独立主格结构知识点精编总结
独立主格结构
一、独立主格结构的概念
独立主格结构（Absolute Structure）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
二、独立主格结构基本构成形式
名词(代词)+现在分词（过去分词；形容词；副词；不定式；名词；介词短语）
1. 名词(代词)+现在分词
Night enshrouding the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance．
黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。
There being no bus, we had to walk home.
由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。
2. 名词(代词)+过去分词
The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.
由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。
He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.
他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。
3. 名词(代词)+不定式
在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；如果是动宾关系，则用被动形式。
The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book.
我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。
Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.
种上许多的树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。
4. 名词(代词)+形容词
The Trojans asleep, the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse．
特洛伊人睡着了，于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。
Computers very small, we can use them widely.
电脑虽小，我们却能广泛地利用它们。
5. 名词(代词)+副词
The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room.
散会了，校长很快就离开了会议室。
The lights off, we could not go on with the work.
灯熄了，我们不能继续工作了。
6. 名词(代词)+名词
His first shot failure，he fired again．
他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。
Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.
两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。
7. 名词(代词) +介词短语
He lay at full length upon his stomach，his head resting upon his left forearm．
他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着左臂，直挺挺地趴伏着。
Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the old house，a vast load of firewood on her back．
每天下午，一个背着一大背柴禾的老妇人都会从那间破旧的房屋前蹒跚着走过。
三、with，without 引导的独立主格结构
with ( without)+宾语（名词/代词）+宾语补足语，宾语通常由名词或代词充当，但代词一定要用宾格。上文的独立主格结构的几种情况都适用于此结构。
The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.
小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。（without +名词/代词+动词的-ing形式）
Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.
她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。（without+名词/代词+动词的-ed形式）
The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.
有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。（with+名词/代词+动词不定式）
The boy was walking, with his father ahead.
父亲在前，小孩在后走着。（with+名词/代词+副词）
He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或He stood at the door, computer in hand.
他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。（with+名词/代词+介词短语）
With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy.
由于儿子如此令人失望，老人感到很不快乐。（with+名词/代词+形容词）
在with (without) 的复合结构中，多数情况下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。
四、独立主格结构的句法功能
独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等，还可以作定语。
1. 作时间状语
My shoes removed，I entered a low-ceilinged room，treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting．
我脱掉鞋子后，走进一间屋顶很低的房间，小心翼翼地踩在柔软的塌塌米垫子上。
The governor pondering the matter，more strikers gathered across his path．
总督思考问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集在他要通过的路上。
2. 作条件状语
Weather permitting，they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow．
如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨郊游。
Such being the case，you have no grounds for dismissing him．
如果情况如此的话，你没有理由解聘他。
3. 作原因状语
The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.
由那个男孩带路，我们很容易就找到了那奇怪的洞。
There being no further business to discuss, we all went home.
没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家了。
4. 作伴随状语或补充说明
I took my ticket，and marched proudly up the platform，with my cheeses，the people falling back respectfully on either side．
我拿着车票还有我的奶酪，雄赳赳气昂昂地跨步走向月台。人们似乎很尊敬我，纷纷向两边退去。
Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.
十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛，年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩。
5. 作定语，独立主格结构作定语其功能相当于一个定语从句。
He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled.
他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人。
He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides.
他走在一条两边没有路灯的马路上。
Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky.
靠近岸时，我看见几个深池塘，池水碧似蓝天。
五、独立主格结构注意事项
1. 独立主格结构多用于书面语，尤其是描述性语言中，在口语和非正式文体中，一般用从句或两个句子来代替。独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在，名词或代词与后面的分词等逻辑上是主谓关系，独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
2. 动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。
The manager looks worried，many things to settle.
经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理。（事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式to settle，表示将来的时间）
The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.
许多事情已经处理好了，经理看上去很轻松。（事情已经处理好了，用过去分词settled表示动作已经结束） The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV.
小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。（两个动作同时进行）
3. 独立主格结构介词使用的问题
当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制。
A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. ( hand前不能加his)
劫匪手里拿着刀闯进房间。
当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词。
He lay there, his teeth set, his hands clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
他躺在那儿，牙关紧闭，双拳紧握，两眼直视上方。
4. 独立主格结构与独立成分的异同
有些分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，作为习惯用法。这些短语有：Generally speaking （总的说来），Frankly speaking （坦率地说），Judging from （从……判断），Supposing（假设），等等。
Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.
总的说来，这条规则很容易懂。
Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man.
由他所说的来判断，他一定是一个诚实的人。
有些固定短语是带 to 的不定式，表明说话人的立场或态度，在句中作独立成分。这些短语有：to be honest（老实说），to be sure （确实），to tell you the truth （说实话），to cut a long story short（长话短说），to be frank （坦率地说），to make matters / things worse （更糟糕的是），等等。
To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling.
说实话，我犯了一个拼写错误。
To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work.
情况更糟的是，许多男人都去城市找工资较高的工作，而留下附近村庄的妇女来继续承担修复工作。
5．独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是独立主格结构转换为状语从句后，它有自己的逻辑主语，与主句的主语不一致；而分词短语转换为状语从句后，从句的主语与主句的主语一致。
If time permits, we'd better have a holiday at weekends.
转换为：Time permitting, we'd better have a holiday at weekends.
如果时间允许,我们最好周末去度假。
When we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.
转换为：Seeing from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.
从山顶上看，我们发现这个城市更美了。
还必须注意，分词结构的逻辑主语并不总是和主句的主语一致，也可以是主句的其他成分。
Searching for the thief in the city, it had taken the policemen a long time.
在城市里搜查小偷，花费了警察很长一段时间。（Searching短语的逻辑主语是主句中的policemen）
独立主格结构练习一
1. ______ no bus, we had to walk home.
A. There was
B. There being
C. Because there being
D.There were
2. ____, I'll go there with you tomorrow afternoon.
A. Time permits
B. If time permitting
C. Time permitting
D. Time's permitting
3._____, we all went home happily.
A. Goodbye was said
B. Goodbye had been said
C. Goodbye said
D. When goodbye said
4. _____, we all went swimming in high spirits.
A. It being fine weather
B. It fine weather
C. It was fine weather
D. It being a fine weather
5. ____, the bus started at once.
A. The signal was given
B. The signal giving
C. The signal given
D. When the signal given
6. She stood there, _____ from her cheeks.
A. tears' rolling down
B. tears rolled down
C. with tears rolled down
D. tears rolling down
7. ____, the leaves are turning green.
A. When spring coming on
B. Spring coming on
C. Spring came on
D. Spring being come on
8. _____, I had to buy a new one.
A. My dictionary losing
B. My dictionary having been lost
C. My dictionary had been lost
D. Because my dictionary lost
9. I used to sleep with the window _____.
A. opened
B. open
C. opening D to open
10. ____, the hunter went into the forest.
A. A gun on shoulder
B. A gun was on his shoulder
C. Gun on shoulder
D. A gun being on shoulder
11. ____ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.
A. As
B. For
C. With
D. Through
12. With a lot of work ____, I have to sit up tonight.
A. do
B. doing
C. done
D. to do
13. He stood there silently, his lips_____.
A. trembling
B. trembled
C. were trembling
D. were trembling
14. _____, her suggestion is of greater value than yours.
A. All things considering
B. All things considered
C. All things were considered
D. With all things were considered
15. ______, we will surely succeed.
A. The teacher helping us
B. The teacher to help us
C. The teacher will help us
D. With the teacher helping
独立主格结构练习三
1. ______ no bus, we had to walk home.
A. There was
B. There being
C. Because there being
2. ____, I'll go there with you tomorrow afternoon.
A. Time permits
B. If time permitting
C. Time permitting
D. Time's permitting
3. _____, we all went home happily.
A. Goodbye was said
B. Goodbye had been said
C. Goodbye said
D. When goodbye said
4. _____, we all went swimming in high spirits.
