罗斯公司理财第九版第十五章课后答案对应版

第十五章：长期融资：简介

1. The indenture is a legal contract and can run into 100 pages or more. Bond features which would be included are: the basic terms of the bond, the total amount of the bonds issued, description of the property used as security, repayment arrangements, call provisions, convertibility provisions, and details of protective covenants.

2.优先股和负债的区别有：

1) 在确定公司应纳税收入时，优先股股利不能作为一项利息费用从而免于纳税。从个人投资者角度分析，优先股股利属于应纳税的普通收入。对企业投资者而言，他们投资优先股所获得的股利中有70%是可以免缴所得税的。

2) 在破产清算时，优先股次于负债，但优先于普通股。

3) 对于公司来说，没有法律义务一定要支付优先股股利，相反，公司有义务必须支付债券利息。因此如果没有发放下一年优先股股利，公司一定不是被迫违约的。优先股的应付股利既可以是“可累积”的，也可以是“非累积”的。公司也可以无限期拖延（当然股利无限期拖延支付会对股票市场产生负面影响）

3. Some firms can benefit from issuing preferred stock. The reasons can be:

a. Public utilities can pass the tax disadvantage of issuing preferred stock on to their customers, so there is a substantial amount of straight preferred stock issued by utilities.

b. Firms reporting losses to the IRS already don‘t have positive income for any tax deductions, so they are not affected by the tax disadvantage of dividends versus interest payments. They may be willing to issue preferred stock.

c. Firms that issue preferred stock can avoid the threat of bankruptcy that exists with debt financing because preferred dividends are not a legal obligation like interest payments on corporate debt.

4.不可转换优先股的收益低于公司债券的收益主要有两个原因：

1) 如果企业投资者投资优先股股票，其所获得的股利中有70%是可以免缴所得税的，因此企业投资者更愿意购买其他公司的优先股，从而必须对优先股支付升水，这也降低了

优先股的收益率。

2) 发行公司愿意也有能力为债务提供更高的回报，因为债券的利息费用可以减少他们的税务负担。而优先股支付是来自净利润，因此他们不提供税盾。因为个人投资者不具有税收减免优惠，所以绝大多数的优先股都为企业投资者持有。

5.公司负债与权益的最主要的差别是：

1) 负债不属于公司的所有者权益，因此债权人通常没有表决权，他们用来保护自身利益的工具就是借贷合约，又称“债务契约”。

2) 公司对债务所支付的利息被视为一种经营费用，具有完全的抵税作用，因此，利息费用是在计算公司应税义务之前支付给债权人的。而普通股和优先股股利则是在计算公司应税义务之后分配给股东的。因此股利被称为是对股东所缴资本的回报。同权益相比，由于利息费用可用于减税，因此它相当于美国政府对公司使用负债方式的一种直接的税

收津贴。

3) 未付债务是公司的一项负债。如果公司不履行支付义务，那么，债权人就可以依据相应的法律程序向公司索取资产，债权人的这种行为将会导致公司的“破产清算”。因此，公司发行债务的代价就是会令公司存在“财务危机”的可能性，而使用权益资本是不会发生这种危机的。

6. There are two benefits. First, the company can take advantage of interest rate declines by calling in an issue and replacing it with a lower coupon issue. Second, a company might wish

to eliminate a covenant for some reason. Calling the issue does this. The cost to the company is a higher coupon. A put provision is desirable from an investor‘s standpoint, so it helps the company by reducing the coupon rate on the bond. The cost to the company is that it may have to buy back the bond at an unattractive price.

7.股东投票权委托代理，即股东授权他人代理其行使投票表决权。

8.优先股与债券和权益都很相似。优先股股东只收取既定的股利，而且一旦公司破产他们也只能获得既定的价值补偿。然而，未付的优先股股利不属于公司债务，优先股股利不能作为一项费用免于纳税。

9. 如果一家公司想要保持资本结构不变，那公司就不得不发行新债也取代即将到期的旧债。也存在一种可能，就是该公司的市场价值会继续保持增长。这就意味着，要想保持以市场价值为基础的一定资本结构，公司必须发行新债，因为现有债务的市场价值一般不会随着公司价值增加而增加（至少没有增加那么多）。

10. 内部融资是来自内部产生的现金流量，不需要发行证券。相反，外部融资要求该公司发行新的证券。

11. 影响企业进行外部融资的因素有：1）一般经济环境，特别是经济周期，2）股票价格水平，3）净现值为正的项目可行性

12. When a company has dual class stock, the difference in the share classes are the voting rights. Dual share classes allow minority shareholders to retain control of the company even though they do not own a majority of the total shares outstanding. Often, dual share companies were started by a family, taken public, but the founders want to retain control of the company

13. The statement is true. In an efficient market, the callable bonds will be sold at a lower price than that of the non-callable bonds, other things being equal. This is because the holder of callable bonds effectively sold a call option to the bond issuer. Since the issuer holds the right to call the bonds, the price of the bonds will reflect the disadvantage to the bondholders and the advantage to the bond issuer (i.e., the bondholder has the obligation to surrender their bonds when the call option is exercised by the bond issuer.)

14. As the interest rate falls, the call option on the callable bonds is more likely to be exercised by the bond issuer. Since the non-callable bonds do not have such a drawback, the value of the bond will go up to reflect the decrease in the market rate of interest. Thus, the price of non-callable bonds will move higher than that of the callable bonds.

15. Sinking funds provide additional security to bonds. If a firm is experiencing financial difficulty, it is likely to have trouble making its sinking fund payments. Thus, the sinking fund provides an early warning system to the bondholders about the quality of the bonds. A drawback to sinking funds is that they give the firm an option that the bondholders may find distasteful. If bond prices are low, the firm may satisfy its sinking fund obligation by buying bonds in the open market. If bond prices are high though, the firm may satisfy its obligation

by purchasing bonds at face value (or other fixed price, depending on the specific terms). Those bonds being repurchased are chosen through a lottery.

