In Paris, Ernest Hemingway, along with _____________, accomplished a revolution in literary style and language. A. Gertrude Stein B. Ezra Pound C. James Joyce D. all of the above 4. The Fitzgeralds lived so extravagantly that they frequently spent more money than F. Scoot Fitzgerald earned for parties, liquor, entertaining their friends and
美国文学史总结
ⅠColonial America(17th century)殖民主义时期文学 1.In 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered America and he mistook the native people on the new continent for Indians. Character of colonial literature: a.content: religious, political b.form: diary, journal, letters, travel books, sermons, history (personal literature) c.Style: simple. direct, concise d.out of humble origins Early in the 17th century, the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history. The earliest settlers in America included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards, Italians and Portuguese. The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿) 2.Captain Town Smith, the first American writer 3.Puritan Thoughts: hard work, thrift(节俭), piety(虔诚), sobriety(节制), 这些也成了早期 美国作品主导思想. 典型的清教徒：John Cotton & Roger William, John Cotton was called “the Patriarch of New England(新英格兰教父)” 清教徒采用的文学体裁：narratives(日记) and journals(游记) 清教徒在美国的写作内容： 1）Their voyage to the new land 2）Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops 3）About dealing with Indians 4）Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit 4.Private literature: theological, moral, historical, political 5.The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry. Anne Bradstreet is one of the most interesting of the early poets, 英国最早移民到美国的诗人. The best of the Puritan poets was Edward Taylor. ⅡReason and Revolution(18th century)理性和革命时期文学 1.The War for Independence (1776-1783) ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic - the United States of America. 2.Bourgeois Enlightenment 3.Benjamin Franklin: Poor Richard’s Almanac(穷人理查德的年鉴), an annual collection of proverbs. The Autobiography, 18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传 ?The Autobiography is, first of all, a Puritan document. It is Puritan because it is a record of self-examination and self-improvement. The Puritans, as a type, were very much given to self-analysis. ?The Autobiography shows Franklin was spokesman for the new order of 18th-century Enlightenment, and that he represented in America all its ideas, that man is basically good and free, by nature endowed by God with certain inalienable rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
美国文学考试资料整理
一．The Literature of Colonial America(Puritanism) 1.The first English colony: Jamestown in Virginia in 1607 2.The first American writer: John Smith 3.Anne Bradstreet: first American woman poet; a Puritan poet; once called “Tenth Muse”; 二．Literature of Reason and Revolution War of Independence (1775-1783);The French and Indian War / the Seven Y ears’War(1756-1763) 1..Benjamin Franklin: Autobiography; Richard’s Almanac Maxims from Poor Richard’s Almanac (proverbs that give practical wisdom) 2..Thomas Paine (1737-1809): Common Sense: a strong push for the Revolution W ar; four parts (British enslavement of the colonies; praising democratic election; America’s economic and military potential to protect the rights of people) 3..Philip Freneau (1752-1832) The first American-born poet;“Poet of the American Revolution”, “Father of American Poetry”, the most significant poet of 18th century America W orks:The Wild Honey Suckle《野忍冬花》on mortality, The Indian Burying Ground 《印第安人殡葬地》on the imagined afterlife, The British Prison Ship《英国囚船》about his imprisoned experience. 三．Romanticism The American Romantic period is considered one of the most important periods, the first literary Renaissance, in the history of American literature. It stretches from the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil W ar. It started with the publication of W ashington Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman’s Leaves of Grass. 1.Washington Irving (1783-1859) Literary status: the first American to earn an international reputation; Father of the American short stories The Sketch Book: winning him international popularity，the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature. Major works: A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty under the name of “Diedrich Knickerbocker
美国文学史常耀信版
