环境工程专业英语翻译(30页)
Un it one Environmen tai Engin eeri ng
环境工程
What is this book about ?这本书是关于什么的？
The objective of this book is to introduce engineering and scienee students to the interdisciplinary study of environment problems ; their cause , why they are of concern , and how we can control them. The book in cludes:
这本书的目的是使理工科的学生了解跨学科间的研究环境问题；它们的起因，为什么它们受到关注，以及我们
怎样控制它们。这本书包括：
Descriptio n of what is meant by environment and environmen tal systems
描述环境和环境系统意味着什么
In formati on on the basic causes of en viro nmen tal disturba nces
关于引起环境干扰基础原因的基本信息
Basic scie ntific kno wledge n ecessary to un dersta nd the n ature of environmen tal problems and to
be able to qua ntify them
理解环境问题本质，并能够定量计算它们所必要的基本科学知识
Current state of the tech no logy of environmen tal con trol in its applicati on to water ，air and polluti on problems
目前适用于水，空气和环境污染问题的环境控制技术的现状
Con siderable gaps in our curre nt scie ntific kno wledge of un dersta nding and con troll ing many of
the complex in teractio ns betwee n huma n activities and n ature
我们目前的科学知识在理解和控制人类活动和自然之间复杂的相互作用的科学知识上存在相当大的缺陷Many en vir onmen tal problems which could be elimi nated or reduced by the applicati on of curre nt
tech no logy ，but which are not dealt with because of society ' s lack of will to do so，or in many in sta nee because of a lack of resources to do so.
许多环境问题可以应用现有技术消除或减少，但没有得到处理是因为社会缺乏这样做的意愿，或者像许多例子那样因为缺乏资源。
Some importa nt defi niti ons —些重要的定义
Where they are first used in this book ，definitions are introduced in block form ，as shown here ，or prin ted in bold type.
如果他们是第一次使用这本书，定义介绍采用块形式，像这里显示的一样，或印成黑体字。
Environment is the physical and biotic habitat which surrounds us ；that which we can see ，hear，touch，smell ，and taste.
环境是围绕在我们周围物质生命的栖息地，在那里我们可以看到，听到，触到，闻到和品尝到。
System，according to webster ' s dictionary ，is defined as “a set or arrangement of things so
related or connected as to form a unit or organic whole ；as，a solar system ，irrigation system ，supply system ，the world or uni verse ”.
系统，依据韦伯斯特的字典，被定义为“一组或一系列能形成一个整体或者有机整体的相互关联的事物；比如，
太阳系统，灌溉系统，供水系统，世界或宇宙”。
Pollution can be defined as an undesirable change in the physical ，chemical ，or biological characteristics of the air ，water，or land that can harmfully affect the health ，survival ，or activities of huma ns or other livi ng orga ni sms.
污染可以被定义为有害影响健康，生存，活动的人或其它生物体的空气，水，或土地的物理，化学或生物特性的不应该有的变化，。
Whenthe goal of improving environmental quanlity is taken to be improving human wellbeing ，the word
“ environment ” broade ns to in elude all kinds of social , ec ono mic, and cultural aspects. Such broad ness is un workable in many real situati ons and impractical in a text book desig ned for a one semester
In teract ion of Systems 互动系统
A nu mber of differe nt en vir onmen tal problems are associated with water, air, or land systems. 许
多不同的环境问题都涉及到水，空气，或土壤。
Many of these problems will apply only with in one of these systems, justify ing the breakdow n into these categories.
许多这些问题只适用于在其中一个系统，这为这些种类中的细目分类提供了充分的理由。
Such a classification
is also useful for easier comprehension of related problems within one system.
这种分类也有助于更容易理解一个系统里的相关问题。
Moreover, it is sensible because, for manager and administrative reasons, such subfields as air
pollution, water supply, wastewater disposal, and solid waste disposal are often dealt with separately by gover nmen tal age ncies.