A. It being fine weather
B. It fine weather
C. It was fine weather
D. It being a fine weather
5. ____, the bus started at once.
A. The signal was given
B. The signal giving
C. The signal given
D. When the signal given
6. She stood there, _____ from her cheeks.
A. tears' rolling down
B. tears rolled down
C. with tears rolled down
D. tears rolling down
7. ____, the leaves are turning green.
A. When spring coming on
B. Spring coming on
C. Spring came on
D. Spring being come on
8. _____, I had to buy a new one.
A. My dictionary losing
B. My dictionary having been lost
C. My dictionary had been lost
D. Because my dictionary lost
9. I used to sleep with the window _____.
A. opened
B. open
C. opening D to open
10. ____, the hunter went into the forest.
A. A gun on shoulder
B. A gun was on his shoulder
C. Gun on shoulder
D. A gun being on shoulder
11. ____ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.
A. As
B. For
C. With
D. Through
12. With a lot of work ____, I have to sit up tonight.
A. do
B. doing
C. done
D. to do
13. He stood there silently, his lips_____.
A. trembling
B. trembled
C. were trembling
D. were trembling
14. _____, her suggestion is of greater value than yours.
A. All things considering
B. All things considered
C. All things were considered
D. With all things were considered
15. ______, we will surely succeed.
A. The teacher helping us
B. The teacher to help us
C. The teacher will help us
D. With the teacher helping
独立主格结构巩固练习一答案：
1-5 BCCAC 6-10 DBBBC
11-15 CDABB
独立主格结构练习三
1-5 BCCAC 6-10 DBBBC 11-15 CDABB
非谓语动词
动词除了在句子中充当谓语外，还具有名词、形容词及副词的性质动词的非谓语形式，可在句中作主语、表语、宾语、定语、补语和状语等，称作非谓语动词，包括动词不定式、分词和动名词。
to do 表示目的；将来
Doing: 主动；进行
Done: 被动；完成
一个句子只有一个谓语，所以其他动词要用非谓语形式
第一节知识点概述
一、动词不定式
动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”，有时可以不带to。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能作谓语，但可以担任主语、表语、宾语、状语和宾语补足语。动词不定式仍保留动词的一些特点。
（一）动词不定式的特征及用法
1.动词不定式的构成及特征
“to +动词原形”构成动词不定式，是一种非谓语形式，在句子中不能作谓语，没有人称和数的变化，它具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。
2.动词不定式的用法
动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句子中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。
1.作主语
例如：To learn English well is not easy.
或It is not easy to learn English well.
动词不定式作主语时，往往用it作形式主语，这种句型可归纳为下面的句型：
It is + adj.+ 动词不定式
如果要说明不定式的动作执行者，可以用for
It is + adj.+ for sb. to do sth.
2.作表语
My wish is to become a teacher.
3.作宾语
Most of us like to watch football matches.
4.作宾语补足语
He told me to be here on time.
5.作定语
I have nothing to say about that thing.
6.作状语
He stopped to have a look.
3.动词不定式的否定形式
动词不定式的否定形式not + to + 动词原形
例如：He asked me not to make such a mistake.
4.动词不定式与疑问词连用
疑问代词who, what, which和疑问副词when, where, how, why等后面可以接动词不定式，构成动词不定式短语，可以在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。
例如：(1) He doesn’t know how to use the machine.
（不定式作宾语）
(2) How to use the machine is a question.
（不定式作主语）
(3) The question is when to go there.
（不定式作表语）
二、分词
分词是动词非谓语形式的一种，包括现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示：主动，动作正在进行。过去分词表示：被动，动作已经完成。
（一）分词的作用
分词在句中可以作定语、表语、状语和宾语补足语。例如：
1．作定语
Do you know the boy standing at the gate?
Have you read the book written by Lu Xun？
2．作表语
We are excited at the news.
The news he told us is exciting.
3．作宾语补足语
I heard him singing a song in the classroom.
We found the ground covered with snow.
4．作状语
While lying in bed, he listened to some music.
Seen from the hill, the village looks move beautiful.
分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，否则分词前面必须有自己的主语。
（二）分词的时态
现在分词分一般式和完成式，而过去分词则没有时态形式的变化。
现在分词的一般式表示动作与谓语动词同时发生，或在谓语动词之前发生。例如：
Knowing his uncle would come, he began to make some preparations.
现在分词的完成时，表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。常用作状语。例如：
Having finished his homework, he went to bed.
（三）现在分词的被动式
被动一般式being done
被动完成式having been done
This is one of the new supermarkets being built in our city.
Having been told many times, he was able to operate the machine.
（四）分词的否定形式
分词的否定式，由not+分词构成，例如：
Not having heard the news. I wrote to him again.
Not knowing how to work out the maths problem, I went to the teacher for help.
（五）分词独立主格结构
当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，带逻辑主语的分词短语成为独立主格结构，在句法功能上起状语作用。例如：
Weather permitting, they will go and visit the science museum.
The meeting being over, they all left the room.
三、动名词
动名词是动词非谓语形式的一种,由动词加ing构成。动名词既有动词特征，也有名词特征。
动名词在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语和定语。例如：
⑴ Smoking does great harm to people’s health.
（作主语）
⑵ My job is looking after children.
（作表语）
⑶ I have finished reading the novel.
（作宾语）
⑷ We have got a swimming pool in our school.
（做定语）
动名词的否定形式由not +动名词构成。例如：
He made me angry by not taking the medicine.
动名词的复合结构由名词所有格或物主代词加上动名词构成。例如：
Would you mind my opening the door?
动名词的一般式，表示的动作可以与谓语动词同时发生或在前，或在后。
例如：
We all enjoy listening to music.(同时发生)
Do you remember meeting me there?（在谓语动词前发生）
动名词的完成式表示在谓语动词之前完成的动作。例如：
I regret not having been taken to the Great Wall when I was a child.
She attended the party without being invited.
第二节实战演练
一、复习时需注意的要点
1．动词不定式一般式表示的动作可能与谓语动词的动作同时发生,也可能在其之后发生。
例如：I saw the young man enter the house.（同时发生）
I hope to go there next time.（之后发生）
2．不定式完成式表示不定式的动作在谓语动词之前发生。
例如：I’m sorry to have broken your glasses.
3．不定式进行式表示不定式的动作，与谓语动词同时发生。
例如：When he came in, I happened to be reading at the table.
4．不定式的被动式有两种形式：to be done表示将要被做，to have been done表示已被做。
例如：The new cinema to be put up next year will be very large.
The cinema is said to have been built last year.
5. 在表示情绪的动词，如like, love, hate, prefer等后，用动名词作宾语表示一般倾向，用不定式表示特定某事。但在would/should like/love/prefer后要用不定式
例如：I hate eating the same food every day.
Would you like to watch TV in the evening?
6. 在动词need, want, require后用动名词表示被动含义，相当于动词不定式的被动式；而用动词不定式的主动式表示主动含义。
例如：The house needs cleaning. = The house needs to be cleaned.
He needs to clean the house first.
7. 在介词后一般用动名词作宾语，但在少数介词，如but, except后用动词不定式作宾语，但要注意“to”的省略，如but前有“do”则省去“to”。
例如：I have done nothing but help him with his luggage.
I have no choice but to wait for him at the bus stop.
8. 分词的完成式一般不用来作定语，因此，要表示完成主动的意思常用定语从句。
例如：The accident which happened yesterday was very serious.
9. 如果分词短语的逻辑主语与句子不是相同的，则要用从句或分词独立主格结构来表示。
例如：Weather permitting, we will go to the Center Park.
10. 分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语要与句子的主语相一致。若它们之间的关系是主谓关系，用现在分词，而动宾关系则用过去分词。如果分词的动作先于谓语，分词要用完成时。
例如：Having finished his composition, he went home.
While looking through the paper, he found some errors.
二、历届高考试题分析
例1、The discovery of new evidence led to _________.
