中国古代文学名词解释

中国古代文学名词解释
中国古代文学名词解释

名词解释

风雅颂:风即音乐曲调,国风即各地区的乐调。“雅”即正,指朝廷正乐,西周王畿的乐调,分大雅小雅。颂是宗庙祭祀之乐,许多都是舞曲,音乐可能比较舒缓。

赋比兴:“赋”是敷陈其事而直言之;“比”是以此物言彼物;“兴”是先言他物以引起所咏之辞。

《尚书》:商周记言史料的汇编。

《春秋》:本是周王朝和各诸侯国历史的通称,后特指经孔子修订的鲁国的编年史。

“香草美人”:美人的意象一般被解释为比喻,或是比喻君王,或是自喻。香草除了丰富美人形象的同时,也作为一种独立的象征物,一方面指品德和人格的高洁,另一方面和恶草相对,象征着政治斗争的双方。

楚辞:楚辞之名,始见于西汉武帝之时,是指具有出国地方特色的乐调、语言、名物而创作的诗赋,在形式上与北方诗歌有较明显的区别。

离骚:屈原的代表作,是带有自传性质的一首长篇抒情诗。抒发了屈原爱国与忠君的思想,表达了明君贤臣共兴楚国的美政理想。

《九歌》:九歌原是流传于江南楚地的民间祭歌,屈原加以改定而保留下来。从现存九歌看来,它的民间文化色彩十分浓郁,而屈原的个人身世、思想痕迹倒并不重,《九歌》主要是南方巫祭文化的产物。

九章:九章是屈原所作的一组抒情诗歌的总称,包括惜诵、涉江、哀郢、抽思、怀沙、思美人、惜往日、橘颂、悲回风等9篇作品。九章之名大约是西汉末年刘向便定去原作品时所加上的。九章的内容与离骚基本接近,主要是叙述身世和遭遇。

天问:天问是楚辞中一首奇特的诗歌。所谓天问,就是列举出历史和自然界一系列不可理解的现象,对天发问,探讨宇宙万事万物变化发展的道理。诗中一共提出了172个问题,大致次序是先问天地之形成,次问人事之兴衰,最后归结到楚国的现实政治,线索基本清楚。天问虽然叙事庞杂,思想倾向却很明显,尤其是在涉及天命和历史盛衰时,很能显示屈原的现实政治态度。

招魂:招魂是在怀王死后,屈原为招怀王之魂而作。全诗由引言、正文、乱次三部分组成,内容主要是以宏美的屋宇、奢华的服饰、艳丽的姬妾、精致的饮食以及繁盛的舞乐,以招徕楚怀王的亡魂。

甲骨卜辞:殷人用龟甲、兽骨占卜,占卜后把占卜日期、占卜人、所占之事,有的还包括日后吉凶应验情况,刻在甲骨之卜兆旁。此即甲骨卜辞。卜辞包括社会生活的各个方面。

铜器铭文:商周时代君王、臣子、公侯刻在青铜器上记事或记言的文字。君王所作铜器被视

为国之重宝。

语录体:先秦散文的文体特征的一种类别,以《论语》为代表,记录只言片语或对话,特点是短小简约、概括力强。

神话:神话是“通过人们的幻想用一种不自觉的艺术方式加工过的自然和社会形式本身”。其情节一般表现为变化、神力和法术。神话的意义通常显示为对某种自然或社会现象的解释,有的表达了先民征服自然、变革社会的愿望。

淮南子:此书是汉代皇室贵族淮南王刘安招致门客编成,共21篇,原称《淮南鸿烈》。作者自认为此书包含广大光明的道理,可出于诸子百家之上,为汉代治国法典,实际是以道家思想为主而杂以孔、墨、申、韩之说,是汉初黄老思想的继续。

吕氏春秋:秦相吕不韦召集门客集合百家九流之说编写而成,内容驳杂,以为可以备论天地古今万物之理,号曰《吕氏春秋》。

刻石文:秦始皇统一中国之后,曾多次巡游各地并刻石表功。以四字为句的韵文写成,文辞整饬简洁,读起来朗朗上口,是秦文学的独创。

梁园文学群体:对汉代文学的发展具有重要推进作用的是以诸侯王为中心的文学群体的出现,基于汉初文学发展一巨大推动力的人首推梁孝王刘武。孝王广筑苑囿,招延四方豪杰文士,一时俊逸之士如枚乘、公孙诡、邹阳等从孝王游于梁园,形成极具影响的文学群体。

乐府:乐府在西汉哀帝之前是朝廷常设的音乐管理部门,行政长官是乐府令,隶属于少府。它的职能是搜集各地的歌谣乐曲,同时也组织文人创作诗歌。乐府执掌天子及朝廷平时所用的乐章,它不是传统古乐,而是以楚声为主的流行曲调。

七体:《七发》词藻繁富,多用比喻和叠字,以叙事写物为主,是一篇完整的新体赋,标志着汉赋体制的正式确立。自此以后以七段成篇的赋成为一种专门文体,号称“七体”,各朝作家时有摹拟。

新体赋:即散体大赋,是汉初由骚体的楚辞演化而来的一种用韵散文。新体赋在内容上主要是对帝王的歌功颂德,劝百而讽一;形式上则改变了楚辞多用虚词、句末多用语气词的句式,进一步散体化,专事铺叙。其根本特征就是以铺张为能事,以适应统一帝国的需要。

汉书:班固编撰的《汉书》是我国第一部纪传体断代史,在叙事写人方面取得很大成就,它是继《史记》以后出现的又一部史传文学典范之作。

古诗十九首:出自汉代文人之手,但没有留下作者的姓名。它不是一时一地所作,它的作者也不是一人而是多人。它代表了汉代文人五言诗的最高成就,它所表现的游子思妇各种复杂的思想情感,在中国古代具有普遍性和典型意义,千百年来引起读者的广泛共鸣。