此外，这样做是明智的，因为是行政管理的原因，空气污染，水供应，固体废物处置和废水处理，往往是由政 府机构分别处理的。
Unfortunately,
manyimportant environmental
problems are not confined to an air, water, or land system, but involve in teractio ns between systems. 很遗憾的是，许多重要的环境问题不只局限于一个空气，水，
或土壤系统，更涉及系统之间的相互作用。
A current example is the acid rain problem stemming from the emission of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide gases into the atmosphere from the stacks of gen erati ng stati ons, smelters, and automobile
exhausts 。目前的一个例子是酸雨问题，根源是许多发电站，冶炼，汽车排出的废气中进入大气的二氧化硫和 氮氧化物气体。 These gases are the n tran sported by air curre nts over wide regions. 这些气体被气流运送至U 广阔的区
域。 Rai nfall
“ washes them out ”， creat ing acid rain which is harmful to aquatic life, forests, and
agricultural crops. 雨水“将它们洗去”，产生了对水生生物，森林和农作物有害的酸雨。 Two examples of
in teract ion betwee n systems that cause major environmen tal disturba nces are prese nted-the buildup of atmospheric carb
on dioxide, a global problem, and the acid rain problem, no rmally of regi onal nature. 两个有关于系统间相互作用引起的环境问题有： 空气中的二氧化碳的增加的全球性问题以及具有地域性质的酸
雨问题。
En viro nmen tal Disturba nces 环境扰舌 L
Many major improvements to our standard of living can be attributed to the application of science and tech no logy. 我们的生活水平的许多重大改进，可以归因于科学和技术的应用。 A few examples are no ted here. Can you think of others? 这里举几个例子，你可以想到其他例子吗？ ? The product ion of more and better quality food
生产更多更好的优质食品 ? The creati on of hous ing as protect ion from extremes from climates and as livi ng space 创造能避免极端的气候的保护所和生活空间
? The buildi ng of fast and reliable means of tran sportati on
course. Our exam in ati on of environmental a
. . ??
environment
problems is therefore limited by our definition
of
当改善环境质量的目标是用来改善人类的福祉,
“环境” 这个词扩大到包括社会，经济，文化等所有方面的 内容。这种扩大化在许多实际情况下是不可行的, 我们对环境问题的考察限于我们定义的“环境” 在本被设计为一学期课程的教科书中也是不切实际的。
因此,
建设快速和可靠的运输方式
专业资料
?The inven tio n of various systems of com mun icatio n
发明各种通信系统
?The invention of machines to replace human or animal power
发明机器来取代人类或动物体力
?The supply of safe water and the disposal of wastes
安全水的供应和废物处理
?The elim in ati on of many in fectious diseases
消灭多种传染疾病
?The elim in ati on of most waterbor ne diseases in the developed world through improved water tech no logy 在多数发达国家中通过改善水技术来消除大部分水源性疾病
?The availability of leisure time through greater productivity, providi ng the opport un ity for
cultural and recreatio nal activities
通过提高生产力，腾出闲暇时间，为进行文化和娱乐活动提供机会
?The protecti on from the worst effects of n atural disasters such as floods, droughts, earthquakes,
and volca nic erupti ons.
防止最严重的自然灾害的影响，如洪水，干旱，地震和火山爆发
With these improveme nts, however, have come disturb ing side effects, such as lost arable land,
disappeari ng forests, environmen tal polluti on, and new orga ni sms resista nt to con trols. 然而,随着(科学技术的)发展，产生了不良的副作用，比如，可耕地丢失，森林消失，环境污染，微生物滋长.
Many effects origi nally con sidered to be just nu isa nces are now recog ni zed as pote ntial threats to
nature and to huma ns. 起初只是让我们觉得讨厌的许多事物现在被认为对自然和人类存在的潜在威胁。
In an agrarian society, people lived essentially in harmony with mature, raising food, gathering firewood, and mak ing clothi ng and tools from the Ian d. 在农业社会，人们基本上能与自然和谐地相处，他们在陆地上种植食物，收集木材，做衣服和工具。
The wastes from animals and humans were returned to the soil as fertilizer. Few, if any, problems
of water, la nd, or air pollution occurred. 动物和人类排放的废物作为肥料又返到土地中。很少有水污染、
土地污染、和空气污染问题产生。
The cities of ancient times, particularly those of the Roma n Empire, had systems to supply water
and to dispose of wastes. 在古代的城市，特别是像罗马帝国那类，就已经存在供水系统和处置废物系统。
The aqueducts suppl ying the ancient city of Rome (populatio n about 1 milli on) with safe water from
the Cloaca Maxima, the best known and one of the earliest sewers to be built, are examples of such
systems.从一个最早建成之一且最有名的污水管-----古罗马大排泄沟，向古代的罗马城市提供安全的水的渠