美国文学史常耀信版 很有用的哦！ 2008-08-10 22:02 阅读206 评论0 字号：大中小 美国文学史常耀信版 美国文学 Part 1. Colonial America浪漫主义American Romanticism(1815-1865) 早期浪漫主义early romanticism——Irving欧文, Cooper库柏, Bryant布莱恩特 先验主义transcendentalism and symbolic representation——Emerson 爱默森，Margaret Fuller玛格丽特福勒，Thoreau 梭罗 三位重要的小说家——Hawthorne 霍桑，Melville 梅尔维尔，Poe 坡 二位重要的诗人——Whitman 惠特曼，Dickinson 狄更生 现实主义American Realism（1865-1914） 带有地方色彩的写作local color writing——Mark Twain马克吐温 现实主义literary realism——James 詹姆士，Howells 豪斯尔斯 自然主义literary naturalism——Garland 加兰特，Grane 格雷恩，Frank Norris 弗兰克诺里斯，Jack London 杰克伦敦，Theodore Dreiser 西奥多德莱塞 现代主义American Modernism(1914-1945) 现代主义在欧洲American modernism in Europe——Gerturde Stein 格特鲁德斯坦因，Ezra Pound 艾兹拉庞德，Amy Lowell 艾米洛威尔，H.D.(Hilda Doolittle) 杜丽埃尔 战时的现代派小说modern fiction between the wars——William Faulkner 威廉福克纳，Hemingway 海明威，Fitzgerald 费兹杰罗，Passos 帕索斯，Steinbeck 斯坦贝克 现代派诗歌modern American poetry——T.S. Eliot 艾略特，Wallace Stevens 史蒂文斯，William Carols Williams 威廉姆斯，卡明斯 Thomas Paine托马斯?潘恩1737-1809 The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代 Philip Freneau菲利普?弗伦诺1752-1832 The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans 纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地 Jonathan Edwards The Freedom of the Will The Great Doctrine of Original Sin defended The Nature of True Virtue Benjamin Franklin本杰明?富兰克林1706-1790 A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Moneyoor Richard’s Almanack穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth致富之道；The Autobiography自传 Part 2. American Romanticism Washington Irving华盛顿?欧文1783-1859 A History of New York纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；
美国文学期末考试复习必备(精)
美国文学期末考试复习必备（精） 1. What’s Puritanism? A religious and political movement which appeals to the right of the individual to political & religious independence. It includes three parts: a code of values, a point of view & a philosophy of life 2. What are the basic Puritan beliefs? 1). Total Depravity 2). Unconditional Election 3). Limited Atonement 4). Irresistible Grace 5). Perseverance of the "saints" 3. What are American Puritan values? Sobriety thrift, Self-reliance Diligence, Struggle, simple tastes 4. What are the features of American literature in the Colonial Period? A. Humble origins: diaries, journals, histories, letters. Its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period. B. in content: serving either god or colonial expansion or both C. in form: imitating English literary traditions. D. in style: tight and logic structure, precise and compact expression, avoidance of rhetorical decoration, adoption of homely imagery and simplicity of diction. E. Symbolism formed in this period ------To the pious Puritan, the physical, phenomenal world was nothing but a symbol of God. F. Simple, fresh and direct style
美国文学史总结
Part I The Literature of Co Ion ial Amer ica （殖民地时期的文学） Chap ter 1 John Smith约翰.史密斯 1. A True Relatio n of Such Occurre nces and Accide nts of Note as Hath Happe ned in Virgi nia Si nee the First Pla nting of That Colo ny 《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》（1608） 2. A Map of Virgi nia with a Description of the Cou ntry 《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡 村的描述》（1612） 3. The Gen eral History of Virgi nia. New En gla nd, and the Summer Isles 《弗吉尼亚 通史》（1624） Chapter 2 William Bradford （威廉.布拉德福德） Of Plymouth Pla ntatio n 《普利茅斯开发史》（1826） Joh n Win throp （约翰.温思罗普） The History of New En gla nd from 1630 to 1649 《新英格兰史》（1856）Chapter 3 Joh n Cotton （约翰.科登） Roger Williams （罗杰.威廉姆斯） A Key into the Language of America 《开启美国语言的钥匙》/《美国新英格兰地 区土着居民语言指南》 Chapter 4 Anne Bradstreet （安妮.布雷兹特里特）（女性作家） The Te nth Muse Lately Spru ng Up in America 《在美洲诞生的第十位缪斯》Edward Taylor （爱德华.泰勒）（女性作家） Psalms《诗篇》 Part II The Literature of Reason and Revolution （理性和革命时期文学） Chapter 5 Benjamin Franklin （本杰明.富兰克林） 1. Poor Richard ' s Almanac 《穷理查德年鉴》（1732-1758，1729年正式出版） 2. The Declarati on of In depe ndence 《独立宣言》（Fran klin & Jeffers on 杰弗逊） 3. The Autobiography 《自传》 4. Collect Works 《作品选集》 Chapter 6 Thomas Paine （托马斯.佩因） 1. The Caseof the Officers of the Excise 《收税官的案子》（1772）（his first pamphlet） 2. Com mon Se nse《常识》（1776） 3. The America Crisis 《美国危机》（1776-1883）（a series of sixteen pamphlets）（signed “ Com mon Sens” ） 4. Rights of Man 《人权》（I 1791 年，II 1792 年） 5. The Age of Reas on 《理性时代》 6. Agrarian Justice 《土地公平》（his last important treatise 他最后一部重要着作）Chapter 7
美国文学史期末参考复习资料