玄言诗:玄言诗兴盛于东晋,特点是玄释合流,以玄理入诗,严重脱离社会生活。玄言诗本身的艺术价值并不高,但对后世的影响深远。代表人物是孙绰和许询。

三曹:曹操、曹丕、曹植父子三人。

陶谢:东晋末年、南朝初诗人陶渊明和谢灵运的并称。

昭明文选:《昭明文选》又称《文选》,是现存的最早一部汉族诗文总集,由南朝梁武帝的长子萧统组织文人共同编选。萧统死后谥“昭明”,所以他主编的这部文选称作《昭明文选》。

七子:曹丕在《典论·文论》中称孔融、陈琳、王粲、徐干、阮瑀、应玚、刘桢为“七子”。

建安风骨:政治理想的高扬;人生短暂的哀叹;强烈个性的表现;浓郁的悲剧色彩,这些特点构成了建安年间诗歌慷慨悲凉、风骨遒劲的风格即“建安风骨”。

正始之音:以阮籍、嵇康为代表的正始文学。多为抒写个人忧愤的作品,诗歌逐渐与玄理结合,词旨渊永,寄托遥深。

太康诗风:以陆机、潘岳为代表的诗风。以“繁缛”为特征,追求华辞丽藻,描写繁复详尽,大量运用排偶。

咏史诗:以咏史为题的诗歌,始于东汉班固。后多人有作,至左思承继前人,又有所创新,开创了咏史诗借咏史以咏怀的新路。

游仙诗:以游仙为主题的诗歌。主要是想象神仙的世界,表现对那个世界的向往以及企求长生的愿望。

田园诗:为陶渊明所创的新题材。以陶渊明自己的田园生活为内容,真切的描写躬耕之甘苦。通过描写田园景物的恬美、田园生活的简朴,表现自己悠然自得的心境。

山水诗:由谢灵运开创的描写山水之美的诗歌。

永明体:齐梁陈三代是新体诗形成和发展的时期。所谓新体诗,是与古体诗相对而言,其主要特征是讲究声律和对偶。因为这种新体诗最初形成于南朝齐永明年间,故又称“永明体”。新体诗产生的关键是声律论的提出。

齐梁诗人集团:齐梁时期以皇室成员为中心的文学集团。其中规模最大、影响最著的主要有三个:南齐竟陵王萧子良文学集团,梁代萧衍、萧统文学集团,萧纲文学集团。

竟陵八友:梁武帝萧衍、沈约、谢朓、王融、萧琛、范云、任昉、陆倕八人。

宫体诗:始于梁简文帝之时。主要以宫廷生活为描写对象的诗歌,题材不外乎咏物与描写女性。情调上伤于轻艳,风格上柔靡缓弱。

徐庾体:指徐摛徐陵父子、庾肩吾庾信父子置身东宫时所作的风格绮艳流丽的诗文,就其文学渊源而言,是沿着永明体讲究声律、词藻的方向,进一步“转拘声韵,弥尚丽靡”。

元嘉三大家:谢灵运,颜延之,鲍照。文才不减诗才,技巧高妙,冠绝一世。

吴均体:史称吴均“文体清拔有古气,好事者或学之,谓之‘吴均体’”。

志怪与志人:志怪小说记述神仙方术、鬼魅妖怪、殊方异物、佛法灵异,志人小说记述人物的逸闻轶事、言谈举止。

唐四杰:王勃,杨炯,卢照邻,骆宾王。

沈宋:沈佺期,宋之问。

上官体:上官仪在贞观年间所作的应制诗,属对工切,写景清丽婉转,笔法精细而秀逸浑成,成为人们模仿取法的一种新的诗体,即“上官体”。

文章四友:崔融。李峤,杜审言,苏味道。

吴中四士:张若虚,贺知章,张旭,包融。

诗史:杜甫的诗被称为“诗史”,在于它具有史的认识价值。常被人提到的重要的历史事件,在他的诗里都有反映。更主要的是,它提供了比事件更为广阔、更为具体也更为生动的生活画面。

三吏:新安吏,石壕吏,潼关吏

三别:新婚别,无家别,垂老别

大历诗风:大历诗风指的是大历至贞元年间活跃于诗坛上的一批诗人的共同创作风貌。这使诗歌创作由雄浑的风骨气概转向淡远的情致,转向细致省净的意象创造,以表现宁静淡泊的生活情趣。虽有风味而气骨顿衰,遂露出中唐面目。

大历十才子:李端,卢纶,吉中孚,韩翃,钱起,司空曙,苗发,崔峒,耿湋,夏侯审。

韩孟诗派:中唐时期的一个诗歌创作流派,以韩愈为首,包括孟郊、李贺、卢仝等,主张“不平则鸣”,诗歌追求雄奇怪异之美。

元白诗派:中唐诗坛以白居易、元稹为代表的诗歌流派。这派诗人重写实、尚通俗,与韩孟诗派完全不同。

张王乐府:张籍、王建所创作的乐府诗的并称。

古文运动:唐代古文运动指的是韩愈、柳宗元发起的文风改革运动。主张“文以明道”的同时,注重“文”的作用,提倡创新,注重作家的道德修养和文章的情感力量。

唐传奇:指唐代流行的文言小说,作者大多以记、传名篇,以史家笔法传奇闻异事。

变文:转变的底本,多为宗教故事、历史故事和民间传说故事。说唱相间、散韵组合演述故事,当说白与吟唱转换时,每有习用的过阶语作提示,演出时或辅以图画。

小李杜:李商隐和杜牧。

苦吟诗人:在晚唐社会与文学的大背景下,有相当一部分诗人,以苦吟的态度作着“清新奇僻”的诗,代表人物是贾岛和姚合。

《花间集》:后蜀赵崇祚编成《花间集》十卷,选录十八位“诗客曲子词”,是最早的文人词总集。

文以载道:一种价值观。把文学的社会政治功能置于审美功能之上,在强调道的同时,并未放弃对文的追求。

以俗为雅:宋人的审美情趣。宋人的审美态度世俗化了,他们认为审美活动中的雅俗之辨,关键在于主体是否具有高雅的品质和情趣,而不在于审美客体是高雅还是凡俗之物。

白体:宋初效法白居易作诗的一批诗人,如李昉、徐铉等在馆阁之臣唱酬之风影响下编成的唱酬诗集所代表的是的风格,这类诗歌主要是模仿白居易与元稹、刘禹锡等人互相唱和的近体诗,内容多写流连光景的闲适生活,风格浅近清雅。但这仅仅是模仿了白居易是风的一个方面,而且与五代诗风一脉相承。