道，就是这样的系统的例子。
The mun icipal tech no logy of ancient cities seems to have bee n forgotte n for many cen turies by those
who built cities throughout Europe. 古代的城市的市政技术似乎已经被那些在整个欧洲建设城市的人遗忘
了许多个世纪。
Water supply and waste disposal were neglected, resulting in many outbreaks of the nineteenth century, it was not realized that improper wastes disposal polluted water supplies with disease-carry ing
organisms.供水和废物处置的忽略，导致爆发了许多疾病，如痢疾、霍乱、伤寒和其它水传染的疾病。
专业资料
The in dustrial revoluti on in nin etee nth-ce ntury Britai n, Europe, and North America aggravated the
en vir onmen tal problems since it brought in creased urba ni zati on. 直至U 19 世纪中期，人们才意识至U废物
的不正确处置导致引起疾病的微生物污染了供水。
Both phe nomena, urba ni zati on and in dustrializati on, were and are fun dame ntal cause of water and air pollution which the cities of that time were unable to handle. 19 世纪在英国、欧洲和北美的工业革
命带来了工业化和城市化的增加，也加重了环境问题。城市化和工业化在过去和现在都是引起水和空气污染的根本原因，这在当时的城市还不能够处理。
Rapid adva nces in tech no logy for the treatme nt of water and the partial treatme nt of wastewater took
place in the developed countries over the next few decades. This led to a dramatic decrease in the
in cide nee of waterborne diseases. 在接下来的几十年，水处理和废水的部分处理技术在发达国家快速发展，
这导致水传染疾病的发生率大量地减少。Note that all wastes discharge into environment, and thus pollute
out water, air, and land system. 注意，所有的废物排放到环境中都会污染我们的水、空气和土地系统。
Un it Two Historical Overview of Hazardous Substa nee Disposal in the USA
回顾美国处置危险物品的历史
Hazardous substa nee disposal practices in the Un ited States have traveled full circle. 在美国，处
理危险物品的做法走过了迂回的道路。
Prior to 1978 there were few if any regulati ons regard ing the disposal of these materials. 1978
年之前，很少有任何关于如何处置这些物品的法规。
Improper disposal of many of these chemicals resulted in health problems for many citizens, con tami nated water supplies, and destruction of wildlife. 这些化学物品的不当处置使市民陷入健康问
题，水供应受污染和野生生物死亡。
With the en actme nt of the Resource Con servati on and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1978, manu facturi ng facilities now have an obligati on to acco unt for all waste materials that are gen erated by the facility. 随着《资源回收法》(1978年)的颁布，工厂有责任处置生产设施所产生的所有废弃材料。
Impleme ntatio n of RCRA has bee n slow. 但是《资源回收法》的实施一直进展缓慢。
From the very early in dustrial period in the Un ited States, which started about 1920, un til several years after the Second World War, there was little concern for the proper methods of disposal of waste materials that were gen erated as by-products duri ng manu facturi ng processes. 在美国，从大
约1920年开始的早期工业时代，到第二次世界大战结束后几年里，几乎没人关注处理在生产过程中作为副产品产生的废弃材料的合理方法。Up until the 1960 ' s it was quite common to find fresh water rivers and
streams fouled with waste chemicals from manu facturi ng, salt water from oil producti on wells and
waste acids from steel mill activities. 直到1920年，随处可见被生产过程产生的废化学品、油井排出
的盐水和炼钢厂排出的废酸所污染的淡水河流和溪涧。
Virtually every con ceivable waste oil, solve nt, or resi n waste could be found in the rivers. 事实上，所有能够想象到的废物如废油、溶剂、废树脂都可以在河流里面找到。
The laws of the time were either non-existe nt or not en forced. 然而当时的相关法律要么不存在，要
么是没有被实施。
The literature has many examples of health problems of in dividuals as well as destruct ion of fish
专业资料
and wildlife habitat. 文献记载了许多关于个体的健康问题以及鱼类、野生动物栖息地被破坏的例子。
Many other cases occurred that were not reported in the literature. 许多其他发生的事件并未记载在
文献上。
Other waste materials were dumped haphazardly in makeshift excavati ons either at the factory side
or throughout the cou ntry side. 其他废弃物质被草率地埋在临时挖掘在工厂还有乡村旁边的坑洞里面。
Because of ignorance and lack of econo mic incen tives to do so, the factories made no attempt to
preve nt con tam in ati on of un dergr ound water supplies by the chemicals that were disposed of. 因为对环境的忽视以及缺少经济刺激，各企业完全没有意识来保护被化学物质污染的地下水供应。