A. the thief having caught
B. catch the thief
C. the thief being caught
D. the thief to be caught
答案为C。
【解析】lead to这个词组中to是介词，后面跟名词，于是B被排除，the thief是动名词逻辑上的主语，构成动名词的复合结构，与catch之间应是被动关系，故排除A。常见的带介词to的短语有：(get) be used to, look forward to，look up to, stick to, object to, be devoted to, pay attention to等。
例2、Though _______money, his parents managed to send him to university.
A. lacked
B. lacking of
C. lacking
D. lacked in
答案为C。
【解析】lack是及物动词，后接宾语money。his parents与lack是逻辑上的主谓关系，要用现在分词作状语。译文：虽然缺钱，他的父母亲还是设法让他上了大学。
例3、He got well-prepared for the job interview, f or he couldn’t risk ____ the good opportunity.
A. to lose
B. losing
C. to be lost
D. being lost
答案：B
【解析】risk后面只能带动名词做宾语，含义为“冒……之险”。
例4、_____ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one's skin.
A. Exposed
B. Having exposed
C. Being exposed
D. After being exposed
答案为C。
【解析】在非谓语动词中，用动名词或不定式来作主语，而分词和介词短语不能作主语，因此A、D 被排除。在这个句子中，will do是谓语，缺少主语，要用动名词作主语。expose与one's skin是动宾关系，所以要用动名词的被动式being exposed。译文：在阳光下晒太长时间对人的皮肤有坏处。
例5、____ into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.
A. Put
B. Putting
C. Having put
D. Being put
答案：A
【解析】put sth. into use “让……投入使用”。显然，put 和句子主语the hotline 构成被动关系，所以用表示被动的过去分词。
例6、It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just ____ a look at the sports stars.
A. had
B. having
C. to have
D. have
答案：C
【解析】动词不定式充当目的状语。
例7、With a lot of difficult problems _______, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
A. settled
B. settling
C. to settle
D. being settled
答案为C
【解析】动词不定式to settle作为difficult problems的定语表示现在或将来要解决的难题；过去分词settle 作定语表示已经解决的难题，现在分词的被动式being settled作定语表示正在解决的难题。
例8、More and more people are signing up for Yoga classes nowadays, ____ advantage of the health and relaxation benefits.
A. taking
B. taken
C. having taken
D. having been taken
答案：A
【解析】take advantage of （利用）和句子主语More and more people 构成主动关系，且和句子谓语sign up for (报名参加)同时发生，所以选择A。
例9、Sandy could do nothing but ________ to his teacher that he was wrong.
A. admit
B. admitted
C. admitting
D. to admit
答案为A。
【解析】该句中的but是介词，后接动词不定式。当谓语动词是do，does或did时，后接不带to的不定式；是其他动词时，后接带to的不定式。该句的谓语是could do nothing，要填动词原形admit。译文：山德不得不向老师承认自己错了。
例10、He sent me an e-mail, ________ to get further information.
A. hoped
B. hoping
C. to hope
D. hope
答案为B。
【解析】现在分词hoping表示与send me an e-mail同时发生的动作。一些考生认为应该填不定式作目
的状语。不定式作目的状语时，句子的正确形式是：He sent me an e-mail to get further information.不需要hope一词，如果要选择“hoped”时，句子的正确形式是：He sent me an e-mail and hoped to get further information。“hope”和“sent”作并列谓语。
高中英语非谓语动词专项训练
1.the house on fire, he dialed 119.
A. To see
B. Seeing
C. Having seen
D. Being seen
2. I fell down and broke three of my teeth. I wonder how many times I have to come here and get my false teeth .
A. fix
B. fixing
C. fixed
D. to fix
3. We're _________ to listen to her ________ voice. It's _________ to hear her sing.
A. pleased; pleasing; pleasure
B. pleased; pleasant; a pleasure
C. pleasing; pleased; a pleasure
D. pleasing; pleasant; pleasure
4. a post office, I stopped some stamps.
A. Passed, buying
B. Passing, to buy
C. Having passed, buy
D. Pass, to buy
5. with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all.
A. Comparing
B. To compare
C. Compared
D. Having compared
6. Here are some new computer programs _________ for home buildings.
A. designing
B. design
C. designed
D. to design
7. a little money, Jimmy was able to buy his mother a lovely new lamp
A. To save
B. Saving
C. Saved
D. Having saved
8. The teacher came into the classroom by his students.
A. following
B. to be following
C. followed
D. having followed
9. With the money , he couldn't buy any ticket.
A. to lose
B. losing
C. lost
D. has lost
10. There was so much noise in the room that the speaker couldn't make himself .
A. being heard
B. hearing
C. heard
D. hear
11. The result of the test was rather .
A. disappointed
B. disappointing
C. being disappointed
D. disappoint
12. I've never heard the word in spoken English.
A. use
B. used
C. using
D. using
13. how to do the homework, I went to ask my teacher for help.
A. Not to know
B. Not knowing
C. Knowing not
D. Not known
14. Deeply , I thanked her again and again.
A. being moving
B. moved
C. moving
D. to be moved
15. With winter on, it's time to buy warm clothes.
A. came
B. comes
C. come
D. coming
16. the office, the foreign visitors were shown round the teaching building.
A. Having shown
B. Showing
C. Has shown
D. Having been shown
17. He went from door to door, waste papers and magazines.
A. gathering
B. gathered
C. gather
D. being gathered
18. The student corrected his paper carefully, the professor's suggestions.
A. follow
B. following
C. followed
D. being followed
19. The price will save you one dollar for each dozen.
A. reduce
B. reducing
C. reduced
D. reduces
20. People in the city do not know the pleasure of country life.
A. live
B. to live
C. lived
D. living
21. The foreigner tried his best, but he still couldn't make his point .
A. understand
B. understanding
C. to understand
D. understood
22. The scientists were waiting to see the problem .
A. settle
B. settled
C. to settle
D. settling
23. The library's study room is full of students for the exam.
A. busily prepared
B. busy preparing
C. busily prepare
D. are busily preparing
24. The ground is with leaves.
A. covering, falling
B. covered, falling
C. covered, fallen
D. covering, fallen
25. Lessons easily were soon forgotten.
A. to learn
B. learn
C. learned
D. learning
26. The wallet several days ago was found in the dustbin outside the building.
A. stolen, hidden
B. stealing, hiding
C. stealing, hidden
D. stolen, hiding
27. A person a foreign language must be able to use the foreign language all about his own.
A. to learn, to forget
B. learning, to forget
C. to learn, forgetting
D. learning, forgetting
28. different kinds of pianos, the workers farther improved their quality
A. To produce
B. Being produced
C. Produced
D. Having produced
29. The students in the university are all taking courses a degree.
A. coming to
B. going to
C. leading to
D. turning to
30. Many things impossible in the past are very common today.
A. consider
B. considering
C. considered
D. be considered
31. many times, he still couldn't understand.
A. Having been told
B. Having told
C. He having been told
D. Telling
32. The old sick lady entered the hospital, her two sons.
A. to support
B. supporting
C. supported by
D. having supported
33. China is one of the largest countries in the world, 9.6 million square (平方) kilometres.
A. to cover
B. covered
C. covers
D. covering
34. "We must keep a secret of the things here", the general said, at the man in charge of the information office.
A. discussed, stared seriously
B. being discussed, seriously staring
C. to be discussed, seriously stared
D. discussed, stared
35. The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, that he had enjoyed his stay here.
A. having added
B. to add
C. adding
D. added
36. "Can you read?" Mary said to the notice.