晚唐体:宋初模仿贾岛、姚合诗风的一群诗人所写的诗的风格,由于宋人常常把贾、姚看作晚唐诗人,所以名之为“晚唐体”,晚唐体的诗人都学习贾岛反复推敲的苦吟精神,写景惊喜,字句精炼。

九僧:恪守贾、姚门径创作“晚唐体”的希昼、保暹、文兆、行肇、简长、惟凤、惠崇、宇昭、怀古等九个僧人,以惠崇成就较为突出。

西昆体:宋初诗坛上声势最盛的一派,以《西昆酬唱集》得名。主要有三类题材:怀古咏史、咏物和描写流连光景的生活内容,且师法李商隐诗的雕润密丽、音调铿锵,但缺乏李诗蕴涵的真挚情感和深沉感慨,所以往往徒得其华丽的外表而缺乏内在的气韵。

以诗为词:苏轼变革词风的主要方式。将诗的表现手法移植到词中,在苏词中体现为用题序和用典故两个方面。突破了音乐对词体的制约和束缚,把词从音乐的附属品变为一种独立的抒情诗体。

苏门四学士:张耒,黄庭坚,秦观,晁补之。

苏门六君子:张耒,黄庭坚,秦观,晁补之,陈师道,李廌。

苏黄:苏轼,黄庭坚。

山谷体:黄庭坚诗以鲜明的风格特征而自成一体,当时就被称为“黄庭坚体”或“山谷体”。他的整个诗歌创作都贯彻了求新求变的精神,从而创造了生新廉悍的艺术风貌。黄诗章法回旋曲折,绝不平铺直叙,多运用修辞手段。黄诗还有声律奇峭的特点。

黄陈:黄庭坚,陈师道。

江西诗派:江西诗派是我国文学史上第一个有正式名称的诗文派别。北宋后期,形成了一个以杜甫为祖,黄庭坚、陈师道、陈与义为宗的诗歌流派。该流派崇尚黄庭坚的点铁成金、夺胎换骨之说。且诗派成员大多受黄庭坚的影响,作诗风格以吟咏书斋生活为主,重视文字的推敲技巧。

江西诗派的“一祖三宗”:以杜甫为祖,黄庭坚、陈师道、陈与义为宗。

易安体:李清照是宋词婉约派大家。她的词于苏豪、柳俗、周律之外别树一帜,婉约而不流于柔靡,清秀而具逸思,富有真情实感,语言清新自然,流转如珠,音调优美,故名噪一时,号为“易安体”。特定的历史条件促成了“易安体”神“愁”形“瘦”而以清新奇隽出之的艺术特征。

词俊:朱敦儒。

南宋四名臣:李纲、赵鼎、李光、胡铨,主战派;和以宦官秦桧为首的主和派相抗,先后被贬海南,其间写了大量的诗词,在他们的诗中反映了对时局的担忧,对当权者的愤慨;对民生疾苦的深切同情;表现了畏谗惧祸,闭口箝言的心态;也表现出诗人们豪放乐观、超脱闲适的情怀。

中兴四大诗人:尤袤、杨万里、范成大、陆游。

诚斋体:诚斋体的得名是源于杨万里。杨万里号诚斋,故称为诚斋体。他的诗歌学习江西诗派,最后摆脱前人的束缚而自成一家,取得了更高的成就。诚斋体的风格特征是活泼自然,饶有谐趣,形成诚斋体的要素之一是诗人把自己的主观情感最大程度地投射在客观事物上。要素之二是杨万里做诗想象奇特,但是不用奇奥生僻的字句,却用浅近明白的语言和流畅直至的章法,近于口语。

苏辛:苏轼,辛弃疾。

稼轩体:辛弃疾的词由于善于创造生动的形象,善于运用浪漫主义的手法表达丰富的想象,风格多样化,高度运用语言的能力独具一格,被人称为“稼轩体”。

永嘉四灵:永嘉地区的四位诗人:徐照,徐玑,赵师秀,翁卷。这四人都出于叶适之门,各人的字中都带有一个“灵”字,所以叶适把他们合称为“四灵”。

江湖诗派:南宋后期,一些没能入仕的游士流转江湖,以献诗卖文维持生计,成为江湖谒客。以江湖谒客为主的这些诗人就被称为江湖诗派。

楔子:是指对剧情起交代或连接作用的短小的开场戏或过场戏。元杂剧四折之间,大多表现出情节起承转合的变化。通常外加一段楔子为一本。少数剧目是多本的,楔子可没有,也可以用两三个,楔子通常只有一两支曲,不限何种角色演唱。

说话:本义是口传故事。唐代宫中、民间均有“说话”,宋代民间说话呈现出职业化与商业化的特点,当时的“说话”,有“四家”之说,即小说、说经、讲史、合声。

南戏:南戏是南曲戏文的简称,它形成于南宋初年,最初流行于浙东沿海一带,在东南地区广泛流传,并渐渐进入杭州。

永嘉杂剧:即南戏。它产生于浙江永嘉(温州)一带,所以又被称为“永嘉杂剧”、“温州杂剧”、“永嘉戏曲”,后人为有别于北曲杂剧,简称之为“南戏”。

诸宫调:一种说唱文学,主要流行于宋、金时期。它是相对于限用一个宫调的说唱形式而言,其中唱的部分用多种宫调串接而成,其间插入一定的说白,与唱词配合,叙述有人物、清洁的长篇故事。而每种宫调,则由若干曲牌联成短套,套曲少则一两首,多则十多首。