16. If the company uses straight voting, the board of directors is elected one at a time. You

will need to own one-half of the shares, plus one share, in order to guarantee enough votes to win the election. So, the number of shares needed to guarantee election under straight voting will be:

Shares needed = (600,000 shares / 2) + 1 = 300,001

And the total cost to you will be the shares needed times the price per share, or:

Total cost = 300,001 *$39 = $11,700,039

If the company uses cumulative voting, the board of directors are all elected at once. You will need 1/(N + 1) percent of the stock (plus one share) to guarantee election, where N is the number of seats up for election. So, the percentage of the c ompany‘s stock you need is: Percent of stock needed = 1/(N + 1) = 1 / (7 + 1) = .1250 or 12.50%

So, the number of shares you need to purchase is:

Number of shares to purchase = (600,000 × .1250) + 1 = 75,001

And the total cost to you will be the shares needed times the price per share, or:

Total cost = 75,001 *$39 = $2,925,039

17. Zero coupon bonds are priced with semiannual compounding to correspond with coupon bonds. The price of the bond when purchased was:

P0 = $1,000 / (1 + .035)⌒50 = $179.05

And the price at the end of one year is:

P0 = $1,000 / (1 + .035)⌒48 = $191.81

So, the implied interest, which will be taxable as interest income, is:

Implied interest = $191.81 – 179.05 = $12.75

18. a. The price of the bond today is the present value of the expected price in one year. So, the price of the bond in one year if interest rates increase will be:

P1 = $60(PVIFA7%,58) + $1,000(PVIF7%,58) = $859.97

If interest rates fall, the price if the bond in one year will be:

P1 = $60(PVIFA3.5%,58) + $1,000(PVIF3.5%,58) = $1,617.16

Now we can find the price of the bond today, which will be:

P0 = [.50($859.97) + .50($1,617.16)] / 1.055⌒2 = $1,112.79

For students who have studied term structure, the assumption of risk-neutrality implies that the forward rate is equal to the expected future spot rate.

b. If the bond is callable, then the bond value will be less than the amount computed in part a. If the bond price rises above the call price, the company will call it. Therefore, bondholders will not pay as much for a callable bond

19. The price of the bond today is the present value of the expected price in one year. The bond will be called whenever the price of the bond is greater than the call price of $1,150. First, we need to find the expected price in one year. If interest rates increase next year, the price of the bond will be the present value of the perpetual interest payments, plus the interest payment made in one year, so:

P1 = ($100 / .12) + $100 = $933.33

This is lower than the call price, so the bond will not be called. If the interest rates fall next year, the price of the bond will be:

P1 = ($100 / .07) + $100 = $1,528.57

This is greater than the call price, so the bond will be called. The present value of the expected value of the bond price in one year is:

P0 = [.40($933.33) + .60($1,150)] / 1.10 = $966.67

20. If interest rates rise, the price of the bonds will fall. If the price of the bonds is low, the company will not call them. The firm would be foolish to pay the call price for something worth less than the call price. In this case, the bondholders will receive the coupon payment,

C, plus the present value of the remaining payments. So, if interest rates rise, the price of the bonds in one year will be:

P1 = C + C / 0.13

If interest rates fall, the assumption is that the bonds will be called. In this case, the bondholders will receive the call price, plus the coupon payment, C. So, the price of the bonds if interest rates fall will be:

P1 = $1,250 + C

The selling price today of the bonds is the PV of the expected payoffs to the bondholders. To find the coupon rate, we can set the desired issue price equal to present value of the expected value of end of year payoffs, and solve for C. Doing so, we find:

P0 = $1,000 = [.60(C + C / .13) + .40($1,250 + C)] / 1.11 则C = $108.63

So the coupon rate necessary to sell the bonds at par value will be:

Coupon rate = $108.63 / $1,000 = .1086 or 10.86%

21. a. The price of the bond today is the present value of the expected price in one year. So, the price of the bond in one year if interest rates increase will be:

P1 = $80 + $80 / .09 = $968.89

If interest rates fall, the price if the bond in one year will be: P1 = $80 + $80 / .06 = $1,413.33 Now we can find the price of the bond today, which will be:

P0 = [.35($968.89) + .65($1,413.33)] / 1.08 = $1,164.61

b. If interest rates rise, the price of the bonds will fall. If the price of the bonds is low, the company will not call them. The firm would be foolish to pay the call price for something worth less than the call price. In this case, the bondholders will receive the coupon payment, C, plus the present value of the remaining payments. So, if interest rates rise, the price of the bonds in one year will be: P1 = C + C / .09

If interest rates fall, the assumption is that the bonds will be called. In this case, the bondholders will receive the call price, plus the coupon payment, C. The call premium is not fixed, but it is the same as the coupon rate, so the price of the bonds if interest rates fall will be: P1 = ($1,000 + C) + C = $1,000 + 2C

P0 = $1,000 = [.35(C + C / .09) + .65($1,000 + 2C)] / 1.08 则C = $77.63

So the coupon rate necessary to sell the bonds at par value will be:

Coupon rate = $77.633 / $1,000 = .0776 or 7.76%

c. To the company, the value of the call provision will be given by the difference between the value of an outstanding, non-callable bond and the call provision. So, the value of a

non-callable bond with the same coupon rate would be:

Non-callable bond value = $77.63 / 0.06 = $1,293.88

22. The company should refund when the NPV of refunding is greater than zero, so we need to find the interest rate that results in a zero NPV. The NPV of the refunding is the difference between the gain from refunding and the refunding costs. The gain from refunding is the bond value times the difference in the interest rate, discounted to the present value. We must also consider that the interest payments are tax deductible, so the aftertax gain is:

NPV = PV(Gain) – PV(Cost)

The present value of the gain will be:

Gain = $250,000,000(.08 – R) / R

Since refunding would cost money today, we must determine the aftertax cost of refunding, which will be:

Aftertax cost = $250,000,000(.12)(1 – .35) = $19,500,000

So, setting the NPV of refunding equal to zero, we find:

0 = –$19,500,000 + $250,000,000(.08 – R) / R 则R = .0742 or 7.42%

Any interest rate below this will result in a positive NPV from refunding.

