Lesson 27 The Vasa 新概念第四册27课课文详解
Lesson 27 The Vasa “瓦萨”号
这是一篇说明文，把Vasa号的建设、沉没、以及重新捞上来的过程呈现在我们面前。
Paragraph 1瓦萨号在瑞典航海历史上的地位
Galleon十五，十六世纪西班牙大型帆船,本文为了避免重复，使语言更加丰富，在文中用了下列词来替换它，ship; royal flagship; thing of beauty; floating work of art; warship; the mighty Vasa.
Tale: 故事；传说；叙述；流言蜚语.
?He spun a tale of his adventures. 他编造了一个他自己冒险的故事。
I didn't credit that absurd tale. 我不相信那个荒谬绝伦的故事
Story: 故事；小说；新闻报道；来历；假话
The second story in the book is titled "The Scholar."这本书中的第2个故事标题为《学者》。
I shall tell you a story about four little rabbits.我将给你讲个关于4只小兔子的故事。
Those are some of the top stories in the news.那些都是一些头条新闻报道。
He invented some story about a cousin.他们编造了一些关于一位表亲的谎话。
Must be 一定，肯定，表示推测
He must be mad. 他一定是疯了。
I can't date that house exactly, but it must be very old.
我不能确定那幢房子的年代，但它一定是很古老了。
?Lie vi. 躺；说谎；位于；展现(lay, lain)
I like to lie on the sunny beach, basking in the sunshine.
我喜欢躺在充满阳光的海滩上晒太阳。
?Royal adj. 英国的；（英国）皇家的;王室成员
...an invitation to a royal garden party.…一张参加皇家花园聚会的请帖。
...the Royal Academy of Music.…皇家音乐学院。
The royals have always been patrons of charities pulling in large donations.
王室成员一直都是慈善机构的资助人，注入大量捐赠。
Empire 帝国；帝王统治，君权
?The empire absorbed many small nations. 该帝国吞并了许多小国。
The British Empire flourished in the 19th century. 英帝国在19世纪曾昌盛一时。
emperor：n. 皇帝，君主
?They bowed before the emperor as he entered the court.
皇帝进入朝廷时他们都向他鞠躬致敬。
The daughter of an emperor does not worry about finding a husband.皇帝女儿不愁嫁。
Empress女帝,女皇，皇后
When earthquakes hit Japan, he and the empress visit victims.
当日本遭受地震打击时，他与皇后探视灾民。
Imperial帝国的
After centuries' of expansions and renovations, the palace was finally transformedinto
a museum of the imperial era. 经过数世纪的扩建和革新，这个宫殿最终转变成帝国时代的博
物馆。
Paragraph 2: 建瓦萨号船的背景
King Gustavus Adolphus, 'The Northern Hurricane', then at the height of hismilitary success
in the Thirty Years' War, had dictated her measurements andarmament. 当时号称“北方飓风”的国王古斯夫斯.阿道尔弗正处在“三十年战争”的军事鼎盛阶段，他亲自规定了这艘船的规模和武器配备。
King GustavusAdolphus古斯夫斯.阿道尔弗
?
?at the height of 在…顶点；在…的顶峰或鼎盛时期
At the height of unemployment in 1982, one of every five unemployed workers was on a
temporary layoff.
在1982年失业率达到顶峰时，被解雇的工人每五个中就有一个是被临时解雇的.
Dictate命令；规定；口述；使听写
What right has one country to dictate the environmental standards of another?
一个国家有什么权利规定另一个国家的环境标准？
What gives them the right to dictate to us what we should eat?
是什么给他们权利来规定我们该吃什么？
Sheldon writes every day of the week, dictating his novels in the morning.
谢尔登每天都进行创作，在上午口述他的小说。
?Dictator n. 独裁者；命令者
The dictator tyrannized over the whole country. 独裁者对全国实行极权统治。
The dictator’s secret police tyrannized the people. 独裁者的秘密警察对人民施行暴政。
dictatorship专政；独裁权；独裁者职位
So they have much in common.But India is a democracy and China a collective dictatorship.