元曲四大家:关汉卿,王实甫,白朴,马致远。

曲状元:马致远。

录鬼簿:钟嗣成所作。大致上按时间先后记录了元杂剧作家的生平和创作情况,保存了元代戏曲的许多第一手的珍贵历史资料。在为剧作家立传过程中,反映出元杂剧创作的基本历史面貌。钟嗣成还记录了一些剧作家的创作活动和成员构成的具体情况,是中国历史上第一部专门为剧作家树碑立传的戏曲史著作。

四大南戏:荆钗记,白兔记,拜月亭记,杀狗记(荆刘拜杀)。

元诗四大家:虞集,范梈,杨载,揭傒斯。

铁崖体:元末诗人杨维桢创造的诗体。最能体现“铁崖体”特色的,是他的乐府诗。题材内容并不新鲜,但在艺术风格上使人耳目一新。融汇了汉魏乐府以及李白、杜甫、李贺等人的长处,以气势雄健的奇思幻想突破了元代中期诗歌甜熟平稳的畦径,给人以石破天惊的感觉。

临川四梦:牡丹亭,紫钗记,邯郸记,南柯记。

吴中四才子:祝允明,唐寅,文征明和徐祯卿。

童心说:李贽提出的观点。他把文学作为宣扬其反传统、肯定个性精神的社会思想的有效工具,并把代表人的赤子真心的“童心”作为文学创作和评价的最高准则。针对前、后七子的复古理论,他提出了文学进化论观点,高度评价小说戏曲的价值地位。从“童心”出发,他还强调文学的自然表现,反对刻意求工。

小品:“小品”一词为佛家用语。佛教称大部佛经的简略译本为“小品”,明代后期开始用

来指一般文章。明人提出这一概念,主要是为了区别于以往那些关乎国家政典、理学精义的“高文大册”,而提倡一种灵活便利、抒发真情的新体散文。它并不特指某种专门文体。

吴江派:以沈璟为首的戏曲流派。他曲论的核心是对“场上之曲”的强调,具体表现为格律至上和推崇语言“本色”。这是为纠正案头之曲的弊病、纠正骈俪派堆砌辞藻而提出来的。但他将这一点加以绝对化,根本无视戏曲还有表情达意的功能。成员多为沈璟的子侄、门生和追随者。

临川派:以汤显祖为首的戏曲流派,追随汤显祖艺术风格的临川派作家主要有吴炳、孟称舜和阮大铖等人。他们大多只是继承了汤显祖注重文采、才情,不受形式、格律约束的特点,而忽略了汤氏注重立意、以情反理的思想追求。

王学左派:思想家王守仁进一步发展了宋代陆九渊的“心学”,打破了程朱理学的僵化统治,冲击了圣经贤传的神圣地位,在客观上突出了人在道德实践中的主观能动性。此后,心学亦称王学,流布天下,形成多种派别。其中泰州学派,亦称王学左派,越来越具有离经叛道的倾向。他们肯定人欲的合理要求,主张人际间地位平等,追求个性的自然发展。

八股文:八股文是明清科举考试的一种文体。八股就是指文章的八个部分,文体有固定格式:由破题、承题、起讲、入手、起股、中股、后股、束股八部分组成,题目一律出自四书五经中的原文。后四个部分每部分有两股排比对偶的文字,合起来共八股。旧时科举,八股文要用孔子、孟子的口气说话,四副对子平仄对仗,不能用风花雪月的典故亵渎圣人,每篇文章包括从起股到束股四个部分。

四大奇书:三国演义,水浒传,西游记,金瓶梅。

三言二拍:冯梦龙编撰的《醒世恒言》、《警世通言》、《喻世明言》及凌蒙初编撰的《初刻拍案惊奇》、《二刻拍案惊奇》。

吴中四杰:高启,杨基,张羽,徐贲。

四大声腔:浙江海盐腔,浙江余姚腔,江西弋阳腔,江苏昆山腔。

昆腔:元末明初流行与昆山一带的地方声腔。嘉靖初年,经魏良辅改造后,声调纡徐宛转,悠扬细腻,兼用笛、箫、笙、琵琶等乐器伴奏,加之舞蹈性强,表现风格优美,成为我国戏曲是上一种最为完整的表演艺术体系。

三大传奇:产生于明代中期的李开先的《宝剑记》、王世贞的《鸣凤记》、梁辰鱼的《浣纱记》。

台阁体:指以馆阁名臣杨士奇、杨荣、杨博等为代表的一种文学创作风格。试问内容大多比较贫乏,多反映上层官僚的生活,流连光景、歌咏太平、雅正平和而雍容冲淡,表现出陶醉悠然的满足心态,体现了上层官僚的精神面貌和审美趣味,艺术上追求平正典丽。

茶陵派:以李东阳为首,更多的重视诗歌的语言艺术,对诗的声律、音调、结构、用字等有

细致的研究。较强调对诗文独立审美精神的追求,在一定程度上纠正了台阁体及其末流浅弱的诗风。而在散文创作上,则与台阁体没有太大的差别。

公安派:晚明具有相当影响的文学派别,主要人物有袁宗道、袁宏道、袁中道三兄弟,其中袁宏道的影响尤为突出。他们提出“性灵说”,提倡独抒性灵,不拘格套,强调真实表现作者个性化思想情感的重要性。以性灵说作为文学主张的内核,在创作上注重有感而发、直写胸臆。公安派作家根据生活体验与个人志趣爱好,抒情写景、赋事状物,追求一种清新洒脱、轻逸自如、意趣横生的创作效果。但随意轻巧的风格有时也让一些作品因过于率直浅俗,失去了艺术美感。除诗歌之外,公安派的散文创作成就也较高,尤其是游记、传记,多有佳篇。

竟陵派:以钟惺、谭元春为代表。在文学观念上受到公安派的影响,提出重“真诗”、重“性灵”,重视作家个人情性流露,看中向古人学习。追求一种幽深奇僻、孤往独来的文学审美情趣。提倡学古要学古人的精神,以开导今人心窍,积储文学底蕴,客观上对纠正明中期复古派拟古流弊起到一定的积极作用。但他们将创作引上奇僻险怪、孤峭幽寒之路,缩小了文学表现的视野,显示出晚明文学思潮中激进活跃精神的衰落。