23. In this case, we need to find the NPV of each alternative and choose the option with the highest NPV, assuming either NPV is positive. The NPV of each decision is the gain minus the cost. So, the NPV of refunding the 8 percent perpetual bond is:

Bond A:

Gain = $75,000,000(.08 – .07) / .07 = $10,714,285.71

Assuming the call premium is tax deductible, the aftertax cost of refunding this issue is: Cost = $75,000,000(.085)(1 – .35) + $10,000,000(1 – .35) = $10,643,750.00

Note that the gain can be calculated using the pretax or aftertax cost of debt. If we calculate the gain using the aftertax cost of debt, we find:

Aftertax gain = $75,000,000[.08(1 – .35) – .07(1 – .35)] / [.07(1 – .35)] = $10,714,285.71 Thus, the inclusion of the tax rate in the calculation of the gains from refunding is irrelevant. The NPV of refunding this bond is:

NPV = –$10,643,750.00 + 10,714,285.71 = $70,535.71

The NPV of refunding the second bond is:

Bond B:

Gain = $87,500,000(.09 – .0725) / .0725 = $21,120,689.66

Assuming the call premium is tax deductible, the aftertax cost of refunding this issue is: Cost = ($87,500,000)(.095)(1 – .35) + $12,000,000(1 – .35) = $13,203,125.00

The NPV of refunding this bond is:

NPV = –$13,203,125.00 + 21,120,689.66 = $7,917,564.66

Since the NPV of refunding both bonds is positive, both bond issues should be refunded.

24. The price of a zero coupon bond is the PV of the par, so:

a. P0 = $1,000/1.04550 = $110.71

b. In one year, the bond will have 24 years to maturity, so the price will be:

P1 = $1,000/1.04548 = $120.90

The interest deduction is the price of the bond at the end of the year, minus the price at the beginning of the year, so:

Year 1 interest deduction = $120.90 – 110.71 = $10.19

The price of the bond when it has one year left to maturity will be:

P24 = $1,000/1.0452 = $915.73

Year 24 interest deduction = $1,000 – 915.73 = $84.27

c. Previous IRS regulations required a straight-line calculation of interest. The total interest received by the bondholder is:

Total interest = $1,000 – 110.71 = $889.29

The annual interest deduction is simply the total interest divided by the maturity of the bond, so the straight-line deduction is:

Annual interest deduction = $889.29 / 25 = $35.57

d. The company will prefer straight-line methods when allowed because the valuable interest deductions occur earlier in the life of the bond.

25. a. The coupon bonds have an 8% coupon which matches the 8% required return, so they will sell at par. The number of bonds that must be sold is the amount needed divided by the bond price, so:

Number of coupon bonds to sell = $30,000,000 / $1,000 = 30,000

The number of zero coupon bonds to sell would be:

Price of zero coupon bonds = $1,000/1.0460 = $95.06

Number of zero coupon bonds to sell = $30,000,000 / $95.06 = 315,589

b. The repayment of the coupon bond will be the par value plus the last coupon payment times the number of bonds issued. So:

Coupon bonds repayment = 30,000($1,080) = $32,400,000

The repayment of the zero coupon bond will be the par value times the number of bonds issued, so: Zeroes: repayment = 315,589($1,000) = $315,588,822

26. To calculate this, we need to set up an equation with the callable bond equal to a weighted average of the noncallable bonds. We will invest X percent of our money in the first noncallable bond, which means our investment in Bond 3 (the other noncallable bond) will be (1 – X). The equation is: C2 = C1 X + C3(1 – X)

8.25 = 6.50 X + 12(1 – X) 则8.25 = 6.50 X + 12 – 12 X 所以X = 0.68182

So, we invest about 68 percent of our money in Bond 1, and about 32 percent in Bond 3. This combination of bonds should have the same value as the callable bond, excluding the value of the call. So:

P2 = 0.68182P1 + 0.31819P3 = 0.68182(106.375) + 0.31819(134.96875) = 115.4730

The call value is the difference between this implied bond value and the actual bond price. So, the call value is: Call value = 115.4730 – 103.50 = 11.9730

Assuming $1,000 par value, the call value is $119.73.

27. In general, this is not likely to happen, although it can (and did). The reason that this bond has a negative YTM is that it is a callable U.S. Treasury bond. Market participants know this. Given the high coupon rate of the bond, it is extremely likely to be called, which means the bondholder will not receive all the cash flows promised. A better measure of the return on a callable bond is the yield to call (YTC). The YTC calculation is the basically the same as the YTM calculation, but the number of periods is the number of periods until the call date. If the YTC were calculated on this bond, it would be positive.