A. angrily pointing
B. and point angrily
C. angrily pointed
D. and angrily pointing
37. the composition, John handed it to the teacher and went out of the room
A. Writing
B. Having written
C. Written
D. Being written
38. Were you when you saw that wild animal?
A. fright
B. frightening
C. frightened
D. frighten
39. Properly with numbers, the books can be easily found.
A. marked
B. mark
C. to mark
D. marking
40. The child sat in the dentist's chair .
A. tremble
B. trembling
C. trembled
D. to trembled
41. At this moment the bell rang the end of class.
A. announce
B. announcing
C. announced
D. to announce
42. He walked down the hills, softly to himself.
A. sing
B. singing
C. sung
D. to sing
43. I had to shout to make myself above the noise.
A. heared
B. hearing
C. heard
D. to hear
44. The graduating students are busy material for their reports.
A. collect
B. to collect
C. collected
D. collecting
45. The cars in Beijing are as good as those in Shanghai.
A. produce, produce
B. produced, produced
C. produced, producing
D. producing, producing
46. When I came in, I saw Dr. Li a patient.
A. examine
B. examining
C. to examine
D. examined
47. a satisfactory operation, the patient recovered from illness very quickly.
A. Having been given
B. Having given
C. Giving
D. Being given
48 . a satisfactory operation, the doctor believed the patient would recover from his illness very soon.
A. Having been given
B. Having given
C. Giving
D. Being given
49.He wrote a letter to me that his trip to Japan had been put off because of the bad weather
A. inform
B. informing
C. informed
D. being informed
50. He reads newspapers every day to keep himself about what's going on in the world.
A. inform
B. informing
C. informed
D. being informed
非谓语动词强化训练
Keys: 1~20: BCBBC CDCCC BBBBD DABCD21~40: DBBCC ADDCC ACDBC ABCAB41~50: BBCDB BABBC
第三节巩固练习
1. _____ anything about the accident ,he went to work as usual.
A. Not known
B. Known not
C. Knowing not
D. Not knowing
2. —Have you decided when_____?
—Yes, tomorrow morning.
A. to leave
B. to be leaving
C. will you leave
D. are you leaving
3. I really enjoy_____ that kind of job.
A. do
B. doing
C. to do
D. to be doing
4. —There’s a hole in your bag.
—l know. I am going to have it_____.
A. mend
B. mending
C. mended
D. to be mended
5. The next morning she found the man in bed, _____ dead.
A. lying
B. lie
C. lay
D. laying
6. Tell him_____ the window.
A. to shut not
B. not to shut
C. to not shut
D. not shut
7. The furniture ______on October 15 was seriously damaged because of a road accident .
A. being delivered
B. having delivered
C. having been delivered
D. delivered
8. He had his leg_____ in the match yesterday.
A. to break
B. broken
C. break
D. breaking
9. I can’t imagine_____ that with them.
A. do
B. to do
C. being done
D. doing
10. Most of the people_____ to the party were famous scientists.
A. invited
B. to invite
C. being invited
D. inviting
11. —Good morning. Can I help you?
—I’d like to have this package_____, madam.
A. be weighed
B. to be weighed
C. to weigh
D. weighed
12. Slowly she opened the letter, _____.
A. her hands trembled slightly
B. slightly her hands were trembled
C. her hands slightly trembling C. trembling her hands slightly
13. All ______will be present at the conference .
A. parties concerned
B. parties concerning
C. concerned parties
D. concerning parties
14. _____ more attention, the trees could have grown better.
A. Given
B. To give
C. Giving
D. Having given
15. She reached the top of the hill and stopped_____ on a big rock by the side of the path.
A. to have rested
B. resting
C. to rest
D. rest
16. Last summer I took a course on_______.
A. how to make dresses
B. how dresses be made
C. how to be made dresses
D. how dresses to be made
17. The murderer was brought in, with his hands_____ behind his back.
A. being tied
B. having tied
C. to be tied
D. tied
18. The secretary worked late into the night, _____ a long speech for the president.
A. to prepare
B. preparing
C. prepared
D. was preparing
19. I can hardly imagine Peter_____ across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.
A. sail
B. to sail
C. sailing
D. to have sailed
20. —The light in the office is still on.
—Oh, I forgot_____.
A. turning it off
B. turn it off
C. to turn it off
D. having turned it off
21. The Olympic Games, ______ in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912.
A. first playing
B. to be first played
C. first played
D. to be first playing
22. Not having finished his homework, _____ to watch the game.
A. so he was forbidden
B. he forbade
C. he was forbidden
D. mother forbid him
23. The _____ world population is the result of recent advances in medical science.
A. increased
B. increase
C. being increasing
D. Increasing
24. _____ it with me and I’ll see what I can do.
A. When left
B. Leaving
C. If you leave
D. Leave
25. Cleaning women in big cities usually get______ by the hour.
A. pay
B. paying
C. paid
D. to pay
26. European football is played in 80 countries, ______ it the most popular sport in the world.
A. making
B. makes
C. made
D. to make
27. Robert is said_____ abroad, but I don’t know what coun try he studied in.
A. to have studied
B. to study
C. to be studying
D. to have been studying
28. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _____ it more difficult.
A. not make
B. not to make
C. not making
D. do not make
29. When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door, ______ “Sorry to miss you; will
call later.”
A. read
B. reads
C. to read
D. reading
30. I’ve worked with children before, so I know what______ in my new job.
A. expected
B. to expect
C. to be expecting
D. expects
31. It is impossible to avoid ______by advertisements in a modern society.
A. to be influenced
B. being influenced
C. to influence
D. influenced
32. Some people believe that some numbers show the ______side of a person’s personality.
A. hiding
B. hid
C. hidden
D. hide
33 —How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?
—key ______ the problem is to meet the demand _______ by the customers.
A. to solving…making
B. to solving…made
C. to solve…making
D. to solve…made
34. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains______ whether they
will enjoy it.
A. to see
B. to be seen
C. seeing
D. seen
35. It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows______.
A. it what to do with
B. what to do it with
C. what to do with it
D. to do what with it
36. The research is so designed that once______ nothing can be done to change it.
A. begins
B. having begun
C. beginning
D. begun
37. The teacher asked us______ so much noise.
A. don’t make
B. not make
C. not making
D. not to make
38. ______ time, he’ll make a first-class tennis player.
A. Having given
B. To give
C. Giving
D. Given
39. Walking past the park, I couldn’t help ______some children flying kites.
A. stop to watch
B. stopping watch
C. stopping to watch
D. to stop to watch
40. Generally speaking, ______ according to directions, the drug has no side-effect.
A. when taking
B. when taken
C. when to take
D. when to be taken
41. An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered_______ clear warnings
before firing any shots.
A. to issue
B. being issued
C. to have issued
D. to be issued
42. There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars_______ road conditions need ______.
A. that…to be improved
B. which…to be improved
C. where…improving
D. when…improving
43. —What do you think made the woman so upset？
—_____ weight.
A. As she put on
B. Put on
C. Putting on
D. Because of putting on
44. The manager,______ his factory’s products were poor in quality, decided to give his workers further
training.
A. knowing
B. known
C. to know
D. being known
45. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if _______ whether he was going in the right
direction.
A. seeing
B. having seen
C. to have seen
D. to see
46. Don’t be discouraged. ______ thin gs as they are and you will enjoy every day of your life.
A. Taking
B. To take
C. Take
D. Taken
47. Friendship is like money, easier made than ____.
A. kept
B. to be kept
C. keeping
D. being kept
48. ______the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.