唐宋派:嘉靖年间,以王慎中、唐顺之、茅坤、归有光为代表的文学流派,他们从学秦汉转为学唐宋,是要借与当时距离不远的唐宋名家比较通顺的文风,写出自己的个性,因此,他们的创作中也较多表现作者真实的生活感受,富有感情色彩。其中文学成就较高的首推归有光,其散文的长处在善于捕捉日常生活中一些平凡的琐事及普通的人物,状情摹态,细心刻画,寄寓作者真实的生活感受,富有感情色彩,因此读来使人感到真切生动,回味无穷。

前七子:主要指弘治年间至嘉靖初年,以李东阳为首的文学群体,他们一方面反对台阁体空洞冗沓的文风,强调诗歌的情感特征,反映重大的社会问题;另一方面,希望通过对古法的学习,来恢复古典诗歌的审美理想和审美特征。

后七子:嘉靖年间以王世贞为核心的文学复古运动,是对前七子文学理论的继承和发展。后七子对中国古典诗歌的审美特征进行了全面而深入的探讨,在表达真实的思想感情和遵循古典诗歌法度的问题上,他们更加严格的强调法度要求,因此遵法与创新之间的矛盾也表现得更加突出。

乾嘉学派(朴学):清代的学术流派。从学术源流上讲,导源于清初的顾炎武,从其学术精神上讲,则是清王朝文化专制的结果。在文字与的恫慑下,清人埋头于古文献里进行文字训诂、名物的考证、古籍的校勘、辨伪、辑佚等工作,在文字、音韵、训诂、金石、地理等学术方面做出了卓越贡献。在中国学术史上占有一定的地位。但总的看来,却只能说是做了丰实的学术研究的基础工作,脱离现实的倾向导致缺乏思想理论的建树。

遗民诗人:明末清初的诗人群体,他们由明入清,受传统的民族思想、爱国主义熏陶,对明朝怀有深深的眷念,反对清朝的民族压迫与歧视。诗歌抒发家国之悲,同情民生疾苦,体验深切,感情真挚。

岭南三大家:屈大均,陈恭尹,梁佩兰,是遗民诗人。

清初散文三大家:侯方域,魏僖,汪琬。

南朱北王:朱彝尊和王士祯。

南施北宋:施闰章和宋琬。

浙西词派:以朱彝尊为代表的词学流派。此派推举姜夔、张炎一类婉约词人作品,并以张炎“清空”境界为作词最高标准。实际上比较注重词的格律和技巧,而对此的意境和内容有所忽略。

浙西六家:朱彝尊,李良年,李符,沈暤日,沈岸登,龚翔麟。

京华三绝:纳兰性德,顾贞观,曹贞吉。

一人永占:李玉早期《一笠庵四种曲》,包括《一捧雪》,《人兽关》,《永团圆》,《占花魁》,被称为一人永占。

南洪北孔:洪昇和孔尚任。

浙派词:康熙、乾隆时期的词派,创始人为朱彝尊。他标举南宋词,崇尚淳雅,其次论是针对当时词坛的颓风而发的,有某些补弊救偏的作用。但他更重视字句声律,将词引向狭窄的境界。

乾隆三大家:赵翼,袁枚和蒋士铨。

神韵说:王士禛论诗以“神韵”为宗,提倡神韵说。所谓神韵,是要求诗歌具有含蓄深蕴、言尽意不尽的特点。

格调说:以沈德潜为代表,有感于“神韵说”内容上的空疏和缥缈,在文学创作上主张以儒家诗教为本,尊唐抑宋,以唐诗的格调表现封建社会的政治与伦理思想。其诗歌古体摹汉魏、近体法盛唐,诗作多雍容典雅、平庸无奇,为典型的台阁诗体。

肌理说:以翁方纲为代表。肌理喻指诗的文理和义理。义理指以六经为代表的合乎儒家道德规范的思想与学问;文理指诗律、结构、章句等作诗之法。义理为本,通变于法,以考据、训诂增强诗歌的内容,融词章、义理、考据为一体,强调儒家经术和学问对诗歌创作的重要性,具有鲜明的复古色彩。

性灵派:以袁枚为代表,在文学创作上承接明代公安派的文学思想,主张直抒性灵。强调诗人要具备真情、个性、诗才,在艺术构思中主张灵机与才气、天分与学识要结合并重。推重独创,反对模拟。

义法说:方苞首倡。“义”指文章的内容以儒家经典为宗旨,有明显的服务于当代政治的目的;“法”指文章的做法。义决定法,法体现义。要求内容醇正、文辞雅洁,给顾问建立更严格的具有束缚性的规范。

桐城派:以方苞、刘大櫆、姚鼐为代表,以古文正宗自居,主张学习左传、史记以及唐宋八大家古文。以“义法”为理论核心,将“义理、考据、词章”合而为一。

阳湖派:乾隆后期的散文流派,代表人物为恽敬和张惠言。在师承上与桐城派有渊源关系,曾师承桐城,但不满桐城古文的清规戒律,认为文路太窄,不足为法。他们专志以治古文,但又不愿受桐城文论束缚,兼收子史百家、六朝辞赋,以博雅放纵取胜。他们的文章比桐城较少拘束,气势放纵,但影响远不及桐城。

阳湖三家:李兆洛,恽敬,张惠言。

同光体:指“同光以来诗人不专宗盛唐”一派诗人。

清季四大词人:王鹏运,朱祖谋,况周颐,郑文焯。

四大谴责小说:官场现形记,孽海花,老残游记,二十年目睹之怪现状。

春柳社:春柳社,是中国文艺研究团体。因从事演剧活动而在中国早期话剧创始时期产生过重大影响。1906年冬由中国留日学生组建于日本东京,以研究各种文艺为目的,并最先建立了演艺部。创始人李叔同(息霜)、曾孝谷。先后加入者有欧阳予倩、吴我尊、黄喃喃、李涛痕、马绛士、谢抗白、庄云石、陆镜若等人。