公司理财罗斯第九版课后习题答案

罗斯《公司理财》第9版精要版英文原书课后部分章节答案详细? 1 / 17 CH5 11，13，18，19，20 11. To find the PV of a lump sum, we use: PV = FV / (1 + r) t PV = $1,000,000 / (1.10) 80 = $488.19 13. To answer this question, we can use either the FV or the PV formula. Both will give the same answer since they are the inverse of each other. We will use the FV formula, that is: FV = PV(1 + r) t Solving for r, we get: r = (FV / PV) 1 / t –1 r = ($1,260,000 / $150) 1/11 2 – 1 = .0840 or 8.40% To find the FV of the first prize, we use: FV = PV(1 + r) t FV = $1,260,000(1.0840) 3 3 = $18,056,409.9 4 18. To find the FV of a lump sum, we use: FV = PV(1 + r) t FV = $4,000(1.11) 4 5 = $438,120.97 FV = $4,000(1.11) 35 = $154,299.40 Better start early! 19. We need to find the FV of a lump sum. However, the money will only be invested for six years, so the number of periods is six. FV = PV(1 + r) t FV = $20,000(1.084) 6 = $32,449.33 20. To answer this question, we can use either the FV or the PV formula. Both will give the same answer since they are the inverse of each other. We will use the FV formula, that is: FV = PV(1 + r) t Solving for t, we get: t = ln(FV / PV) / ln(1 + r) t = ln($75,000 / $10,000) / ln(1.11) = 19.31 So, the money must be invested for 19.31 years. However, you will not receive the money for another two years. From now, you’ll wait: 2 years + 19.31 years = 21.31 years CH6 16，24，27，42，58 16. For this problem, we simply need to find the FV of a lump sum using the equation: FV = PV(1 + r) t 2 / 1 7 It is important to note that compounding occurs semiannually. To account for this, we will divide the interest rate by two (the number of compounding periods in a year), and multiply the number of periods by two. Doing so, we get: FV = $2,100[1 + (.084/2)] 34 = $8,505.93 24. This problem requires us to find the FVA. The equation to find the FVA is: FV A = C{[(1 + r) t – 1] / r} FV A = $300[{[1 + (.10/12) ] 360 – 1} / (.10/12)] = $678,146.3 8 27. The cash flows are annual and the compounding period is quarterly, so we need to calculate the EAR to make the interest rate comparable with the timing of the cash flows. Using the equation for the EAR, we get: EAR = [1 + (APR / m)] m – 1 EAR = [1 + (.11/4)] 4 – 1 = .1146 or 11.46% And now we use the EAR to find the PV of each cash flow as a lump sum and add them together: PV = $725 / 1.1146 + $980 / 1.1146 2 + $1,360 / 1.1146 4 = $2,320.36 42. The amount of principal paid on the loan is the PV of the monthly payments you make. So, the present value of the $1,150 monthly payments is: PVA = $1,150[(1 – {1 / [1 + (.0635/12)]} 360 ) / (.0635/12)] = $184,817.42 The monthly payments of $1,150 will amount to a principal payment of $184,817.42. The amount of principal you will still owe is: $240,000 – 184,817.42 = $55,182.58 This remaining principal amount will increase at the interest rate on the loan until the end of the loan period. So the balloon payment in 30 years, which is the FV of the remaining principal will be: Balloon payment = $55,182.58[1 + (.0635/12)] 360 = $368,936.54 58. To answer this question, we should find the PV of both options, and compare them. Since we are purchasing the car, the lowest PV is the best option. The PV of the leasing is simply the PV of the lease payments, plus the $99. The interest rate we would use for the leasing option is the same as the interest rate of the loan. The PV of leasing is: PV = $9 9 + $450{1 –[1 / (1 + .07/12) 12(3) ]} / (.07/12) = $14,672.91 The PV of purchasing the car is the current price of the car minus the PV of the resale price. The PV of the resale price is : PV = $23,000 / [1 + (.07/12)] 12(3) = $18,654.82 The PV of the decision to purchase is: $32,000 – 18,654.82 = $13,345.18 3 / 17 In this case, it is cheaper to buy the car than leasing it since the PV of the purchase cash flows is lower. To find the breakeven resale price, we need to find the resale price that makes the PV of the two options the same. In other words, the PV of the decision to buy should be: $32,000 – PV of resale price = $14,672.91 PV of resale price = $17,327.09 The resale price that would make the PV of the lease versus buy decision is the FV of

Cha04 罗斯公司理财第九版原版书课后习题

The present value of the four new outlets is only $954,316.78. The outlets are worth less than they cost. The Trojan Pizza Company should not make the investment because the NPV is –$45,683.22. If the Trojan Pizza Company requires a 15 percent rate of return, the new outlets are not a good investment. SPREADSHEET APPLICATIONS How to Calculate Present Values with Multiple Future Cash Flows Using a Spreadsheet We can set up a basic spreadsheet to calculate the present values of the individual cash flows as follows. Notice that we have simply calculated the present values one at a time and added them up: Summary and Conclusions 1. Two basic concepts, future value and present value, were introduced in the beginning of this chapter. With a 10 percent interest rate, an investor with $1 today can generate a future value of $1.10 in a year, $1.21 [=$1 × (1.10)2] in two years, and so on. Conversely, present value analysis places a current value on a future cash flow. With the same 10 percent interest rate, a dollar to be received in one year has a present value of $.909 (=$1/1.10) in year 0. A dollar to be received in two years has a present value of $.826 [=$1/(1.10)2]. 2. We commonly express an interest rate as, say, 12 percent per year. However, we can speak of the interest rate as 3 percent per quarter. Although the stated annual interest rate remains 12 percent (=3 percent × 4), the effective annual interest rate is 12.55 percent [=(1.03)4 – 1]. In other words, the compounding process increases the future value of an investment. The limiting case is continuous compounding, where funds are assumed to be reinvested every infinitesimal instant.