A. The president will attend
B. The president to attend
C. The president attended
D. The president’s attending
49. Unless______ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.
A. invited
B. inviting
C. being invited
D. having invited
50. Time should be made good use of ____ our lessons well.
A. learning
B. learned
C. to learn
D. having learned
1-5 DABCA 6-10 BCBDA 11-15 DCAAC 16-20 ADBCC 21-25 CCDDC 26-30 AABDB 31-35 BCBBC 36-40 DDDCB 41-45 AACAD 46-50 CADAC
高考题汇编非谓语动词
1. I've worked with children before , so I know what ________in my new job. （2000全国）A．expect ed B．to expect C．to be expecting D．expects
2. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _______the next year. （2000全国）A．carry out B．carrying out C．carried out D．to carry out
3. The picture ________ on the wall is painted by my nephew. （2000北京春季）
A. having hung
B. hanging
C. hangs
D. being hung
4. ________ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation. （2000北京春季）
A. Given
B. To give
C. Giving
D. Having given
5. As we joined the big crowd I got _________ from my friends. （01全国）
A. separated
B. spared
C. lost
D. missed
6. ________such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. （01全国） A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered
7. _______late in the morning, Bob turned off the alarm. （01北京春季）
A．To sleep B．Sleeping C．Sleep D．Having slept
8. One learns a language by making mistakes and _______them. （01北京春季）
A．correct B．correcting C．corrects D．to correct
9.The mother didn't know ____ to blame for the broken glass as it happened while she was out.（02全国）
Ａ．whoＢ．whenＣ．howＤ．What
10. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _________ whether they will enjoy it.（02全国）
Ａ．to seeＢ．to be seenＣ．seeingＤ．Seen
11. It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows _______.（02全国）Ａ．it what to
do withＢ．what to do it with
Ｃ．what to do with itＤ．to do what with it
12. The research is so designed that once _____ nothing can be done to change it.（02全国）Ａ．begins Ｂ．having begunＣ．beginningＤ．Begun
13. ― How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?
― The key ____ the problem is to meet the demand ____ by the customers. （02北京） A. to solving; making B. to solving; made
C. to solve; making
D. to solve; made
14. Prices of daily goods through a computer can be lower than store prices. （02北京春季）
A. are bought
B. bought
C. been bought
D. buying
15. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found in the kitchen. （03全国卷）A．smoke
B．smoking C．to smoke D．smoked
16. The teacher asked us ______________ so much noise. （03北京）
A. don’t make
B. not make
C. not making
D. not to make
17. _____ time, he’ll make a fist-class tennis player. （03北京）
A. Having given
B. To give
C. Giving
D.Given
18. Mr. Smith, of the speech, started to read a novel. （03北京春季） A．tired; boring
B．tiring; bored
C．tired; bored D．tiring; boring
19. My advisor encouraged______ a summer course to improve my writing skills. （04北京） A for me taking B me taking C for me to take D me to take
20. ______in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. （04北京）
A To wait
B Have waited
C Having waited
D To have waited
21. Don’t leave the water______ while you brush your teeth. （04天津）
A run
B running
C being run
D to run
22. They see you as something of a worrier, problems which don’t exist and crossing bridges long before you come to them. （04重庆）
A. settling
B. discovering
C. seeing
D. designing
23. Laws that punish parents for their little children’s actions against the laws get parents . （04重庆）
A. worried
B. to worry
C. worrying
D. worry
24. There are eight tips in Dr Roger’s lecture on —sleep, and one of them is : to bed early unless you think it is necessary. （04重庆）
A. doesn’t go
B. not to go
C. not going
D. don’t go
25. The man insisted_______ a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby. （04江苏） A. find
B. to find
C. on finding
D. in finding
26. A man is being questioned in relation to the ________ murder last night. （04江苏）
A. advised
B. attended
C. attempted
D. admitted
27. The old man, ____________abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland. （04江苏）
A. to work
B. working
C. to have worked
D. having worked
28. Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, ____ as 3M.（04浙江） A. knowing B. known C. being known D. to be known
29. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only______ the film stars had left. （04福建） A．to tell
B．to be told C．telling D．told
30. Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time_____ the exam. （04福建）A．pass
B．to pass C．passed D．passing
31. ______ the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks. （04广东）
A. Not completing
B. Not completed
C. Not having completed
D. Having not completed
32. If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week, better ______ it—you’ve got some big bills coming. （04广东）
A. forget
B. forgot
C. forgetting
D. to forget
33. Helen had to shout _____ above the sound of the music. （04广西）
A. making herself hear
B. to make herself hear
C. making herself heard
D. to make herself heard
34. Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures _____ in your mind instead of
before your eyes. （04广西）
A. to form
B. form
C. forming
D. having formed
35. You were silly not ____ your car. （04湖南）
A. to lock
B. to have locked
C. locking
D. having locked
36. with the size of the whole earth , the biggest ocean does not seem big at all （04湖北）
A．Compare B．When comparing
C．Comparing D．When compared
37. I don’t know whether you happen , but I’m going to study in the U.S.A. this September . （04
辽宁）
A．to be heard B．to be hearing C．to hear D．to have heard
38. by the beauty of nature , the girl from London decided to spend another two days on the farm .
（04辽宁）
A．Attracting B．Attracted C．To be attracted D．Having attracted
39. According to a recent U.S. survey, children spent up to 25 hours a week ____ TV. （04上海）
A. to watch
B. to watching
C. watching
D. watch
40. The flu is believed _______ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat. （04上海）
A. causing
B. being caused
C. to be caused
D. be have caused
41. The flowers __sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.（04上海） A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt
42. The disc, digitally _____ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night. (04上海）A. recorded
B. recording
C. to be recorded
D. having recorded
43. Having been attacked by terrorists, ________. （04上海）
A. doctors cane to their rescue
B. the tall building collapsed
C. an emergency measure was taken
D. warnings were given to tourists
44. Sarah, hurry up. I’m afraid you won’t have time to ______ before the party. （04全国I） A get changed B get change C get changing D get to change
45. When first______ to the market, these products enjoyed great success. （04全国II）
A introducing
B introduced
C introduce
D being introduced
46. “We can’t go out in this weather,” said Bob, ______ out of the window. （04全国II） A looking B to look C looked D having looked
47. It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when___ at the meeting by my boss. （04全国IV） A questioning
B have questioned
C questioned
D to be questioned
48. Alice returned from the manager’s office, ______ me that the boss wanted to see me at once. （04全国IV）
A having told
B tells
C to tell
D telling
49. He looked around and caught a man _______ his hand into the pocket of a passenger. （04北京春季）
A. put
B. to be putting
C. to put
D. putting
50. I'm going to the supermarket this afternoon. Do you have anything ______ ? （04上海春季） A. to be buying B. to buy C. for buying D. bought
51. The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain _____as the plane was making a landing. （04上海春季） A. seat B. seating C. seated D. to be seating
52. Victor apologized for __________ to inform me of the change in the plan. （04上海春季）
A. his being not able
B. him not to be able
C. his not being able
D. him to be not able
53. After his journey from abroad, Richard Jones returned home, ______. （04上海春季）
A. exhausting
B. exhausted
C. being exhausted
D. having exhausted
54. Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage _________ the girl and took her away, _________ into the woods. （04上海春季）
A. seizing, disappeared
B. seized.., disappeared
C. seizing, disappearing
D. seized, disappearing
55. It’s necessary to be prepared for a job interview. __________ the answers ready will be of great help. (05北京卷) A. To have had B. Having had C. Have D. Having
56. When asked by the police, he said that he remembered __________ at the party, but not __________. (05北京卷)
A. to arrive, leaving
B. to arrive, to leave
C. arriving, leaving
D. arriving, to leave
57. The prize of the game show is $30,000 and an all expenses ___vacation to China. (05北京卷) A. paying B. paid C. to be paid D. being paid
58. I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise __________. (05北京卷)
A. going on
B. goes on
C. went on
D. to go on
59. Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year, ______ a record US $57.65 a barrel on April 4.
（05山东卷）
A. have reached
B. reaching
C. to reach
D. to be reaching
60. He glanced over at her, ______ that though she was tiny, she seemed very well put together. (05广东卷)
A. noting
B. noted
C. to note
D. having noted
61. He hurried to the station only ______ that the train had left. (05广东卷)
A. to find
B. finding
C. found
D. to have found
62. The repairs cost a lot, but it’s money well . （05湖北卷）
A．to spend B．spent C．being spent D．spending
63. ______from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world. （05湖北卷）
A．Being separated B．Having separated
C．Having been separated D．To be separated
64. ______ in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor. （05湖南卷）
A. Dressed
B. To dress
C. Dressing
D. Having dressed
65. I send you 100 dollars today, the rest ______ in a year. （05湖南卷）
A. follows
B. followed
C. to follow
D. being followed
66. ---- Is Bob still performing?