山居秋暝

(王维)

空山新雨后,天气晚来秋。

明月松间照,清泉石上流。

竹喧归浣女,莲动下渔舟。

随意春芳歇,王孙自可留。

美国文学名词解释

1. Transcendentalism The origin of it is a philosophical and literary movement centered in Concord and Boston, which marks the summit of American Transcendentalism. 19th-century movement of writers and philosophers in New England who were loosely bound together by adherence to an idealistic system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all creation, the innate goodness of man, and the supremacy of insight over logic and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths. The major features of American Transcendentalism are:It emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. It stressed the importance of the individual. To them the individual was the most important element of society. It offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. 2.Romanticism The Romanticism period stretches from the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil War. It is a term associate with imagination boundlessness, and in critical usage is contrasted with classicism which is commonly associated with reason and restriction. The features of Romanticism are: American Romanticism was in a way derivative: American romantic writing was some of them modeled on English and European works. American romanticism was in essence the expression of "a real new experience "and contained"an alien quality".Representatives:William Cullen Bryant; Henry Longfellow and James Cooper, Washington Irving. 3.Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.The representatives are Howells, James, and Mark Twain. 4. Naturalism American naturalism was a new and harsher realism, it had come from Europe. Naturalism was an outgrowth of realism that responded to theories in science, psychology, human behavior and social thought current in the late nineteenth century. The background of naturalism are: In the last decade of the nineteenth century, with the development of industry and modern science, intelligent minds began to see that man was no longer a free ethical being in a cold, indifferent and essentially Godless universe. In this chance world he was both helpless and hopeless.Major Features of it are:Humans are controlled by laws of heredity and environment.The universe is cold, godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires.Representatives of it such as Stephen Crane, Frank Norris and Theodore Dreiser. 5.New Criticism The New Criticism as a school of poetry and criticism established itself in the 1940s as an academic orthodoxy in the United States. The school has its beginning in the 1920s. It focus on the analysis of the text rather paying attention to external elements such as its social background, its author's intention and political attitude, and its impact on society. Then it explores the artistic structure of the work rather than its author's frame of mind or its reader's responses. It also see a literary work as an organic entity, the unity of content and form, and places emphasis on the close reading of the text. These New Critics included T.S. Eliot,I.A.Richards,John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate and some other critics. The New Criticism has tended to divorce criticism from social and moral concerns, which was to become one salient feature of the movement. 6.Imagism: Between 1912 and 1922 there came a great poetry boom in which about 1000 poets published over 1000 volumes of poetry. Indeed ,to express the modern spirit, the sense of fragmentization and dislocation, was in large measure the aim of quite a few modern literary movements, of which Imagism was one.The first Imagist theorist, the English writer T.E.Hulme. Hulme suggests that modern art deals with expression and communication of momentary phases in the poet's mind. The most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through the use of dominant image.It is a literary movement launched American poets early in the 20th century that advocated the use of free verse, common speech patterns, and clear concrete images as a reaction to Victorian sentimentalism. The representatives are Ezra pound, William Carlos Williams and some other poets.

外国文学名词解释

多余人 “多余人”是19世纪俄国文学中贵族知识分子的一种典型。这些形象大多具有较高的文化修养,接受启蒙思想的影响,厌倦上流社会的生活,渴望有所作为,他们的出现是社会意识觉醒的一种体现。但是这一类形象往往以自我为中心,没有明确的生活目标,缺乏行动的能力和勇气,因此在社会上无所适从,结局是悲剧性的。普希金笔下的奥涅金成为俄国文学史上第一个“多余人”的形象,莱蒙托夫笔下的毕巧林,屠格涅夫笔下的罗亭,冈察洛夫笔下的奥勃洛摩夫等人都属于这一类典型。 小人物 19世纪俄罗斯文学中由普希金开创的一类艺术形象。他们在社会中官阶卑微,地位低下,生活贫苦,但又逆来顺受,安分守已,性格懦弱,胆小怕事,成为显赫的大人物治下被侮辱、被损害的牺牲者。普希金以其短篇小说《驿站长》开了俄国文学中描写“小人物”的先河。随后,果戈理、陀思妥耶夫斯基、契诃夫等,都在自己的创作中塑造了“小人物”形象。 批判现实主义 批判现实主义是19世纪30年代在法国出现,后在19世纪中后期和20世纪初期的欧美具有极大影响的一种文学思潮。批判现实主义文学突出特点就是真实和广阔地反映社会生活,深刻地揭露现实矛盾和批判社会罪恶;同情社会下层的小人物,反映他们的悲惨命运和内心痛苦;塑造典型环境中的典型人物,并注意细节的真实。但不少作家以抽象的人道主义为出发点来批判黑暗现实,难以找到准确变革社会的道路。批判现实主义文学取得了很高的成就,各种文学体裁均有佳作,其中尤以长篇小说为最。优秀作家众多,如巴尔扎克、托尔斯泰、易卜生等。 自然派 是俄国19世纪40-50年代形成的现实主义文学流派的别称,奠基人是果戈理,名称由别林斯基提出;自然派的特点是,真实地反映现实生活,批判黑暗腐朽的专制农奴制,描写下层小人物的不幸命运,具有民主主义和人道主义倾向;果戈理是当时现实主义文学的盟主,自他以后的一系列现实主义作家屠格涅夫、赫尔岑、冈察洛夫、涅克拉索夫等都是自然派作家。 新人 “新人”指的是19世纪中叶在俄国文学中出现的具有民主主义思想倾向的平民知识分子形象。这些形象尽管个性相异,但大多出身平民,具有坚定的意志、明确的理想,以及实干精神和自我牺牲精神。屠格涅夫在小说《前夜》中最早塑造出了“新人”英沙洛夫的形象,但车尔尼雪夫斯基小说《怎么办?》中的“新人”罗普霍夫等形象则更为典型。 “含泪的笑” 果戈理独特的艺术手法。他认为艺术家不仅应当真实地反映生活,而且应当对生活进行审判,即“通过世界上人们看得见的笑容和人们看不见的、不知道的眼泪来观察生活。”正是这种“笑声”和“眼泪”的交集、喜剧和悲剧的结合,加强了果戈理讽刺艺术的揭露和抬批判力量。 《人间喜剧》 《人间喜剧》是巴尔扎克主要创作的总称,内分风俗研究、哲学研究和分析研究三大类。