In fact, knowledgeable scientists of the time accepted land irrigation and percolation into the porous
un dergr ound formatio ns as methods of waste treatme nt. 事实上，当代有见识的科学家，已经接受了土地
清洗以及过滤可渗透地底层这两种可作为处理废弃物治理的方法。
Although these treatme nt methods may have bee n inten ded for non-hazardous materials, they were employed for hazardous materials as well. 尽管这些治理方法或许用于无毒害的物质，同时也可用于有毒
害的物质。
Again, there were no governmental regulations protecting the underground aquifers from these practices. 再者，并没有政府法规因保护地下蓄水层而禁止这些处理方法。
The problem of disposal of hazardous chemicals did not improve with the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the 1996. 处理有毒化学物品的问题并没有因为在1996年环境保护局的成立而
有所改善。
The first task of the new age ncy was to clea n up rivers and streams. 此新兴机构的首要任务是清理
干净河流水道。
Unfortun ately, no one in power in the gover nment at the time had in sight i nto the problems that
were to be created by the new age ncy. 不幸的是，当时政府的执政人员没有一个洞察到那个新兴机构带来
的问题。
The EPA was quite successful in those early days in the en forceme nt of the many water polluti on laws
that evolved. 环境保护局在早些年的时候，对于强制执行污染法的发展还是做的相当成功的。
As the practice of the dumping of hazardous materials into the rivers and streams was eliminated,
those same materials created other disposal problems. 随着往河道排放有毒物质的习惯的消除，但这些
相同的物质造成了其他处理问题。
Many of the chemicals saved from the sewer were either worthless or of such a low value as to
ren der recovery unecon omical. 在下水道中回收到的物质不是没价值的就是低廉到不足以恢复利用
In some cases, recovery was tech ni cally impossible. As a result, the waste chemicals were disposed
of by any convenient method. 一些情况下，回收在技术层面上是不可能的.所以，很多废弃的化学药物都被很
简单地扔掉了.
The makeshift dumps sites were expa nded. Because there were no regulati ons regard ing disposal, 临时的垃圾场已经不得不扩大，因为没有任何关于废物丢弃的法规.
pers ons with no tech ni cal expertise en tered into the bus in ess of waste disposal. The profits were
high because these in dividuals did n ot treat the chemicals. 很多不具备专业技术知识的人就进入了废
物处理的行业，由于这些人并没有真正处理掉化学药物，所以这个行业的利润相当高。
In most cases, the waste materials were tran sported to impo unding areas located on privately owned
Iand.很多情况下，废弃的化学物品会被运到私有土地上的贮物地
The factories that gen erated the waste felt secure in the belief that the waste tran sporter was
专业资料
disposi ng of the materials in an acceptable ma nn er. 那些产生废弃物的厂家之所以感到安心是因为他们
相信废物处理者会用一种合理的方法来处置掉废物
In most cases, this was not a correct assumption. 但很多情况下,事实并非^口此.
The un regulated dumps grew both in size and complexity. 乱堆放的大小规模和复杂度上都在增长
When the dumpswere in close proximity to populated areas or public water supplies, a series of problems begin to develop. 当垃圾场很接近居住区或公共水源的话，一系列的问题将会开始产生.
Citizens in the vicinity of some of the dumps began to experienee adverse health problems such as
skin rashes, paralysis, cancer, and birth defects. 在一些垃圾场附近的居民会开始遇到一些像皮肤疹. 麻痹.癌症.先天缺陷等不利的健康问题.
In some cases, these problems have been attributed to contamination from the chemicals. 有时候, 这些问题会归属于受到化学药物的污染而产生的
Because of these concerns , the United States Congress enacted a new legislation that dealt with
the issues of disposal of hazardous wastes. 由于这些担心，美国国会通过了一个新的处理有害废物过程
中出现问题的法规。
This was the Resource Conversation and Recovery Act of 1987. 这就是1987 年的资源回收保护法。
The purpose of the Act was to allow regulati on of hazardous substa nee disposal. 这项法案的目的是
同意有害物质处理的方法。
As a result, in dustries that gen erated large qua ntities of these waste materials now had to en sure
that the materials were disposed of in the a manner that was safe for the environment. 结果导致产生大量废物的企业现在不得不确保这些物质被以对环境安全的方法处理。
Many of the improper dumps that were created prior to the RCRA legislati on were created by pers ons
with little or no financial resources. 在资源回收保护法由很少或者没有经济资源的人确立之前，很多不合理的堆放已经造成。
As a result, the clea nup of the old sites has bee n take n over by the gover nment un der legislati on.