罗斯公司理财第九版第十章课后答案对应版

第十章：风险与收益：市场历史的启示 1. 因为公司的表现具有不可预见性。 2. 投资者很容易看到最坏的投资结果，但是确很难预测到。 3. 不是，股票具有更高的风险，一些投资者属于风险规避者，他们认为这点额外的报酬率还不至于吸引他们付出更高风险的代价。 4. 股票市场与赌博是不同的，它实际是个零和市场，所有人都可能赢。而且投机者带给市场更高的流动性，有利于市场效率。 5. 在80 年代初是最高的，因为伴随着高通胀和费雪效应。 6. 有可能，当投资风险资产报酬非常低，而无风险资产报酬非常高，或者同时出现这两种现象时就会发生这样的情况。 7. 相同，假设两公司2 年前股票价格都为P0，则两年后G 公司股票价格为 1.1*0.9* P0，而S 公司股票价格为0.9*1.1 P0，所以两个公司两年后的股价是一样的。 8. 不相同，Lake Minerals 2年后股票价格= 100(1.10)(1.10) = $121.00 而SmallTown Furniture 2年后股票价格= 100(1.25)(.95) = $118.75 9. 算数平均收益率仅仅是对所有收益率简单加总平均，它没有考虑到所有收益率组合的效果，而几何平均收益率考虑到了收益率组合的效果，所以后者比较重要。 10. 不管是否考虑通货膨胀因素，其风险溢价没有变化，因为风险溢价是风险资产收益率与无风险资产收益率的差额，若这两者都考虑到通货膨胀的因素，其差额仍然是相互抵消的。而在考虑税收后收益率就会降低，因为税后收益会降低。 11. R = [($104 – 92) + 1.45] / $92 = .1462 or 14.62% 12. Dividend yield = $1.45 / $92 = .0158 or 1.58% Capital gains yield = ($104 – 92) / $92 = .1304 or 13.04% 13. R = [($81 – 92) + 1.45] / $92 = –.1038 or –10.38% Dividend yield = $1.45 / $92 = .0158 or 1.58% Capital gains yield = ($81 – 92) / $92 = –.1196 or –11.96% 14.

罗斯《公司理财》第9版笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解[视频详解](风险、资本成本和资本预算)【圣才

罗斯《公司理财》第9版笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解[视频详解] 第13章风险、资本成本和资本预算[视频讲解] 13.1复习笔记运用净现值法，按无风险利率对现金流量折现，可以准确评价无风险现金流量。然而，现实中的绝大多数未来现金流是有风险的，这就要求有一种能对有风险现金流进行折现的方法。确定风险项目净现值所用的折现率可根据资本资产定价模型CAPM（或套利模型APT）来计算。如果某无负债企业要评价一个有风险项目，可以运用证券市场线SML来确定项目所要求的收益率r s，r s也称为权益资本成本。当企业既有债务融资又有权益融资时，所用的折现率应是项目的综合资本成本，即债务资本成本和权益资本成本的加权平均。联系企业的风险贴现率与资本市场要求的收益率的原理在于如下一个简单资本预算原则：企业多余的现金，可以立即派发股利，投资者收到股利自己进行投资，也可以用于投资项目产生未来的现金流发放股利。从股东利益出发，股东会在自己投资和企业投资中选择期望收益率较高的一个。只有当项目的期望收益率大于风险水平相当的金融资产的期望收益率时，项目才可行。因此项目的折现率应该等于同样风险水平的金融资产的期望收益率。这也说明了资本市场价格信号作用。 1．权益资本成本从企业的角度来看，权益资本成本就是其期望收益率，若用CAPM模型，股票的期望收益率为：

其中，R F是无风险利率，是市场组合的期望收益率与无风险利率之差，也称为期望超额市场收益率或市场风险溢价。要估计企业权益资本成本，需要知道以下三个变量：①无风险利率；②市场风险溢价； ③公司的贝塔系数。根据权益资本成本计算企业项目的贴现率需要有两个重要假设：①新项目的贝塔风险与企业风险相同；②企业无债务融资。 2．贝塔的估计估算公司贝塔值的基本方法是利用T个观测值按照如下公式估计：估算贝塔值可能存在以下问题：①贝塔可能随时间的推移而发生变化；②样本容量可能太小；③贝塔受财务杠杆和经营风险变化的影响。可以通过如下途径解决上述问题：①第1个和第2个问题可通过采用更加复杂的统计技术加以解决；②根据财务风险和经营风险的变化对贝塔作相应的调整，有助于解决第3个问题；③注意同行业类似企业的平均β估计值。根据企业自身历史数据来估算企业贝塔系数是一种常用方法，也有人认为运用整个行业的贝塔系数可以更好地估算企业的贝塔系数。有时两者计算的结果差异很大。总的来说，可以遵循下列原则：如果认为企业的经营与所在行业其他企业的经营十分类似，用行业贝塔降低估计误差。如果认为企业的经营与行业内其他企业的经营有着根本性差别，则应选择企业的贝塔。 3．贝塔的确定前面介绍的回归分析方法估算贝塔并未阐明贝塔是由哪些因素决定的。主要存在以下三个因素：收入的周期性、经营杠杆和财务杠杆。

公司理财课后习题答案

《公司理财》考试范围：第3~7章，第13章，第16~19章，其中第16章和18章为较重点章节。书上例题比较重要，大家记得多多动手练练。PS：书中课后例题不出，大家可以当习题练练~ 考试题型：1.单选题10分 2.判断题10分 3.证明题10分 4.计算分析题60分 5.论述题10分注：第13章没有答案第一章 1.在所有权形式的公司中,股东是公司的所有者。股东选举公司的董事会,董事会任命该公司的管理层。企业的所有权和控制权分离的组织形式是导致的代理关系存在的主要原因。管理者可能追求自身或别人的利益最大化,而不是股东的利益最大化。在这种环境下,他们可能因为目标不一致而存在代理问题。 2.非营利公司经常追求社会或政治任务等各种目标。非营利公司财务管理的目标是获取并有效使用资金以最大限度地实现组织的社会使命。 3.这句话是不正确的。管理者实施财务管理的目标就是最大化现有股票的每股价值，当前的股票价值反映了短期和长期的风险、时间以及未来现金流量。 4.有两种结论。一种极端,在市场经济中所有的东西都被定价。因此所有目标都有一个最优水平，包括避免不道德或非法的行为，股票价值最大化。另一种极端,我们可以认为这是非经济现象,最好的处理方式是通过政治手段。一个经典的思考问题给出了这种争论的答案:公司估计提高某种产品安全性的成本是30美元万。然而,该公司认为提高产品的安全性只会节省20美元万。请问公司应该怎么做呢?” 5.财务管理的目标都是相同的,但实现目标的最好方式可能是不同的,因为不同的国家有不同的社会、政治环境和经济制度。 6.管理层的目标是最大化股东现有股票的每股价值。如果管理层认为能提高公司利润，使股价超过35美元,那么他们应该展开对恶意收购的斗争。如果管理层认为该投标人或其它未知的投标人将支付超过每股35美元的价格收购公司,那么他们也应该展开斗争。然而,如果管理层不能增加企业的价值,并且没有其他更高的投标价格,那么管理层不是在为股东的最大化权益行事。现在的管理层经常在公司面临这些恶意收购的情况时迷失自己的方向。 7.其他国家的代理问题并不严重,主要取决于其他国家的私人投资者占比重较小。较少的私人投资者能减少不同的企业目标。高比重的机构所有权导致高学历的股东和管理层讨论