仅作参考，最主要还是要自己消化，整理 Chapter 1 Colonial Period 1. Puritanism: American puritans accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. 2. Influence (1) A group of good qualities – hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious and thoughtful) influenced American literature. (2) It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth – garden of Eden. (3) Symbolism: the American puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception was chi efly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American. (4) With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible. II. Overview of the literature 1. types of writing diaries, histories, journals, letters, travel books, autobiographies/biographies, sermons 2. writers of colonial period (1) Anne Bradstreet (2) Edward Taylor III. Benjamin Franklin 1. life 2. works (1) Poor Richard’s Almanac (2) Autobiography 3. contribution (1) He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the American Philosophical Society. (2) He was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire (electricity in this case) from heaven”. (3) Everything seems to meet in this one man –“Jack of all trades”. Herman Melville thus described him “master of each and mastered by none”. Chapter 2 American Romanticism Section 1 Early Romantic Period I. American Romanticism 1. Background (1) Political background and economic development (2) Romantic movement in European countries Derivative – foreign influence 2. features (1) American romanticism was in essence the expression of “a real new experience and contained “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien. (2) There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider. American romantic authors tended more to moralize. Many American romantic writings intended to edify more than they entertained. (3) The “newness” of Americans as a nation is in connection with Am erican Romanticism. (4) As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American romanticism was both imitative and independent. II. Washington Irving: Father of American Literature 1. several names attached to Irving (1) first American writer (2) the messenger sent from the new world to the old world (3) father of American literature 2. life 3. works (1) A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty (2) The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (He won a measure of international recognition with the publication of this.) (3) The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus (4) A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada (5) The Alhambra 4. Literary career: two parts (1) 1809~1832
美国文学期末复习
作家作品 Naturalism 1、Stephen Crane斯蒂芬·克莱恩1871-1900 战争小说之父 Maggie: A Girl of the Streets《街头女郎麦琪》（美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运）, a pioneering work of sociological naturalism；关于南北战争的The Red Badge of Courage《红色英勇勋章》，奠定了他在美国文坛上不可动摇的地位；优秀短篇小说集The Open Boat《海上扁舟》和blue hotel 《蓝色旅馆》; wounds in the rain 《雨中的伤痕》The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky《新娘来到黄天镇》 2、Theodore Dreiser西奥多·德莱塞1871-1945美国文学史上最杰出的现实主义小说家，一位以探索充满磨难的现实生活着称的美国自然主义作家. Sister Carrie《嘉莉妹妹》，真实再现了当时美国社会;Jennie Gerhardt《珍妮姑娘》，被称为《嘉莉妹妹》的姐妹篇;Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲（Financer金融家,The Titan巨人,The Stoic斯多噶）;An American Tragedy《美国悲剧》是德莱赛成就最高的作品，是人们清晰地看到了美国社会的真实情况，“至今依然具有巨大的现实意义” 在《美国悲剧》中，Dreiser intended to tell us that it is the social pressure that makes Clyde's downfall inevitable. Clyde's tragedy is a tragedy that depends upon the American social system which encouraged people to pursue the "dream of success" at all costs. 1、Naturalism emphasized heredity and environment as important deterministic forces shaping individualized characters who were presented in special and detailed circumstances. 2. The effect of Darwinist idea of "survival of the fittest" was shattering. It is not surprising to find in Dreiser's fiction a world of jungle, where “kill or to be killed” was the law. Dreiser's Writing Features: ?As a naturalist writer, Dreiser stressed determinism in his novels which deals with everyday life, often with its sordid side. ?As a naturalist, he developed the capacity for photographic and relentless (无情的) observation, thereby truthfully reflecting the society and people of his time. ?His narrative method is natural and free from artifice. Modern Poetry 3、Robert Frost罗伯特·弗罗斯特1874-1963 20世纪最受欢迎的美国诗人, 美国文学中的桂冠诗人田园诗；自然诗?He used symbols from everyday country life to express his deep ideas. His graceful and traditional poetic style is highly appreciated in the country. A Boy's Will少年心愿and North of Boston波士顿之北were published and highly acclaimed in England. Mending Wall修墙,After Apple-picking摘苹果之 后;Mountain Interval山间The Road Not taken没有选择的道路;
美国文学史期末总结
美国文学史美国文学