---- I'm afraid not. He is said________ the stage already as he has become an official (05江苏卷)
A. to have left
B. to leave
C. to have been left
D. to be left
67. ________ in the mountains for a week, the two students were finally saved by the local police (05江苏卷)
A. Having lost
B. Lost
C. Being lost
D. Losing
68. ________ and no way to reduce her pain and suffering from the terrible disease, the patient sought her doctor’s help to end her life. (05江西卷)
A．Having given up hope of cure B．With no hope for cure
C．There being hope for cure D．In the hope of cure
69. I think you’ll grow ________ him when you know him better. (05江西卷)
A．liking B．to be like C．to like D．to be liking
70. The manager, ___ it clear to us that he didn’t agree with us, left the meeting room. (05江西卷)
A．who has made B．having made C．made D．making
71. While watching television, __________. （05全国卷3）
A．the doorbell rang B．the doorbell rings
C．we heard the doorbell ring D．we heard the doorbell rings
72. “You can’t catch me!” Janet shouted, __________ away. （05全国卷3）
A．run B．running C．to run D．ran
73. The storm left, _________ a lot of damage to this area . （05全国卷1）
A．caused B．to have caused C．to cause D．having caused
74. He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldn’t risk _______ the good oppo rtunity. （05上海卷）
A. to lose
B. losing
C. to be lost
D. being lost
75. ______ into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns. （05上海卷）
A. Put
B. Putting
C. Having put
D. Being put
76. It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just _______ a look at the sports stars. （05上海卷） A. had B. having C. to have D. have
77. More and more people are signing up for Yoga classes nowadays, ________ advantage of the health and relaxation benefits. （05上海卷）
A. taking
B. taken
C. having taken
D. having been taken
78. _________ more about university courses, call (920) 746-3789. （05浙江卷）
A．To find out B．Finding out C．Find out D．Having found out
79. Daddy didn't mind what we were doing, as long as we were together, ____fun. （05重庆卷）A. had B. have C. to have D. having
80. You should understand the traffic rule by now. You've had it____ often enough. （05天津卷）A. explaining
B. to explain
C. explain
D. explained
81. I don't want _______like I' m speaking ill of anybody, but the manager’s plan is unfair. （05天津卷）]
A. to sound
B. to be sounded
C. sounding
D. to have sounded
82. I really can't understand ______ her like that. （05安徽卷）
A. you treat
B. you to treat
C. why treat
D. you treating
83. All these gifts must be mailed immediately _______ in time for Christmas. （05辽宁卷）
A．in order to have received B．in order to receive
C．so as to be received D．so as to be receiving
高考题汇编非谓语动词
BCBAA AABAB CDBBB DDADC BCADC CDBBD CADCB DDBCC BABAB ACDDB CCBDD CBABA ABCAC ABBCD CBDBAC CAADD ADC
(完整版)独立主格结构
英语中的独立主格结构 独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词、副词或介词短语构成的一种独立主格成分。With( without) 的复合结构可看作是独立主格结构的一种形式。 一、独立主格结构的特点 1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 4）当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词 二、独立主格结构的构成: 名词普通格或代词主格+ 现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语。 1．名词（或代词）+ 现在分词 现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态。 He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 注意：现在分词being或having been在独立主格结构中可以省略。 The weather（being）fine, we decided to go on an outing. 独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略， 一是在“There being + 名词”结构中，There being no bus, we had to walk home. 二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。It being Sunday, all the offices are closed. 2．名词（或代词）+ 不定式（短语）不定式表示将来的动作。 He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food. Many flowers and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 3．名词（或代词）+ 过去分词 过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作。 The girls lay on her back, her hands crossed under her head. The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved. He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 4．名词（或代词）+ 形容词（短语） 形容词（短语）在独立主格结构中说明前面名词或代词的性质、状态 The floor wet, we had to stay outside for a while. He turned to me, his eyes sleepy. 5．名词（或代词）+ 副词 副词在独立主格结构中也多是说明名词或代词的状态。 The meeting over, we all went home. School over, we all went home. 6．名词（或代词）+ 介词短语 A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. He left the office, tears in eyes. 注意：在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里，当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何修饰成分。但with 的复合结构不受此限制。例如：The teacher came in, with a book in his hand.
独立主格with用法小全
独立主格篇 独立主格，首先它是一个“格”，而不是一个“句子”。在英语中任何一个句子都要有主谓结构，而在这个结构中，没有真正的主语和谓语动词，但又在逻辑上构成主谓或主表关系。独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。除名词/代词+名词、形容词、副词、非谓语动词及介词短语外，另有with或without短语可做独立主格，其中with可省略而without不可以。*注：独立主格结构一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。 一、独立主格结构： 1. 名词/代词+形容词 He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky. 靠近岸时，我看见几汪深池塘，池水碧似蓝天。 2. 名词/代词+现在分词 Winter coming, it gets colder and colder. The rain having stopped, he went out for a walk.
The question having been settled, we wound up the meeting. 也可以The question settled, we wound up the meeting. 但含义稍有差异。前者强调了动作的先后。 We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。 3. 名词/代词+过去分词 The job finished, we went home. More time given, we should have done the job much better. *当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，不及物动词用现在分词，及物动词用过去分词。 He lay there, his teeth set, his hands clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 他躺在那儿，牙关紧闭，双拳紧握，两眼直视上方。 4. 名词/代词+不定式 We shall assemble at ten forty-five, the procession to start moving at precisely eleven. We divided the work, he to clean the windows and I to sweep the floor.