第九版公司理财罗斯中文答案第四章

1、FV=PV*(1+R)^T，PV= FV/(1+R)^T，所以时间长度增加时，终值会增加，现值会减少。 2、FV=PV*(1+R)^T，PV= FV/(1+R)^T，利率增加时，年金的终值会增加，现值会减少。 3、第一种情况：PV=C*{[1-1/(1+r)^T]/r}=1000*{[1-1/(1+r)^10]/r} 第二种情况：PV=C*{[1-(1+g)^T/(1+r)^T]/(r-g)}= 1000*{[1-(1+5%)^10/(1+r)^10]/(r-5%)} 1000*{[1-1/(1+r)^10]/r}>1000*{[1-(1+5%)^10/(1+r)^10]/(r-5%)} 所以第一种情况分十次等分支付更好。 4、是，因为名义利率通常不提供相关利率。唯一的优势就是方便计算，但是随着现在计算机设备的发展，这种优势已经不明显。 5、新生将收到更多的津贴。因为新生到偿还贷款的时间较长。 6、因为货币具有时间价值。GMAC当期获得五百美元的使用权，如果投资得当，三十年后的收益将会高于一千美元。 7、除非出现通货紧缩，资金成本成为负值，否则GMAC有权利在任意时候以10000美元的价格赎回该债券，都会增加投资者的持有该债券的意愿。 8、我不愿意今天支付五百美元来换取三十年后的一万美元。关键因素：一是同类投资相比的回报率是否较高，二是投资的回报率和风险是否相匹配。回答取决于承诺偿还人，因为必须评估其三十年后存续的风险。 9、财政部的债券价格应该更高，因为财政部发行债券是以国家信

用为担保，违约风险最小，基本可视为无风险债券。 10、应该超过。因为货币具有时间价值，债券的价格会随着时间的发展逐渐上升，最终达到一万美元。所以2010年，债券的价格应该会更高。但是这具有很大的不确定性，因为宏观经济环境和公司微观环境会发生变化，都有可能造成债券价格发生变化。 11、 a 1000*（1+6%）^10=1791美元 b 1000*（1+9%）^10=1967美元 c 1000*（1+6%）^20=3207美元 d 因为在按照复利计算时，不仅本金会产生利息，本金的利息也会产生利息。 12、PV=FV/（1+r）^t=7.5/(1+8.2%)^20=1.55亿美元 13、PV=C/r=120/5.7%=2105美元 14、FV=C*e^（rT） a FV=1900*e^（12%*5）=1900*1.8221=3462美元 b FV=1900*e^（10%*3）=1900*1.3499=2565美元 c FV=1900*e^（5%*10）=1900*1.6487=3133美元 d FV=1900*e^（7%*8）=1900*1.7507=3326美元 15、有限年限支付下PV= C*{[1-1/(1+r)^T]/r} 当T=15时， PV=4300*{[1-1/(1+9%)^15]/9%}=4300*8.0607=34661美元当T=40时， PV=4300*{[1-1/(1+9%)^40]/9%}=4300*10.7574=46257美元

公司理财部分课后答案演示教学

Chapter 1 Goal OF Firm N0.2, 3, 4, 5, 10. 2. Not-for-Profit Firm Goals Suppose you were the financial manager of a not-for-profit business (a not-for-profit hospital, perhaps). What kinds of goals do you think would be appropriate? 答：所有者权益的市场价值的最大化。 3.Goal of the Firm Evaluate the following statement: Managers should not focus on the current stock value because doing so will lead to an overemphasis on short-term profits at the expense of long-term profits. 答：错误；因为现在的股票价值已经反应了短期和长期的的风险、时间以及未来现金流量。 4. Ethics and Firm Goals Can the goal of maximizing the value of the stock conflict with other goals, such as avoiding unethical or illegal behavior? In particular, do you think subjects like customer and employee safety, the environment, and the general good of society fit in this framework, or are they essentially ignored? Think of some specific scenarios to illustrate your answer. 答：有两种极端。一种极端，所有的东西都被定价。因此所有目标都有一个最优水平，包括避免不道德或非法的行为，股票价值最大化。另一种极端，我们可以认为这是非经济现象,最好的处理方式是通过政治手段。一个经典的思考问题给出了这种争论的答案：公司估计提高某种产品安全性的成本是30万美元。然而，该公司认为提高产品的安全性只会节省20万美元。请问公司应该怎么做呢?” 5.International Firm Goal Would the goal of maximizing the value of the stock differ for financial management in a foreign country? Why or why not? 答：财务管理的目标都是相同的，但实现目标的最好方式可能是不同的(因为不同的国家有不同的社会、政治环境和经济制度) 10. Goal of Financial Management Why is the goal of financial management to maximize the current value of the company’s stock? In other words, why isn’t the goal to maximize the future value? 答：最大化现在公司股票的价格和最大化未来股票价格是一样的。股票的价值取决于公司未来所有的现金流量。从另一方面来看，支付大量的现金股利给股东，股票的预期价格将会上升。 Chapter 2 1. Building a Balance Sheet Sankey, Inc., has current assets of $4,900, net fixed assets of $25,000, current liabilities of $4,100, and long-term debt of $10,300. What is the value of the shareholders’ equity account for this firm? How much is net working capital?