全书的焦点集中于南太平洋一条名叫莫比·迪克的白鲸,以及捕鲸船皮廓德(Pequod)号的船长阿哈(Ahab)如何对它有不共戴天的仇恨.阿哈在一次航行中被莫比·迪克咬掉一条腿,立志报仇,指挥皮廓德号环航全球追踪,终于发现了它.经过三天放下小艇紧追.虽然刺中了这条白鲸,但它十分顽强狡猾,咬碎了小艇,也撞沉了大船.它拖着捕鲸船游开时,绳子套住阿哈,把他绞死了.全船人尽皆灭顶.只有一个水手借着由棺材改制的救生浮子而逃得性命.整个故事以这个水手伊希梅尔(Ishmael)自述的方式展开. The book focuses on a whale named Moby Dick lived in south pacific and the captain of whaler Pequod—Ahab. Ahab was once bite by Moby Dick and lost a leg, determined to revenge,he commanded whaler pequod do global tracking, and finally found it. After three days of hot pursuit with the skiff,while they stabbed this white whale, but it was very tenacious and cunning, eventually chewed the skiff, also sank the ship. It dragged whaler swimming away, the rope was around Ahab, he was hanged. Almost all of people on the boat drowned, only a sailor called Ishmael survived .
美国文学期末考试重点
名词解释： Imagism: It’s a poetic movement of England and the U.S. flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording. The leaders of this movement were Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell. Beat generation: The term was coined by Jack Kerouac in 1948 to refer to a group of disillusioned writers following World War Two. Later, this literary and cultural movement continued into the 1960s. The Beat Generation must not be confused with the Lost Generation of writers. Spokesmen and representatives of the Beat Generation were Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg and others. They revolted against an America that was materialistic, belligerent and frustrating. Social, intellectual and sexual freedom was advocated. Traditional culture and normal social behavior were attacked and violated. Many of them were drug addicts wearing long hair and dirty clothes. They were fond of slangs and jazz. Masterpieces created by writers of this g roup include Kerouac’s On the Road and Ginsberg’s Howl and Other Poems, which were regarded as pocket Bibles of that generation. Other prominent Beats include William S. Burroughs, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Gregory Corso, Michael McClure, and Neal Cassady. The Beat Generation, had greatly influenced the countercultural movements of the 1960s and the adolescents and adults in other countries. In England, the “angry young men” made an echo and imitated the American “beatnik.” 二、1. Ralph Waldo Emerson: Nature: it is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism. The American Scholar:it has been regarded as “America’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence”. 2. Henry David Thoreau: Walden 3. Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter: 主题：Hawthorne focuses his attention on the moral, emotional, and psychological effects or consequences of the sin on the people in general and those main characters in particular, so as to show us the tension between society and individuals. To Hawthorne, everybody is potentially a sinner, and great moral courage is therefore indispensable for the improvement of human nature. 4. Herman Melville: Moby Dick A. 作品分析： （1）Moby Dick represents the sum total of Melville’s bleak view of the world in which he lived. It is at once godless and purposeless. The loss of faith and the sense of futility and meaningless which characterize modern life of the West were expresse d in Melville’s work so well that the twentieth century has found it both fascinating and great. (2) One of the major themes of this novel is alienation, which exists in the life of Melville on different levels, between man and man, man and society, and man and nature. Melville also criticizes New England Transcendentalism of its emphasis on individualism and Oversoul. Another theme of this novel is “rejection and quest.” (3) The novel is highly symbolic. The voyage itself is a metaphor for “search and discovery, the search for the ultimate truth of experience.” Moby Dick is the most conspicuous symbol in the book and it is capable of many interpretations. It is a symbol of evil to some, one of goodness to others, and both to still others. Its whiteness is a paradoxical color, signifying as it does death and corruption as well as purity, innocence, and youth. It represents the final mystery of the universe which man will do well to desist from pursuing. (4) Melville manages to achieve the effect of ambiguity through employing the technique of multiple views of his narratives. He tends to write periodic sentences. His rich rhythmical prose and his poetic power have been profusely commented upon and praised. B. what does the white whale in Moby Dick symbolize? Why do you think so? For Captain Ahab, the white whale represents evil. After the loss of his leg in his encounter with the white whale, Ahab begins to hate Moby Dick and tries his best to kill the whale. It seems that he embodies all of the evil he once consigned to the white whale. For other members on the whaling ship, the white whale