5种基本句型和独立主格结构讲解
英语中的五种基本句型结构 一、句型1：Subject (主语) ＋Verb (谓语) 这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，所谓不及物动词，就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾语。常见的动词如：work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。如： 1) Li Ming works very hard.李明学习很努力。 2) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.事故是昨天下午发生的。 3）Spring is coming. 4) We have lived in the city for ten years. 二、句型2：Subject (主语) ＋Link. V(系动词) ＋Predicate(表语) 这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类： (1)表示状态。这样的词有：be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep等。如： 1) This kind of food tastes delicious.这种食物吃起来很可口。 2) He looked worried just now.刚才他看上去有些焦急。 (2)表示变化。这类系动词有：become, turn, get, grow, go等。如： 1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。 2) The tree has grown much taller than before.这棵树比以前长得高多了。 三、句型3：Subject(主语) ＋V erb (谓语) ＋Object (宾语) 这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词, 所谓及物动词，就是这种动词后可以直接接宾语，其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。例： 1) He took his bag and left.（名词）他拿着书包离开了。 2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. (代词)当我遇到困难时，李雷总能给我帮助。 3) She plans to travel in the coming May Day.（不定式）她打算在即将到来的“五一”外出旅游。 4) I don’t know what I should do next. (从句)我不知道下一步该干什么。 注意：英语中的许多动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词。 四、句型4：Subject(主语)＋Verb(谓语)＋Indirect object(间接宾语)＋Direct object (直接宾语) 这种句型中，直接宾语为主要宾语，表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名词来充当；间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语，去掉之后，对整个句子的影响不大，多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。引导这类双宾语的常见动词有：buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。如： 1) Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present.她爸爸给她买了一本词典作为生日礼物。 2）The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March. 老人经常给孩子们讲述长征途中那些英雄的故事。上述句子还可以表达为： 1）Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present. 2）The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March. 五、句型5：Subject(主语)＋Verb (动词)＋Object (宾语)＋Complement(补语) 这种句型中的“宾语＋补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如： 1）You should keep the room clean and tidy. 你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。（形容词） 2) We made him our monitor.(名词)我们选他当班长。 3) His father told him not to play in the street.(不定式)他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。
独立主格结构详细总结(附习题)
独立主格结构的用法说明与注意点 一、有关独立主格结构的基本概念 独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点： 1. 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2. 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。 3. 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。 二、独立主格结构的常见形式 独立主格类型1：名词（代词）+现在分词 The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后，我们就回家了。 We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假设天气好，我们就进行比赛。 The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off. 班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。 独立主格类型2：名词（代词）+过去分词 The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。 The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 最后一班公车已经走了，我们必须走路回家。 More time given, we should have done the job much better. 如果给我们更多的时间，我们会把工作做得更好。 独立主格类型3：名词（代词）+不定式 Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。 So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。 独立主格类型4：名词（代词）+介词短语 The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。 A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。 He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。 独立主格类型5：名词（代词）+形容词或副词 He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排，嘴半开着。 She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 她坐在桌前，衣领已解掉，头低了下来，拿好钢笔，准备开始写一封长信。 独立主格类型6：There being +名词（代词） There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。 There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。 独立主格类型7：It being +名词（代词） It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。 It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。 说明：独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。如： Don’t sleep with the windows open. 别开着窗睡觉。 He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低着头站在老师面前。 He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。 She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。 He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。
独立主格结构精讲精练(定稿)
独立主格结构 一、概述 独立主格结构又叫独立结构（absolute construction），由名词/主格代词+ 现在分词（或过去分词、不定式、名词、形容词、副词、介词短语）构成。在语法上是一个独立的短语，不是句子，在意思上依附于整个句子。具有以下特点： （1）在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况。 （2）可置于句首，也可放在句尾。 （3）主要用于书面语。 （4）它的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同，不指同一人或同一物。 （5）be动词在独立主格结构中一般转化为being。 二、独立主格结构的构成 1.名词/主格代词+现在分词（表示主动含义和动作正在进行） 名词/主格代词通常为现在分词所表示的动作的执行者，与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系。 ①Weather permitting (= If time permits)，we are going to visit you tomorrow. 天气许可的话，我们明天去看你。(表示条件) ②Spring coming on (= When spring came on), the trees turned green.春天来了，树木绿油油的。(表示时间) 注意： （1）如果该结构表示的动作先发生，则用“名词/主格代词+having done”，含义为“……已经……”。 例如： The students having finished their homework (= After the students finished their homework), we went home. 学生做完家庭作业后，我们回家了。 （2）如果该结构表示“……正在被……”,则用“名词/主格代词+being done”, being不能省略。例如：Food being cooked (= When food was being cooked), I fell asleep. 当食物正在被烹饪的时候，我睡着了。 2.名词/主格代词+过去分词（表示被动含义和动作的完成） 名词/主格代词通常为过去分词所表示的动作的承受者,与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系或系表关系。 ①The signal given (= After the signal was given), the bus started. 发出信号后，汽车开始前进。(表示时间) ②Their strength exhausted (= Because their strength was exhausted), they sank down one by one. 他们精疲力竭，一个接一个倒下了。(表示原因) ③All things considered (= If all things are considered), her suggestion is of greater value than yours. 若全面考虑，她的建议比你的建议有价值。（表示条件） ④He sat silently, eyes closed (= and his eyes were closed) . 他静静地坐着，双眼紧闭。（表示伴随状况或方式） 注意：如果要明确时间上的先后顺序，该结构有时可以用“名词/主格代词+having been done”的形式，含义为“……已经被……”。但是having been可以省略，因为过去分词本身就表示动作完成。例如：The work having been finished (= After the work was finished), he left the workshop. 工作完成以后，他离开了车间。 3.名词/主格代词+不定式（表示将来含义） (1) 名词/主格代词是不定式所表示的动作的执行者，与不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系，此时不定式用 主动形式。 ①The teacher to help us (= If the teacher to help us), we will succeed. 有老师的帮助，我们就能成功。（表示条件和将来含义） ②He invited us to see a film, he himself to buy the tickets (= and he himself bought the tickets). 他请我们看了一场电影，他自己买的票。（表示补充说明和过去含义）
高中英语独立主格结构详细讲解
独立主格 一、独立主格结构的含义和实质 “独立主格结构”（absolute construction）又叫“独立结构”，是带有自己主语的非谓语动词分句和无动词分句。由于在语法上有自己的逻辑主语，结构上与主句不发生关系，因此传统语法叫做“独立主格结构”。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”并非真正独立，它还是一种从属分句，与主句紧密联系在一起，共同表达一个完整的意思，通常在句中起状语分句的作用。独立主格结构可放于句首、句尾，用逗号和主句隔开。 二、独立主格结构的基本形式和功能 独立主格结构可以分为两部分：一部分是名词或代词，起逻辑主语的作用；另一部分是非谓语动词分句（现在分词、过去分词、不定式）或无动词分句（名词、形容词、副词、介词短语），表示前面名词或代词的动作或状态。 基本形式是：名词普通格/代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语，with引导的复合结构。 1．名词/代词+ 现在分词 现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态等。 例The man lay there, his hands trembling. So many students being absent, the meeting had to be put off. His homework having been done, Tom went to sleep. 注：“独立结构”中的being或having been 有时可以省去，这样就成了无动词分句或过去分词分句。 2．名词/代词+过去分词 过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态。 例The boy lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head. The job not finished, we couldn’t see the film. Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move. 后面两个句子也可以看成省略掉了having been，being。如果加上，这两个句子就又变成了现在分词分句。 3．名词/代词+不定式 不定式表示的是将来的动作。 例He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food. These are the first two books，the third one to come out next month. We shall get together at 7:30, the procession（游行）to start moving at 8 sharp. 4. 名词/代词+名词 名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。 例Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children. He fought the tiger，a stick his only weapon. 5．名词/代词+形容词短语 形容词（短语）说明前面名词或代词的性质，状态，原因等。 例The floor wet and slippery, we had to stay outside for a while. I heard that she got injured in the accident，my heart full of sorry. 这两个句子也可以看成是省略了being,如果加上，就变成了现在分词分句。 6．名词/代词+副词 副词说明前面名词或代词的状态。
独立主格结构小结
独立主格结构小结 一．独立主格结构含义 独立主格结构，又叫独立结构（absolute construction）。它在句法上游离于句子主体之外，跟主句没有任何句法联系；但在意义上却与主句紧密联系在一起，共同构成一个完整的语义环境。独立主格结构没有主语和谓语，只有逻辑上的主语，因此，它在句法上不是句子，而是一个独立于句子成分之外的独特结构形式。 独立主格结构可置于句首、句尾，用逗号与主句隔开。 二、独立主格结构的形式 独立主格结构可分为两部分，一部分是名词或代词（主格），起着逻辑主语的作用；另一部分由形容词、副词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短语等构成，表示前面名词或代词的状态、状况或动作。 1）名词／代词＋形容词 I heard that she got injured in the accident，my heart full of worry． 我听说她在这场事故中受了伤，内心充满担忧。 He stood silent in the moon-light，his door open． 月光下，门开着，他默默地站立在那。 2）名词／代词＋现在分词 Winter coming，it gets colder and colder．冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。 The rain having stopped ，he went out for a walk．雨停了，他出去散步。 3）名词／代词＋过去分词 More time given，we should have done it much better． 如果给我们更多的时间，我们会做得更好。 The boy stood there，his right hand raised．那个男生站在那里，右手高举。 4）名词／代词（主格）＋不定式 Here are the first two volumes，the third one to come out next month． 这是前两卷，第三卷将于下月问世。 The two boys said good-bye to each other，one to go home，the other to go to his friend's．两个男孩彼此道了别，一个回了家，另一个去了他朋友家。 5）名词／代词十介词短语 The huntsman entered the forest，gun in hand．那位猎人手里提着枪走进了树林。 注意：这里，gun in hand还可以说成with a gun in his hand，但不可以说a gun in hand或gun in his hand。 6）名词／代词十副词 Nobody in，the thief took a lot of things away． 由于没有人，小偷拿走了许多东西。 Lunch over，he left the house．But he was thinking． 午饭结束，他离开屋。但他还在考虑。 7）名词／代词＋名词 He fought the wolf，a stick his only weapon． 他和狼搏斗着，唯一的武器是一根棍棒。 8）There being +名词（代词）如： There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。
独立主格结构练习题及解析
独立主格结构练习题及解析 1. I have a lot of books, half of ___ novels. A. which B. that C. whom D. them 2. __ more and more forests destroyed, many animals are facing thedanger of dying out. A. because B. as C. With D. Since 3. The bus was crowded with passengers going home from market, most of __ carrying heavy bags and baskets full of fruit and vegetables they hadbought there. A. them B. who C. whom D. which 4. The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silverpennies, all of ___ over 600 years old. A. which B. that C. them
D. it 5. The cave __ very dark, he lit some candles ___ light. A. was; given B. was; to give C. being; given D. being; to give 6. The soldier rushed into the cave, his right hand __ a gun and his face ____ with sweat.A held; covered B. holding; covering C. holding; covered D. held; covering 7. The girl in the snapshot was smiling sweetly, her long hair ___ . A. flowed in the breeze B. was flowing in the breeze C. were flowing in the breeze D. flowing in the breeze 8. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons ____ for the day. A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished 9. On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, ___ parents seated together joking.