Cha07 罗斯公司理财第九版原版书课后习题

to abandon, and timing options. 4. Decision trees represent an approach for valuing projects with these hidden, or real, options. Concept Questions 1. Forecasting Risk What is forecasting risk? In general, would the degree of forecasting risk be greater for a new product or a cost-cutting proposal? Why? 2. Sensitivity Analysis and Scenario Analysis What is the essential difference between sensitivity analysis and scenario analysis? 3. Marginal Cash Flows A coworker claims that looking at all this marginal this and incremental that is just a bunch of nonsense, and states, “Listen, if our average revenue doesn’t exceed our average cost, then we will have a negative cash flow, and we will go broke!” How do you respond? 4. Break-Even Point As a shareholder of a firm that is contemplating a new project, would you be more concerned with the accounting break-even point, the cash break-even point (the point at which operating cash flow is zero), or the financial break-even point? Why? 5. Break-Even Point Assume a firm is considering a new project that requires an initial investment and has equal sales and costs over its life. Will the project reach the accounting, cash, or financial break-even point first? Which will it reach next? Last? Will this order always apply? 6. Real Options Why does traditional NPV analysis tend to underestimate the true value of a capital budgeting project? 7. Real Options The Mango Republic has just liberalized its markets and is now permitting foreign investors. Tesla Manufacturing has analyzed starting a project in the country and has determined that the project has a negative NPV. Why might the company go ahead with the project? What type of option is most likely to add value to this project? 8. Sensitivity Analysis and Breakeven How does sensitivity analysis interact with break-even analysis? 9. Option to Wait An option can often have more than one source of value. Consider a logging company. The company can log the timber today or wait another year (or more) to log the timber. What advantages would waiting one year potentially have? 10. Project Analysis You are discussing a project analysis with a coworker. The project involves real options, such as expanding the project if successful, or abandoning the project if it fails. Your coworker makes the following statement: “This analysis is ridiculous. We looked at expanding or abandoning the project in two years, but there are many other options we should consider. For example, we could expand in one year, and expand further in two years. Or we could expand in one year, and abandon the project in two years. There are too many options for us to examine. Because of this, anything this analysis would give us is worthless.” How would you evaluate this statement? Considering that with any capital budgeting project there are an infinite number of real options, when do you stop the option analysis on an individual project? Questions and Problems: connect? BASIC (Questions 1–10) 1. Sensitivity Analysis and Break-Even Point We are evaluating a project that costs $724,000, has an eight-year life, and has no salvage value. Assume that depreciation is straight-line to zero over the life of the project. Sales are projected at 75,000 units per year. Price per unit is $39, variable cost per unit is $23, and fixed costs are $850,000 per year. The tax rate is 35 percent, and we require a 15 percent return on this project. 1. Calculate the accounting break-even point.

罗斯公司理财第九版第六章课后答案对应版

第六章：投资决策 1.机会成本是指进行一项投资时放弃另一项投资所承担的成本。选择投资和放弃投资之间的收益差是可能获取收益的成本。 2. （1）新的投资项目所来的公司其他产品的销售下滑属于副效应中的侵蚀效应，应被归为增量现金流。（2）投入建造的机器和厂房属于新生产线的成本，应被归为增量现金流。（3）过去3 年发生的和新项目相关的研发费用属于沉没成本，不应被归为增量现金流。（4）尽管折旧不是现金支出，对现金流量产生直接影响，但它会减少公司的净收入，并且减低公司的税收，因此应被归为增量现金流。（5）公司发不发放股利与投不投资某一项目的决定无关，因此不应被归为增量现金流。（6）厂房和机器设备的销售收入是一笔现金流入，因此应被归为增量现金流。（7）需要支付的员工薪水与医疗保险费用应被包括在项目成本里，因此应被归为增量现金流。 3. 第一项因为会产生机会成本，所以会产生增量现金流；第二项因为会产生副效应中的侵蚀效应，所以会会产生增量现金流；第三项属于沉没成本，不会产生增量现金流。 4. 为了避免税收，公司可能会选择MACRS，因为该折旧法在早期有更大的折旧额，这样可以减免赋税，并且没有任何现金流方面的影响。但需要注意的是直线折旧法与MACRS 的选择只是时间价值的问题，两者的折旧是相等的，只是时间不同。 5. 这只是一个简单的假设。因为流动负债可以全部付清，流动资产却不可能全部以现金支付，存货也不可能全部售完。 6. 这个说法是可以接受的。因为某一个项目可以用权益来融资，另一个项目可以用债务来融资，而公司的总资本结构不会发生变化。根据MM 定理，融资成本与项目的增量现金流量分析无关。 7. ECA 方法在分析具有不同生命周期的互斥项目的情况下比较适应，这是因为ECA 方法可以使得互斥项目具有相同的生命周期，这样就可以进行比较。ECA 方法在假设项目现金流相同这一点与现实生活不符，它忽略了通货膨胀率以及不断变更的经济环境。 8. 折旧是非付现费用，但它可以在收入项目中减免赋税，这样折旧将使得实际现金流出的赋税减少一定额度，并以此影响项目现金流，因此，折旧减免赋税的效应应该被归为总的增量税后现金流。 9. 应考虑两个方面：第一个是侵蚀效应，新书是否会使得现有的教材销售额下降？第二个是竞争，是否其他出版商会进入市场并出版类似书籍？如果是的话，侵蚀效应将会降低。出版商的主要需要考虑出版新书带来的协同效应是否大于侵蚀效应，如果大于，则应该出版新书，反之，则放弃。 10. 当然应该考虑，是否会对保时捷的品牌效应产生破坏是公司应该考虑到的。如果品牌效应被破坏，汽车销量将受到一定影响。 11. 保时捷可能有更低的边际成本或是好的市场营销。当然，也有可能是一个决策失误。 12. 保时捷将会意识到随着越来越多产品投入市场，竞争越来越激烈，过高的利润会减少。