symbolizes the unknown, mysterious natural force of the universe. For the readers, the white whale is capable of many interpretations, for it is “paradoxically benign an d malevolent, nourishing and destructive,” “massive, brutal, monolithic, but at the same time protean, erotically beautiful, infinitely variable.” C. Major themes: obsession, religion, and idealism versus pragmatism, revenge, racism, sanity, hierarchical relationships, and politics. D. the Pequod is the microcosm of human society and the voyage becomes a search for truth. Moby Dick is a mystery, an ultimate mystery of the universe, and the voyage of the mind will forever remain a search, not a discovery, of the truth. The whole story turns out to be a symbolic voyage of the mind quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe, a spiritual exploration into man’s deep reality and psychology. 5. Walt Whitman: Leaves of Grass.It has been praised as “Democ ratic Bible”, and as American Epic. 主题：(1)he shows concern for the whole hard-working people and the burgeoning life of cities. (2) realization of the individual value. (3) pursuit of love and happiness. (4) Before and during the Civil War, Whitman expressed much mourning for the sufferings of the young lives in the battlefield and showed a determination to carry on the fighting dauntlessly until the final victory. 写作风格：(1) Whitman wrote “free verse”, that is, poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. (2) There is a strong sense of the poems being rhythmical. Parallelism and phonetic recurrence at the beginning of the lines contribute to the musicality of his poems. (3) Most of the pictures he painted with words are honest, undistorted images of different aspects of America of the day. (4) Whitman’s language is relatively simple and even rather crude. Another characteristic in Whitman’s language is his strong tendency to use oral English. Whitman’s vocabulary is amazing. He would use powerful, colorful, as well as rarely-used words. Leaves of Grass的分析： (1). Grass, the most common thing with the greatest vitality, is an image of the poet himself, a symbol of the then rising American nation and an embodiment of his ideals about democracy and freedom. (2). In this giant work, openness, freedom, and above all, individualism are all that concerned him. (3). In this book he also praises nature, democracy, labor and creation, and sings of man’s dignity and equality, and of th e brightest future of mankind. Most of the poems in Leaves of Grass sing of the “en-masse” and self as well. 6. Emily Dickinson: 诗歌的主要内容：love, nature, death and immortality. 7. Edgar Allen Poe: 短篇小说家和诗人。 Poe is the father of psychoanalytic criticism and the father of detective story. 主题：death of one’s beloved lover of great intelligence and beauty. He also writes about horror (Gothic) stories, murder, and insanity. 8. Henry James: The turn of the screw The founder of psychological realism. He was the first American writer to conceive his artistic work in international themes. 9. Mark Twain:The adventures of Huckleberry Finn Hemingway described it as the book from which “all modern American literature comes”. The style of this book is quite simple. The book is written in the colloquial style. Though a local book, it touches upon the human situation in a general, indeed universal way: humanitarianism ultimately triumphs. It tells a story about the United States before the Civil War, around 1850, when the great Mississippi Valley was still being settled. Here lies an America, wit its great national faults, full of violence and even cruelty, yet still retaining the virtues of “some simplicity, some innocence, some peace.” 10. Stephen Crane, Frank Norris, Theodore Dreiser: 自然主义的代表人物。 11. F. Scott Fitzgerald:The Great Gatsby 迷惘一代的代表人物 12. Ernest Hemingway: A Farewell to Arms; For Whom the Bell Tolls; The Old Man and the Sea The title of For Whom the Bell Tolls comes from John Donne’s Meditation. 13. William Faulkner: stream of consciousness的写作手法 14. Ezra Pound: 意象派代表人物。 意象派基本主张： (1) Direct treatment of the “thing”, whether subjective or objective. (2) To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation (3) As regarding rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of a metronome. 