美国文学史复习提纲 名词解释

I. Explain the following literary terms(名词解释). 1. Romanticism The most profound and comprehensive idea of romanticism is the vision of a greater personal freedom for the individual. Appeals to imagination; Stress on emotion rather than reason; optimism, gen iality. Subjectivity: in form and meaning. 2 American transcendentalism American transcendentalism was an important movement in philosophy and literature that flourished during the early to middle years of the nineteenth century (about 1836-1860). For the transcendentalists, the soul of each individual is identical with the soul of the world and contains what the world contains. 3 Realism: ―nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material.‖ the Civil war a. verisimilitude of details derived from observation b. representative in plot, setting and character c. an objective rather than an idealized view of human experience or(American Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.) 4. Modernism like modernism in general is a trend of thought that affirms the power of human beings to create, improve, and reshape their environment, with the aid of scientific knowledge, technology and practical experimentation, and is thus in its essence both progressive and optimistic. The general term covers many political, cultural and artistic movements rooted in the changes in Western society at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century. American modernism is an artistic and cultural movement in the United States starting at the turn of the 20th century with its core period between World War I and World War II and continuing into the 21st century. 5、American Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church. The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them. They were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind. American Puritanism also had a enduring influence on American literature. 6、Transcendentalism: In New England, an intellectual movement known as transcendentalism developed as an American version of Romanticism. The movement began among an influential set of authors based in Concord, Massachusetts and was led by Ralph Waldo Emerson. Like Romanticism, transcendentalism rejected both 18th century rationalism and established religion, which for the transcendentalists meant the Puritan tradition in particular. The transcendentalists celebrated the power of the human imagination to commune with the universe and transcend the limitations of the material world. They found their chief source of inspiration in nature. Emerson’s essay Nature was the major document of the transcendental school and stated the ideas that were to remain central to it. 7、Free verse: free verse is the rhymed or unrhymed poetry composed without attention to conventio nal rules of meter. Free verse was first written and labeled by a group of French poets of the late 19th century. Their purpose was to deliver poetry from the restrictions of formal metrical patterns and to recreate the free rhythms of natural speech. Walt Whitman was the precursor who wrote lines of varying length and cadence, usually not rhymed. The emotional content or meaning of the work was expressed through its rhythm. Free verse has been characteristic of the work of many modern American poets, including Ezra Pound and Carl Sandburg. 8、Naturalism: A more deliberate kind of realism in novels, stories and plays, usually involving a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment. Naturalism was a new and harsher realism. It

美国文学名词解释

Allegory is a narrative that serves as an extended metaphor. Allegories are written in the form of fables, parables, poems, stories, and almost any other style or genre. The main purpose of an allegory is to tell a story that has characters, a setting, as well as other types of symbols, that have both literal and figurative meanings. One well-known example of an allegory is Dante’s The Divine Comedy.In Inferno, Dante is on a pilgrimage to try to understand his own life, but his character also represents every man who is in search of his purpose in the world. Alliteration is a pattern of sound that includes the repetition of consonant sounds. The repetition can be located at the beginning of successive words or inside the words. Poets often use alliteration to audibly represent the action that is taking place. Aside is an actor’s speech, directed to the audience, that is not supposed to be heard by other actors on stage. An aside is usually used to let the audience know what a character is about to do or what he or she is thinking. Asides are important because they increase an audience's involvement in a play by giving them vital information pertaining what is happening, both inside of a character's mind and in the plot of the play. Gothic is a literary style popular during the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th. This style usually portrayed fantastic tales dealing with horror, despair, the grotesque and other “dark” subjects. Gothic literature was named for the apparent influence of the dark gothic architecture of the period on the genre. Also, many of these Gothic tales took places in such “gothic” surroundings. Other times, this story of darkness may occur in a more everyday setting, such as the quaint house where the man goes mad fro m the "beating" of his guilt in Edgar Allan Poe's “The Tell-Tale Heart.”In essence, these stories were romances, largely due to their love of the imaginary over the logical, and were told from many different points of view. CATHARSIS is an emotional discharge that brings about a moral or spiritual renewal or welcome relief from tension and anxiety. According to Aristotle, catharsis is the marking feature and ultimate end of any tragic artistic work. IMAGERY: A common term of variable meaning, imagery includes the "mental pictures" that readers experience with a passage of literature. It signifies all the sensory perceptions referred to in a poem, whether by literal description, allusion, simile, or metaphor. Surrealism is an artistic movement doing away with the restrictions of realism and verisimilitude that might be imposed on an artist. In this movement, the artist sought to do away with conscious control and instead respond to the irrational urges of the subconscious mind. From this results the hallucinatory, bizarre, often nightmarish quality of surrealistic paintings and writings. Sample surrealist writers include Frank O'Hara, John Ashberry, and Franz Kafka.