使得清理旧的堆放点的工作由政府接管。
As of this time, the results of these clea n up efforts have bee n in effective. 在这一时期，这些清
理的努力效率不高。
Because of the abuses and problems of the past, regulati ons have bee n en acted that force America n
in dustry to be respo nsible for hazardous waste disposal. 由于过去的这些问题，强制美国工业承担有害
物质处理的责任的相关法规已经颁布。
The problems were brought about by a lack of econo mic inden tives to the in dustrial com muni ty. 这些问题是由对工业界缺少经济动力带来的。
The problems were compo un ded by the in experie nee and lack of in sight by elected gover nmen tal officials
and the gover nmen tal age ncies charged with the task of regulati on. 政府官员缺乏经验和洞察力以及政
府机构对法规的控制任务使得问题复杂化。Although sufficie nt legislatio n is now in place to solve the
problem of hazardous waste disposal, it is un likely that a true soluti on will be achieved for 20
years or Ion ger. 尽管现在有足够的法规来解决有害物质的处理问题，但是在二十年或更长的时间内是不可能
真正的解决的。
Only through in teract ion betwee n in dustry scie ntists, and gover nment regulators will true soluti ons
be fin ally realized. 只有通过工业界，科学家和政府部门的共同努力，才能最终得到解决。
Unit 3 What is Waste Reductio n/Waste Min imizatio n?
什么是废物减量化，废物最少化
A great amount of time has bee n spe nt in the U.S. discuss ing the term ino logy of such words as
source reduct ion, waste mini mizati on, recycli ng and polluti on preve nti on. EPA has provided the
(完整版)医学专业英语翻译及答案
Chapter 1 Passage 1 Human Body In this passage you will learn: 1. Classification of organ systems 2. Structure and function of each organ system 3. Associated medical terms To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc. 了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。 Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article. 解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。本文描绘并阐述了各系统的主要部分。 The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. They have various shapes - long, short, cube - shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made. 骨骼系统由骨、关节以及软骨组成。它对软组织及人体器官起到支持和保护作用，并牵动骨胳肌，引起各种运动。人体有206根骨头。骨形态不一，有长的、短、立方的、扁的及不规则的。许多长骨里有一个内层间隙，里面充填着骨髓，这即是血细胞的制造场所。 A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane - as with the hinge joint of the elbow - or movement around a single axis - as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball - shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints. 关节把骨与骨连接起来。颅骨不能运动，是由于骨与骨之间的连接太紧密。但其它的关节可允许活动，如一个平面上的前后屈伸运动，如肘关节；或是绕轴心旋转运动，如枢轴点允许头部转动。如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里，大辐度的运动（如肩关节、髋关节）即成为可能。 Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infant's skeleton is made of cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult. 软骨是一种比一般骨更具韧性的物质。它是骨连结的保护、缓冲层。它把肋骨与胸骨连结起来，也是鼻腔与内耳的结构基础。一个婴儿的骨骼就是由软骨组成，然后不断生长、
(完整版)环境工程专业英语考试重点词汇