15. Robert Frost: natural poet. 16. Eugene Glastone O’Neill: Desire Under the Elms Long Days Journey into Night: Mark Twain H. L. Mencken considered "the true father of our national literatu re” Adventures of Huckleberry Finn(1884) and Life on the Mississippi(1883) Twain shaped the world's view of American and made a more extensive combination of American folk humor and serious literature than previous writers had ever done. Mark Twain’s sty le 1) Twain is also known as a local colorist, who preferred to present social life through portraits of the local characters of his regions 2) Another fact that made Twain unique is his magic power with language, his use of vernacular. His words are colloquial, concrete and direct in effect, and his sentence structures are simple, even ungrammatical, which is typical of the spoken language 3) Mark Twain's humor is remarkable, too. Most of his works tend to be funny, containing some practical jokes, comic details, witty remarks. 4) Paid more attention to the "life" of the Americans, Concerned with the life of a small, well-defined region and the lower-class people 5) Nostalgic in a vanishing way of life and recorders of a present that faded before their eyes Adventures of Huckleberry Fin The character analysis and social meaning of Huck Finn Huck is a typical American boy with “a sound heart and a deformed conscience”. He appears to be vulgar in language and in manner, but he is honest and decent in es sence. His remarkable raft’s journey down on the Mississippi river can be regarded as his process of education and his way to grow up. Huck is the son of nature and a symbol for freedom and earthly pragmatism. Through the eye of Huck, the innocent and reluctant rebel, we see the pre-Civil War American society fully exposed. Twain contrasts the life on the river and the life on the banks, the innocence and the experience, the nature and the culture, the wilderness and the civilization. Ernest Hemingway A Nobel Prize winner for literature His style, the particular type of hero in his novels, and his life attitudes have been widely recognized, not only in English-speaking countries but all over the world Hemingway shot himself with a hunting gun In Our Time (1925)is the first book to present a Hemingway hero--Nick Adams The Sun Also Rises(1926) is Hemingway's first true novel. A vivid portrait of "The Lost Generation," -- a group of young Americans who left their native land and fought in the war and later engaged themselves in writing in a new way about their own experiences. Hemingway's second big success is A Farewell to Arms, telling us a story about the tragic love affair of a wounded American soldier with a British nurse -- emphasizes his belief that man is trapped both physically and mentally, but goes to some lengths to refute the idea of nature, man is doomed to be entrapped For Whom the Bell Tolls clearly represents a new beginning in Hemingway's career as a writer, which concerns a volunteer American guerrilla Robert Jordan fighting in the Spanish Civil War, this work Caps his career and leads to his receipt of the Nobel Prize The Old Man and the Sea, Men Without Women(1927), Death in the Afternoon(1932), The Snows of Kilimanjaro, To Have and Have Not (1937) Hemingway develops the style of colloquialism initiated by Mark Twain Hemingway was highly praised by the Nobel Prize Committee for "his powerful style-forming mastery of the art" of creating modern fiction. Indian Camp The title indicates that the material is contemporary and to some extent, representative of the early twentieth-century experience A reference to the well-know phrase from the Book of Common Prayer:" Give us peace in our time, O Lord," the title is very ironic because there is no peace at all in the stories In a chronological order, introduces Nick Adams to readers from his childhood to adolescence and manhood Nick watches his father deliver an Indian woman of a baby by Caesarian section, with a Jack-knife and without anesthesia. This incident brings the boy into contact with something that is perplexing and unpleasant, and is actually Nick's initiation into the pain and violence of birth and death. Most of Hemingway's later works are merely variations of the Nick Adams stories in In Our Time The Hemingway code heroes and grace under pressure They have seen the cold world, and for one cause, they boldly and courageously face the reality. They have an indestructible spirit for his optimistic view of life. Whatever the result is, they are ready to live with grace under pressure. No matter how tragic the ending is, they will never be defeated. Finally, they will be prevailing because of their indestructible spirit and courage. The iceberg technique Hemingway believes that a good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action. The one-eighth is presented will suggest all other meaningful dimensions of the story. Thus, Hemingway’s language is symbolic and suggestive.