外国文学名词解释全新

1、人物再现法 它是巴尔扎克在《人间喜剧》中所运用的艺术手法,他通过顺叙、倒叙、对比、侧写等再现方式,让同一个人物在不同的作品中反复出现。《人间喜剧》中的再现人物共有400多个,散见在75部作品之中。这样前后呼应,相互联系,既将数量庞大的作品联结组合成一个统一的整体,同时又刻画出了人物性格发展的全过程。 2、社会问题剧 1868—1891年,挪威剧作家易卜生用散文写了9部以社会和家庭问题为内容的现实主义戏剧;这些剧本分两类:一类处理社会政治问题,如《青年同盟》、《社会支柱》等;一类处理婚姻家庭问题,如《玩偶之家》等;这些作品大胆揭露资产阶级道德的堕落、婚姻的不合理、家庭生活的虚伪、思想的庸俗偏狭及资产阶级民主政治的破产;“社会问题剧”以其丰富的社会内容和高度的艺术技巧震动了西方舞台,引起一场戏剧革命。 3、自然派 是俄国19世纪40-50年代形成的现实主义文学流派的别称,奠基人是果戈理,名称由别林斯基提出;自然派的特点是,真实地反映现实生活,批判黑暗腐朽的专制农奴制,描写下层小人物的不幸命运,具有民主主义和人道主义倾向;果戈理是当时现实主义文学的盟主,自他以后的一系列现实主义作家屠格涅夫、赫尔岑、冈察洛夫、涅克拉索夫等都是自然派作家。 4、多余人 19 世纪30年代以后俄国文学史中出现的一类贵族青年典型;他们受过启蒙思想的影响,不满现实,但贵族生活方式使他们缺乏明确的目标,最终一事无成。成为“永远不会站在政府方面”,同时也“永远不能够站到人民方面”的“多余人”;普希金笔下的奥涅金成为俄国文学史上第一个“多余人”的形象,莱蒙托夫笔下的毕巧林,屠格涅夫笔下的罗亭,冈察洛夫笔下的奥勃洛摩夫等人都属于这一类典型。 5、托尔斯泰主义 是托尔斯泰晚年提出的所谓拯救俄国人民和人类的政治和道德主张;它的基本内容是“勿以暴力抗恶”、“道德自我完善”和“博爱”,其核心是“不以暴力抗恶”。托尔斯泰主义是空想的,客观上有麻醉人民、阻碍革命发展的消极作用,但作为资产阶级革命快要到来时人民思想和情绪的表现者,托尔斯泰的出发点是伟大的。 6、冰山原则

美国文学简史名词解释定义

American Puritanism: Puritanism was a religious reform movement that arose within the Church of England in the late sixteenth century. Under siege from church and crown, it sent an offshoot in the third and forth decades of the seventeenth century to the northern English colonies in the New World--- a migration that laid the foundation for the religious, intellectual, and social order of New England, Puritanism, however,was not only a historically specific phenomenon coincident with the founding of New England; it was also a way of being in the world---a style of response to lived experience---that has reverberated through American life ever since. Doctrinally, Puritans adhered to the Five Points of Calvinism as codified at the Synod of Dort in 1619:(1) unconditional election ( the idea that God had decreed who was damned and who was saved from before the beginning of the world); (2) limited atonement ( the idea that Christ died for the elect only); (3) total depravity (humanity's utter corruption since the Fall); (4) irresistible grace (regeneration as entirely a work of God, which cannot be resisted and to which the sinner contributes nothing); and (5) the perseverance of the saints (the elect, despite their backsliding and faintness of heart , cannot fall away from grace). American Dream: The American Dream is the faith held by many in the United States of America that through hard work, courage, and determination one can achieve a better life for oneself, usually through financial prosperity. These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been passed on to subsequent generations. Nowadays the American Dream has led to an emphasis on material wealth as a measure of success and\ or happiness. Gothic tradition: Gothic novel or Gothic romance is a story of terror and suspense, usually set in a gloomy old castle or monastery. In an extended sense, many novels that do not have a medievalized setting, but which share a comparably sinister, grotesque, or chaustrophobic atmosphere have been classed as Gothic. It contributed to the new emotional climate of Romanticism. Historical novel: a novel in which the action takes place during a specific historical period well before the time of writing ( often one or two generations before, sometimes several centuries), and in which some attempt is made to depict accurately the customs and mentality of the period. The central character---real or imagined---is usually subject to divided loyalties within a larger historic conflict of which readers know the outcome. The pioneers of this genre were Walter Scott and James Fenimore Cooper American Romanticism:Romanticism refers to an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions. The romantic period in American literature stretched from the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil

美国文学名词解释

American Dream: American dream means the belief that everyone can succeed as long as he/she works hard enough. It usually implies a successful and satisfying life. It usually framed in terms of American capitalism(资本主义), its associated purported meritocracy,(知识界精华)and the freedoms guaranteed by the U.S. Bill of Rights. American Puritanism清教主义: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the protestant church who wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrines of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. American literature in the 17th century mostly consisted of Puritan literature. Puritanism had an enduring influence on American literature. It had become, to some extent, so much a state of mind, so much a part of national cultural atmosphere, rather than a set of tenets. Transcendentalism 超验主义: Transcendentalism was a group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture and philosophy that emerged in New England in the early to middle 19th century. Transcendentalists spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society. It placed emphasis on spirit, or the Over soul, as the most important thing in the world. It stressed the importance of individual and offered a fresh perception nature ad symbolic of the spirit of God. Prominent transcendentalists included Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thorough. American Naturalism自然主义: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism. The naturalists attempt to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by environment and heredity. It emphasized that the world was amoral, the men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. The pessimism and deterministic ideas naturalism pervaded the works of such American writers as Stephen Crane and Theodore Dreiser. American Naturalism(美国自然主义文学):The American naturalists accepted the more negative interpretation of Darwin’s evolutionary theory and used it to account for t he behavior of those characters in literary works who were regarded as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes, their habits conditioned by social and economic forces.2) naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a gloomy philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence.3>Dreiser is a leading figure of his school. The Gilded Age镀金时代:the Gilded Age refers to the era of rapid economic and population growth in the United States during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction eras of the late 19th century. The term "Gilded Age" was coined by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner in their 1873 book, The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today.The Gilded Age is most famous for the creation of a modern industrial economy. The end of the Gilded Age coincided with the Panic of 1893, a deep depression. The depression lasted until 1897 and marked a major political realignment in the election of 1896. After that came the Progressive Era. The Lost Generation: The Lost Generation is a group of expatriate American writers residing primarily in Paris during the 1920s and 1930s. The group was given its name by the American writer Gertrude Stein, who used “a lost generation” to refer to expatriate Americans bitter about their World War I experiences and disillusioned with American

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