(完整版)独立主格结构用法全解
独立主格结构 独立主格结构（Absolute Structure）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。 二、独立主格结构基本构成形式 名词(代词)+现在分词（过去分词；形容词；副词；不定式；名词；介词短语） 1. 名词(代词)+现在分词 Night enshrouding the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance． 黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。 There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。 2. 名词(代词)+过去分词 The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved. 由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。 He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。 3. 名词(代词)+不定式 在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；如果是动宾关系，则用被动形式。 The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book. 我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。 Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 种上许多的树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。 4. 名词(代词)+形容词 Computers very small, we can use them widely. 电脑虽小，我们却能广泛地利用它们。 5. 名词(代词)+副词 The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room. 散会了，校长很快就离开了会议室。 The lights off, we could not go on with the work. 灯熄了，我们不能继续工作了。 6. 名词(代词)+名词 His first shot failure，he fired again． 他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。 Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. 两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。 7. 名词(代词) +介词短语
2020年高考英语易错题集锦 独立主格结构
独立主格结构 (要点精讲) 一、总述 1．什么是独立主格结构？ 短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。当句子的主语不能够作这些短语的逻辑主语时就需要给它们加上一个逻辑主语（名词或代词），这种“名词、代词＋短语”的结构就叫做独立主格结构。如： The rain beginning to fall, we took a taxi.雨开始下了，我们坐出租车。 She ran to me, her hair flying in the wind. 她向我跑来，秀发在风中飘扬。 2．功能 独立主格结构在句子中作状语，相当于一个状语从句，表示时间、条件、原因、方式或补充说明等。这类结构多用于书面语中。如： (1)作时间状语 Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. =When everyone was ready, the teacher began his class. 每个人都准备好后，老师开始上课。 (2)作条件状语 Weather permitting, we will go swimming tomorrow. =If weather permits, we will go swimming tomorrow. 如果天气允许，我们明天会去游泳。 (3)作原因状语 The boy being late, his teacher was very angry. =As the boy was late, his teacher was very angry. 因为这个男孩迟到了，他的老师非常生气。 (4)作伴随状语 The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky. =The boy lay on the grass, and his eyes were looking at the sky. 那个男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看着天空。 (5)表补充说明 All this time, they were fast asleep, all of them knowing nothing about what had happened. =All this time, they were fast asleep, and all of them knew nothing about what had happened. 那段时间，他们都很快就入睡了，没有人知道发生了什么事。 3．特点 (1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 (2)此结构中没有谓语动词，而前面的名词或代词在意思上是后面部分的主语（逻辑主语），后面部分在意思上是前面的名词或代词的谓语（逻辑谓语）。 如： He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. 他在书桌旁坐好后，他母亲开始给他讲故事。（seating himself at the desk有自己的逻辑主语he，注意是“主格”） =When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school. 由于丢了自行车钥匙，他只好步行去学校。（lost的逻辑主语是the key，lost也可以用完成式having been lost）
独立主格结构图表解析
独立主格结构 一、概念 “独立主格结构”就是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。该结构不是句子，也不是从句，所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与主句之间不能通过并列连词连接，也不能由从句阴道词引导，通常用逗号与主句隔开。独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或者其他状语形式，但很多时候不能转化为分词形式，因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。 二、独立主格的特点
1.当独立主格结构中的being done表示“正在被做时”，being不可以被省略。 2.当独立主格结构的逻辑主语是it, there时，being不可以省略。 三、独立主格结构的用法。 一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。
四、非谓语动词独立主格结构。 “名词或代词+非谓语动词”结构构成的独立主格结构称为非谓语动词的独立主格结构。名词或代词和非谓语动词具有逻辑上的主谓关系。 1.不定式构成的独立主格结构 不定式构成的独立主格结构往往表示还未发生的行为或状态，在句中常 作原因状语，有时做条件状语。 Lots of homework to do, I have to stay home all day. 由于很多作业要做，我只好待在家里。 So many children to look after, the mother has to quit her job. 如此多的孩子要照顾，这个妈妈不得不辞掉她的工作。 2.动词+ing形式的独立主格结构 动词-ing形式的句中作状语时，其逻辑主语必须是主句的主语，否则就 是不正确的。动词-ing形式的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致时，就应在 动词的-ing形式前加上逻辑主语，构成动词-ing 形式的独立主格结构，逻辑主语与动词间为主谓关系，是分词的动作执行者，分词表示的动作 时逻辑主语发出的动作。 We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，每个人就像在干两个人的活。 The governor considering the matter, more strikers gathered across his path. 总督思考这个问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集到他要通过的路上。 The guide leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest. 在向导的带领下，我们轻松地走出了森林。 3.过去分词形式的独立主格 过去分词形式的独立主格结构是由“逻辑主语+过去分词”构成。逻辑主 语与动词之间为动宾关系，它是分词的动作承受者，这一结构在句中作 时间状语，原因状语、伴随状语、条件状语等。 This done, we went home.做完这个，我们就回家了。 All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs. 积蓄用完后，我们都开始找工作。 More time and money given, we can finish the work in advance. 如果给予更多的时间和金钱，我们能提前完成这个工作。 五、其他形式的独立主格结构
独立主格用法详解
一、 独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点： (1)结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 (2)名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。 (3)独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。 二、 英语中，的形式是：名词或代词跟形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词连在一起，构成。 1.名词/ 代词+ 不定式。如： A house to be built, we must save every cent. 由于要建一座房子，我们必须节省每一分钱。 Now here is Li Lei, Wei Fang to come tomorrow. 现在李蕾来了，魏方明天到。 2.名词/ 代词+ -ing分词。如： The bus coming here soon, we should get everything ready. 汽车很快就要来了，我们应该把一切事情准备好。 Mother being ill, Li Lei was very worried. 母亲病了，李蕾非常焦急。 3.名词/ 代词+ 动词的过去分词。如： His cup broken, he used his bowl instead. 茶杯破了，他就用碗来代替。 4.名词/ 代词+ 形容词。如： The ground muddy, we should be careful. 地面泞泥，我们应该小心。 5.名词/ 代词+ 副词。如： The class over, we all went out to play. 下课后，我们都出去玩。 6. Glasses in his hand, he asked where his glasses were. 手里拿着眼镜，他问他的眼镜哪去了。 三、 在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件和伴随等情况。 1.作时间状语 School over, the students went home. 放学后，学生们都回家了。 The ceremony ended, the games began. 仪式结束后，比赛开始了。 2.作条件状语 It being fine tomorrow, we’ll go boating. 如果明天天气好的话，我们就去划船。