中印有许多共同之处，但印度是一个民主国家，而中国则为集体专制。
?Mount vt.增加；爬上；使骑上马；安装，架置；镶嵌，嵌入；准备上演；成立（军队等）
Her husband mounts the work on velour paper and makes the frame.velour [v?'l??]
她丈夫把作品装裱到丝绒纸上，又做了框架。
安装在…上的-mounted
She installed a wall-mounted electric fan.她装了一台墙壁式电扇
be intended to打算…；意图是
The new Cold War may be intended to be more economic, political and diplomatic than military.
比起军事方面的斗争，新冷战可能更多的是在经济、政治和外交上的较量。
Most passengers were taking the train for pleasure and intended to fly home from Darwin. 跟读大部分游客乘坐这趟火车是观光，准备从达尔文乘飞机回家。
Paragraph 3: 首航前的欢腾气氛
As she was prepared for her maiden voyage on August 10,1628, Stockholm was in a ferment .
1628年8月10日，她准备处女航的日子，整个斯德哥尔摩陷入了激动之中
In a ferment 在动荡中,在骚动中；在极度兴奋中
?The country was in a ferment. 那个国家正处于动乱之中。
?Spread the sail 扬帆起航
Spread vi. 传播；伸展；vt.传播，散布；展开；伸展；铺开
She spread a towel on the sand and lay on it.她把一块浴巾铺在沙地上，然后躺在上面。
Sitting on the floor, spread your legs as far as they will go without overstretching.
坐在地板上，尽可能分开双腿，但不要过度拉伸。
Spread the mixture in the cake pan and bake for 30 minutes.
将该混合物摊在蛋糕烤盘里，烤30分钟。
The industrial revolution, which started a couple of hundred years ago in Europe, is now spreading across the world.几百年前始于欧洲的工业革命现在正向全世界扩散。
Labour v.艰难地工作
Scientists laboured for months to unravel the mysteries of Neptune and still remain baffled.
科学家们为揭开海王星之谜艰难地工作了数月，但依然迷惑不解。
We're labouring under an unfair disadvantage.我们在不公平的劣势下艰难地工作。
?Produce vt.生产；引起；创作；出示；给出(证据、论据等)n. 农产品，产品
The company produced circuitry for communications systems.
这家公司为通讯系统生产电路系统。
They challenged him to produce evidence to support his allegations.
他们要求他给出证据来支撑他的断言。
To rent a car you must produce a passport and a current driving license.
要租一辆车你必须出示护照和现有驾照。
?ablaze with(灯火等)闪耀，发光：；(人心等)激动，兴奋：
Every shop window is ablaze with bright Christmas lights.
每个商店都闪耀着明亮的圣诞节彩灯。
He had never seen the house like this, ablaze with light and noisy with voices.
他从未见过这栋房子像现在这样灯火辉煌，人声鼎沸。
The High stern castle was a riot of
carved gods, demons, knights, kings, warriors,mermaids, cherubs.
其尾部高耸的船楼上雕满了神仙、妖魔鬼怪、骑士、国王、勇士、美人鱼、天使。
stern castle船楼a riot of丰富的,各种各样的
I was overwhelmed by a riot of color, an emotional swell that carried me to sea.
我被极度丰富的色彩所淹没，一种情感的升华带我到了海洋。
Flowers are blooming in a riot of colour. 百花盛开，万紫千红。
portray 英 [p??'tre?] 美 [p?r'tre] vt.描绘；扮演
In 1975 he portrayed the king in a Los Angeles revival of "Camelot."
1975年他在洛杉矶重演的戏剧《卡米洛特》中扮演国王。
The film portrays a culture of young people who live in lower Manhattan.
这部电影描绘了在下曼哈顿地区生活的青年人文化。
…complaints about the way women are portrayed in ads.