(完整版)公司理财习题及答案

习题一 1.5.1单项选择题 1 ．不能偿还到期债务是威胁企业生存的（）。 A ．外在原因 B ．内在原因 C ．直接原因 D ．间接原因 2．下列属于有关竞争环境的原则的是（）。 A ．净增效益原则 B ．比较优势原则 C ．期权原则 D ．自利行为原则3．属于信号传递原则进一步运用的原则是指（） A ．自利行为原则 B ．比较优势原则 C . 引导原则 D ．期权原则 4 ．从公司当局可控因素来看，影响报酬率和风险的财务活动是（）。 A ．筹资活动 B ．投资活动 C ．营运活动 D ．分配活动 5 ．自利行为原则的依据是（）。 A ．理性的经济人假设 B ．商业交易至少有两方、交易是“零和博弈”，以及各方都是自利的 C ．分工理论 D ．投资组合理论 6 ．下列关于“有价值创意原则”的表述中，错误的是（）。 A ．任何一项创新的优势都是暂时的 B ．新的创意可能会减少现有项目的价值或者使它变得毫无意义 C ．金融资产投资活动是“有价值创意原则”的主要应用领域 D ．成功的筹资很少能使企业取得非凡的获利能力 7 ．通货膨胀时期，企业应优先考虑的资金来源是（） A ．长期负债 B ．流动负债 C ．发行新股 D ．留存收益 8．股东和经营者发生冲突的根本原因在于（）。 A ．具体行为目标不一致 B ．掌握的信息不一致 C ．利益动机不同 D ，在企业中的地位不同 9 ．双方交易原则没有提到的是（）。 A ．每一笔交易都至少存在两方，双方都会遵循自利行为原则 B ．在财务决策时要正确预见对方的反映 C ．在财务交易时要考虑税收的影响 D ．在财务交易时要以“自我为中心” 10．企业价值最大化目标强调的是企业的（）。 A ．预计获利能力 B ．现有生产能力 C ．潜在销售能力 D ．实际获利能力11．债权人为了防止其利益受伤害，通常采取的措施不包括（）。 A ．寻求立法保护 B ．规定资金的用途 C ．提前收回借款 D ．不允许发行新股12．理性的投资者应以公司的行为作为判断未来收益状况的依据是基于（）的要求。 A ．资本市场有效原则 B ．比较优势原则 C ．信号传递原则 D ．引导原则13．以每股收益最大化作为财务管理目标，存在的缺陷是（）。 A ．不能反映资本的获利水平 B ．不能用于不同资本规模的企业间比较 C ．不能用于同一企业的不同期间比较 D ．没有考虑风险因素和时间价值 14 ．以下不属于创造价值原则的是（）。 A ．净增效益原则 B ．比较优势原则 C ．期权原则 D ．风险—报酬权衡原则 15. 利率=（）＋通货膨胀附加率＋变现力附加率+违约风险附加率+到期风险附加率。 A ．物价指数附加率 B ．纯粹利率 C ．风险附加率 D ．政策变动风险 1.5.2多项选择题

Cha02 罗斯公司理财第九版原版书课后习题

reported in the financing activity section of the accounting statement of cash flows. When Tyco received payments from customers, the cash inflows were reported as operating cash flows. Another method used by Tyco was to have acquired companies prepay operating expenses. In other words, the company acquired by Tyco would pay vendors for items not yet received. In one case, the payments totaled more than $50 million. When the acquired company was consolidated with Tyco, the prepayments reduced Tyco’s cash outflows, thus increasing the operating cash flows. Dynegy, the energy giant, was accused of engaging in a number of complex “round-trip trades.” The round-trip trades essentially involved the sale of natural resources to a counterparty, with the repurchase of the resources from the same party at the same price. In essence, Dynegy would sell an asset for $100, and immediately repurchase it from the buyer for $100. The problem arose with the treatment of the cash flows from the sale. Dynegy treated the cash from the sale of the asset as an operating cash flow, but classified the repurchase as an investing cash outflow. The total cash flows of the contracts traded by Dynegy in these round-trip trades totaled $300 million. Adelphia Communications was another company that apparently manipulated cash flows. In Adelphia’s case, the company capitalized the labor required to install cable. In other words, the company classified this labor expense as a fixed asset. While this practice is fairly common in the telecommunications industry, Adelphia capitalized a higher percentage of labor than is common. The effect of this classification was that the labor was treated as an investment cash flow, which increased the operating cash flow. In each of these examples, the companies were trying to boost operating cash flows by shifting cash flows to a different heading. The important thing to notice is that these movements don’t affect the total cash flow of the firm, which is why we recommend focusing on this number, not just operating cash flow. Summary and Conclusions Besides introducing you to corporate accounting, the purpose of this chapter has been to teach you how to determine cash flow from the accounting statements of a typical company. 1. Cash flow is generated by the firm and paid to creditors and shareholders. It can be classified as: 1. Cash flow from operations. 2. Cash flow from changes in fixed assets. 3. Cash flow from changes in working capital. 2. Calculations of cash flow are not difficult, but they require care and particular attention to detail in properly accounting for noncash expenses such as depreciation and deferred taxes. It is especially important that you do not confuse cash flow with changes in net working capital and net income. Concept Questions 1. Liquidity True or false: All assets are liquid at some price. Explain. 2. Accounting and Cash Flows Why might the revenue and cost figures shown on a standard income statement not represent the actual cash inflows and outflows that occurred during a period? 3. Accounting Statement of Cash Flows Looking at the accounting statement of cash flows, what does the bottom line number mean? How useful is this number for analyzing a company? 4. Cash Flows How do financial cash flows and the accounting statement of cash flows differ? Which is more useful for analyzing a company? 5. Book Values versus Market Values Under standard accounting rules, it is possible for a