Environmental quality 环境质量Acid rain酸雨 Sulfur dioxide二氧化硫Nitrogen oxide 氧化氮Automobile exhausts汽车尾气Infectious diseases传染病Waterborne diseases通过水传播的疾病 Carbon dioxide二氧化碳Environmental disturbance环境破坏 Aquatic life 水生物 Detection limits 检出限Qualitative 定性的Quantitative定量的Characterization 表征性能描写Unpleasant odors 难闻的气味Trace l level 痕量微量Carbon oxide碳化物 Carbon monoxide 一氧化碳Carbon dioxide 二氧化碳Sulfur oxide 硫化物 Sulfur dioxide二氧化硫 Sulfur trioxide 三氧化硫Nitrogen oxide 氮化物 Nitrous oxide一氧化二氮 Nitric oxide一氧化氮 Nitrogen dioxide 二氧化氮Ethane 乙烷 Propane 丙烷Photochemical oxidants 光氧化剂 Ozone臭氧 Aldehydes 乙醛 Sulfate salts硫酸盐 Hydrogen sulfide 硫化氢Ammonia氨气 Sulfur acids 硫酸 Nitric acid 硝酸 Primary air pollutant一次污染物Second air pollutant二次污染物Biofiltration生物过滤 Volatile organic compounds挥发性化合物Trickling filter滴滤器 Municipal sewage treatment plant市政污水处理厂 Wastewater treatment plant污水 处理厂 Rendering plant 炼油厂 Ethanol 乙醇 Biodegradation 生物降解 Bioremediation 生物治理 Suspended solid（SS）悬浮颗粒 物 Volatile suspended solid(VSS) 挥 发性悬浮颗粒物 Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)生化需氧量 Heavy mental重金属 Domestic sewage 生活废水 Chemical oxygen demand (COD) 化学需氧量 Sewage 污水、废水 Microorganism微生物 Microbe微生物 Bacteria(复数) Bacterium(单数)细菌 Oxidizer氧化剂 Oxidant氧化剂 Dissolved oxygen溶解氧 Residence time 停留时间 Eutrophic lake富营养化的湖泊 Sanitary sewage 生活污水 Aeration tank 曝气池 Sedimentation tank 沉淀池 Eutrophication 富营养化 Adsorption 吸附 Activated carbon 活性炭 Activated sludge活性污泥 Coagulation 絮凝、凝固 Flocculation 混凝 Sedimentation 沉淀、沉积 Hydrophilic 亲水的、吸水的 Oxidizing agent 氧化剂 Reverse osmosis 反向渗透 Membrane膜 Groundwater地下水 Surface water 地表水 Aluminum sulfate 硫酸铝 Screening （用拦污栅）隔离 Turbidity 浊度，浑浊性 Colloidal胶体 Chlorine dioxide 二氧化氯 Ultraviolet light 紫外线 Limestone 石灰石 Incinerator 焚烧炉 Hazardous waste 危险废物 Refuse垃圾、废物 Environmental protection agency 环保部 Hydrogen sulfide 硫化物 Decontamination 净化，消 除……的污染 Aerobic 需氧的 Anaerobic 厌氧的 Decibel meter 分贝仪 Subsonic 亚声速的 Supersonic 超声速的 Muffler消声器 Ecological disruptions 生态破坏 Aquatic ecosystem 水环境系统 Environmental impact assessments环境影响评价 Kinetics 动力学 Steady-state 稳态的 Point source discharge点源排放 Receiving water收纳水体 Nitrogen oxide 氮氧化物 Photochemical oxidant 光化学氧 化剂 Carbon monoxide一氧化碳 Coliform bacteria 大肠杆菌
环境工程专业英语汇总
专业英语 环境：environment 环境工程：environmental engineering 环境保护：environmental protection 环境意识：environmental consciousness/awareness 环境问题：environmental issue/problem 环境效应：environmental effect 环境污染：environmental pollution 环境要素：environmental elements 环境因子：environmental factors 环境化学：environmental chemistry 环境生态学：environmental ecology 环境质量：environmental quality 环境自净作用：environmental self-purification/self-cleansing 水环境：watershed 水体：water body 流域：watershed 水质：water quality 水资源：water resources 供水：water supply 废水：waste water 水处理：water treatment 物理性水质指标：physical indicate of water quality 水污染物：water pollutant 生物性水质指标：biological water-quality index 水质标准：water quality standard 化学性水质指标：chemical water-quality index DS：dissolved solids BOD：biochemical oxygen demand TDS：total dissolved solids COD：chemical oxygen demand TSS：total suspended solids DO：dissolved oxygen TOC：total organic carbon PH值： TN：总氮total nitrogen TP：总磷phosphorus Zn：zinc Cu：Copper As：arsenic Cd：Cadmium Cr：chromium Ni：Nickel Hg：mercury Pb：plumbum 物理处理：physical treatment 过滤：screening 生物处理：biological treatment 沉淀：sedimentation 化学处理：chemical treatment 气浮：flotation 物理化学处理：physical-chemical treatment 蒸发：evaporation 稀释：dilution 扩散：dispersion 吹脱：stripping 好氧处理：aerobic treatment 生物膜法：bio-membrane process 厌氧处理：anaerobic treatment 