…不满于广告中对妇女的刻画方式。
stir n. 搅拌；轰动vt.搅拌；激起；惹起vi. 搅动；传播；走动
Then a memory stirs in you and you start feeling anxious.
接着你脑海中涌现出一段回忆，并开始感到不安。
Amy remembered the anger he had stirred in her.艾米记得他曾惹自己生气。
Paragraph 4 首航时的壮观景象
?Salute n. 致敬，欢迎；敬礼vt.行礼致敬，欢迎vi. 致意，打招呼；行礼
One of the company stepped out and saluted the General.
队中的一人站出来，向那位将军行军礼。
He gave his salute and left.他打了招呼然后离开了。
As the emerged from her drifting cloud of gun smoke with the water churned to foam beneath her bow, her flags colour, she presented a more majestic spectaclethan Stockholmers had
ever seen before.
当“瓦萨”号从弥漫的礼炮烟云中出现时，船头下浪花加溅，舰旗迎风招展，三角旗随风飘动，
微风鼓起风帆，金碧辉煌的船楼闪耀着灿烂的色彩。“瓦萨”号展现的壮观景象是斯德哥尔摩
人从未见过的。
With后有5个独立主格结构，都做方式状语，修饰动词emerged
?Present vt.提出；介绍；呈现；赠送；颁发
The mayor presented him with a gold medal at an official city reception.
市长在一次正式的市招待会上给他颁发了一枚金质奖章。
This presents a problem for many financial consumers.
这给许多金融消费者带来了麻烦。
The future is going to be one that presents many challenges.
未来将会带来许多挑战。
We presented three options to the unions for discussion.
我们向工会提出了3种选择以供讨论。
The government has presented these changes as major reforms.
政府将这些变化描述成重大改革。
..all those tricks which would help him to present himself in a more confident way in public. …所有那些可以帮助他在公共场合更自信地展示自己的窍门。
Paragraph 5 瓦萨号沉没时的情况
As the wind freshened there came a sudden squall and the ship made a strange movement, listing
to port.
当风力增强的时候，突然刮起一阵大风，船身奇怪地晃动了一下，向左倾斜过来.
There came…倒状句，强调副词见练习P163D
Just then along came Tom.
Just then in walked Mary with a radiant face. 正在那时，玛丽容光焕发地进来了。
heave(用力地) 推; 拉; 举起
It took five strong men to heave it up a ramp and lower it into place.
用了5个壮汉把它拉上斜坡并向下放置到位。
counteract vt.抵消；中和；阻碍
Positive emotions bring us pleasure, counteract the damaging effects of negativeemotions.
积极的感情给我们快乐，抵消了消极情感的坏影响。
rumbling n. 隆隆声；辘辘声
The earthquake began with a deep [low] rumbling sound. 地震开始时发出低沉的隆隆声。Listen for rumbling sounds that might indicate an approaching landslide ormudflow. 听见隆隆的声音可能预示着新一次即将来临的滑坡或泥石流。
sealed the ship's fate注定了船厄运的到来
The event sealed his fate. 这个事件注定了他的厄运。
Mighty adj. 有力的；强有力的；有势力的
There was a flash and a mighty bang.一道闪光伴随着一声轰然巨响。
Mr. Taylor defeated his mighty competitors. 泰勒先生打败了他所有强有力的竞争者。
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`课文1 发现化石人 1. We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. 我们从书籍中可读到5,000 年前近东发生的事情，那里的人最早学会了写字。 2. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. 但直到现在,世界上有些地方，人们还不会书写。 3. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas -- legends handed down from one generation of story tales to another. 他们保存历史的唯一办法是将历史当作传说讲述，由讲述人一代接一代地将史实描述为传奇故事口传下来。 4. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, 这些传说是有用的，因为他们告诉我们很久以前生活在这里的移民的一些事情。 5. but none could write down what they did. 但是没有人能写下来。 6. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. 人类学家过去不清楚如今生活在太平洋诸岛上的波利尼西亚人的祖先来自何方， 7. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago. 当地人的传说却告诉人们：其中一部分是约在2,000年前从印度尼西亚迁来的。 8. But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas,if they had any, are forgotten. 但是，和我们相似的原始人生活的年代太久远了，因此，有关他们的传说既使有如今也失传了。 9. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first 'modern men' came from. 于是，考古学家们既缺乏历史记载，又无口头传说来帮助他们弄清最早的“现代人”是从哪里来的。 10. Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, 然而，幸运的是，远古人用石头制作了工具，特别是用燧石， 11. because this is easier to shape than other kinds. 因为燧石较之其他石头更容易成形。 12. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. 他们也可能用过木头和兽皮，但这类东西早已腐烂殆尽。 13. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace. 石头是不会腐烂的。因此，尽管制造这些工具的人的骨头早已荡然无存，但远古时代的石头工具却保存了下来。 $课文2 不要伤害蜘蛛 14. Why, you may wonder, should spiders be our friends? 你可能会觉得奇怪，蜘蛛怎么会是我们的朋友呢？ 15. Because they destroy so many insects, and insects include some of the greatest enemies of the human race. 因为它们能消灭那么多的昆虫，其中包括一些人类的大敌， 16. Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; 昆虫就会使我们无法在地球上生活下去， 17. they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, 昆虫会吞食我们的全部庄稼，杀死我们的成群的牛羊。 18. if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals. 要不是人类受一些食虫动物的保护， 19. We owe a lot to the birds and beasts who eat insects but all of them put together kill only a fraction of the number dest royed by spiders. 我们要十分感谢那些吃昆虫的鸟和兽，然而把它们所杀死的昆虫全部加在一起也只相当于蜘蛛所消灭的一小部分。 20. Moreover, unlike some of the other insect eaters, spiders never do the harm to us or our belongings. 此外，蜘蛛不同于其他食虫动物，它们丝毫不危害我们和我们的财物。 21. Spiders are not insects, as many people think, nor even nearly related to them. 许多人认为蜘蛛是昆虫，但它们不是昆虫，甚至与昆虫毫无关系。 22. One can tell the difference almost at a glance, 人们几乎一眼就能看出二者的差异， 23. for a spider always has eight legs and insect never more than six. 因为蜘蛛都是8条腿，而昆虫的腿从不超过6条。 24. How many spiders are engaged in this work no our behalf? 有多少蜘蛛在为我们效力呢？ 25. One authority on spiders made a census of the spiders in grass field in the south of England, 一位研究蜘蛛的权威对英国南部一块草坪上的蜘蛛作了一次调查。 26. and he estimated that there were more than 2,250,000 in one acre; 他估计每英亩草坪里有225万多只蜘蛛。 27. that is something like 6,000,000 spiders of different kinds on a football pitch. 这就是说，在一个足球场上约有600万只不同种类的蜘蛛。 28. Spiders are busy for at least half the year in killing insects. 蜘蛛至少有半年在忙于吃昆虫。 29. It is impossible to make more than the wildest guess at how many they kill, 它们一年中消灭了多少昆虫，我们简直无法猜测， 30. but they are hungry creatures, not content with only three meals a day. 它们是吃不饱的动物，不满意一日三餐。 31. It has been estimated that the weight of all the insects destroyed by spiders in Britain in one year would be greater than the total weight of all the human beings in the country. 据估计，在英国蜘蛛一年里所消灭昆虫的重量超过这个国家人口的总重量。 $课文3 马特霍恩山区人 32. Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport,
新概念英语第四册第二十单元课文原文
新概念英语第四册第二十单元课文原文 Lesson 20 Snake poison 蛇毒How it came about that snakes manufactured poison is a mystery. Over the periods their saliva, a mild, digestive juice like our own, was converted into a poison that defies analysis even today. It was not forced upon them by the survival competition; they could have caught and lived on prey without using poison just as the thousands of non-poisonous snakes still do. Poison to a snake is merely a luxury; it enables it to get its food with very little effort, no more effort than one bite. And why only snakes ? Cats, for instance, would be greatly helped; no running rights with large, fierce rats or tussles with grown rabbits just a bite and no more effort needed. In fact it would be an assistance to all the carnivorae--though it would be a two-edged weapon -When they fought each other. But, of the vertebrates, unpredictable Nature selected only snakes (and one lizard). One wonders also why Nature, with some snakes concocted poison of such extreme potency. In the conversion of saliva into poison one might suppose that a fixed process took place. It did not; some
新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记：Lesson41
新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记：Lesson41 【课文】First listen and then answer the following question. 听录音，然后回答以下问题。At what point does the training of a captive wild elephant begin? Two main techniques have been used for training elephants, which we may call respectively the tough and the gentle. The former method simply consists of setting an elephant to work and beating him until he does what is expected of him. Apart from any moral considerations this is a stupid method of training, for it produces a resentful animal who at a later stage may well turn man-killer. The gentle method requires more patience in the early stages, but produces a cheerful, good-tempered elephant who will give many years of loyal service. The first essential in elephant training is to assign to the animal a single mahout who will be entirely responsible for the job. Elephants like to have one master just as dogs do, and are capable of a considerable degree of personal affection. There are even stories of half-trained elephant calves who have refused to feed and pined to death when by some unavoidable circumstance they have been deprived of their own trainer. Such extreme cases must probably be taken with a grain of salt, but they do underline the general principle that the relationship between elephant and mahout is the key to successful training. The most economical age to capture an elephant for training is between fifteen and twenty years, for it is then almost ready to undertake heavy work and can begin to earn its keep straight away. But animals of this age do not easily become subservient to man, and a very firm hand must be employed in the early stages. The captive elephant, still roped to a tree, plunges and screams every time a man approaches, and for several days will probably refuse all food through anger and fear. Sometimes a tame elephant is tethered nearby to give the wild one confidence, and in most cases the captive gradually quietens down and begins to accept its food. The next stage is to get the elephant to the training establishment, a ticklish business which is achieved with the aid of two tame elephants roped to the captive on either side. When several elephants are being trained at one time, it is customary for the new arrival to be placed between the stalls of two captives whose training is already well advanced. It is then left completely undisturbed with plenty of food and water so that it can absorb the atmosphere of its new home and see that nothing particularly alarming is happening to its companions. When it is eating normally, its own training begins. The trainer stands in front of the elephant holding a long stick with a sharp metal point. Two
新概念英语第四册课文翻译：Lesson9
新概念英语第四册课文翻译：Lesson9【课文】 Alfred the Great acted as his own spy, visiting Danish camps disguised as a minstrel. In those days wandering minstrels were welcome everywhere. They were not fighting men, and their harp was their passport. Alfred had learned many of their ballads in his youth, and could vary his programme with acrobatic tricks and simple conjuring. While Alfred's little army slowly began to gather at Athelney, the king himself set out to penetrate the camp of Guthrum, the commander of the Danish invaders. These had settled down for the winter at Chippenham： thither Alfred went. He noticed at once that discipline was slack： the Danes had the self-confidence of conquerors, and their security precautions were casual. They lived well, on the proceeds of raids on neighbouring regions. There they collected women as well as food and drink, and a life of ease had made them soft. Alfred stayed in the camp a week before he returned to Athelney. The force there assembled was trivial compared with the Danish horde. But Alfred had deduced that the Danes were no longer fit for prolonged battle： and that their commissariat had no organization, but depended on irregular raids. So, faced with the Danish advance, Alfred did not risk open battle but harried the enemy. He was constantly on the move, drawing the Danes after him. His patrols halted the raiding parties： hunger assailed the Danish army. Now Alfred