生物滤池：trickling filters 活性污泥法：activated sludge process 生物接触氧化：biological contact SBR：苯乙烯-丁二烯Styrene Butadiene Rubber UASB（流式厌氧污泥床）：Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket 活性污泥：activated sludge 改进型：modification 一级处理：primary treatment 二级处理：secondary treatment 三级处理：tertiary treatment 高级氧化处理：advanced treatment 生活污水：domestic wastewater 生产废水：industrial wastewater 城市生活污水：municipal wastewater 电镀废水：metalplating plants 印染废水：pulp and paper industries wastewater 浊度：turbidity 硬度：hardness 水质净化：water quality purifies 混凝沉淀：coagulate flocculating agent 活性炭吸附：activated carbon adsorption
环境保护常用词汇短句中英文对照
环境保护常用词汇短句中英文对照 世界环境日World Environment Day (June 5th) 环境千年——行动起来吧！（2000）The Environment Millennium - Time to Act！拯救地球就是拯救未来！（1999）Our Earth - Our Future - Just Save It! 为了地球上的生命—拯救我们的海洋!（1998）For Life on Earth - Save Our Seas! 为了地球上的生命（1997）For Life on Earth 我们的地球、居住地、家园（1996）Our Earth, Our Habitat, Our Home 国际生物多样性日International Biodiversity Day (29 December) 世界水日World Water Day (22 March) 世界气象日World Meteorological Day(23 March) 世界海洋日World Oceans Day (8 June ) 国家环境保护总局State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) 生态示范区eco-demonstration region; environment-friendly region 国家级生态示范区（珠海）Nationally Designated Eco-Demonstration Region 国家级园林城市Nationally Designated Garden City 对水质和空气质量的影响impact on the quality of the water and the air 治理环境污染curb environmental pollution; bring the pollution under control 海藻mostly in polluted waters) 工业固体废物industrial solid wastes 白色污染white pollution (by using and littering of non-degradable white plastics) 可降解一次性塑料袋throwaway bio-degradable plastic bags 放射性废料积存accumulation of radioactive waste 有机污染物organic pollutants 城市垃圾无害化处理率decontamination rate of urban refuse 垃圾填埋场refuse landfill 垃圾焚化厂refuse incinerator 防止过度利用森林protect forests from overexploitation 森林砍伐率rate of deforestation 水土流失water and soil erosion 土壤盐碱化soil alkalization 农药残留pesticide residue 水土保持conservation of water and soil 生态农业environment-friendly agriculture; eco-agriculture 水资源保护区water resource conservation zone 海水淡化sea water desalinization 保护珊瑚礁、红树林和渔业资源protect coral reefs, mangrove and fishing resource 绿化祖国turn the country green 矿物燃料（煤、石油、天然气）fossil fuels: coal, oil, and natural gas 清洁能源clean energy 汽车尾气排放motor vehicle exhaust 尾气净化器exhaust purifier 无铅汽油lead-free gasoline 天然气汽车gas-fueled vehicles 电动汽车cell-driven vehicles; battery cars 氯氟烃CFCs 温室效应greenhouse effect 厄尔尼诺南徊ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation)
环境科学与工程专业英语翻译
第二单元环境工程 这本书主要关于什么？ 这本书的目标是使工程和科学的学生了解学科间的研究环境问题：它们的起因，为什么它们被关注，我们怎么控制它们。这本书包括： ●描述环境和环境系统意味着什么 ●关于环境破坏基础原因的信息 ●理解环境问题本质和能够定量计算它们所必要的基本科学知识 ●目前运用在水,空气,污染问题的环境控制技术的状况 ●我们目前在很多关于理解和控制人类活动、自然之间复杂相互作用的科学知识上存在着相当大的空白 ●很多环境问题能运用目前的技术消除或减少，但因为社会缺少意愿这么做或在很多例子中因为缺乏资源去这样做，这些环境问题没有被处理 一些重要的定义： 在这本书中，它们第一次被使用，定义被以大写或印刷成黑体字的形式展示 环境是围绕在我们周围的物质生命的栖息地，在这儿我们能看到,听到,触摸,闻到,和品尝到 系统依据韦氏字典,被定义为“一组或一系列能形成一个整体或者有机整体的相互关联的事物”，例如，太阳系统，灌溉系统，供应系统，世界和宇宙。 污染被定义为“在大气，水或土地中的物质的，化学的或生物的特性的不合意的改变，这一改变有害地影响人类或其它生物的健康，生存，或活动”。 当改进环境质量的目标被用来改进人类福利，“环境”一词扩展成包括所有的社会，经济和文化方面的内容。这一扩展在许多真实情况下是不可行的以及在一本被设计为一学期课程的教科书中也是不实际的。我们对环境问题的考察因此限于我们对“环境”的定义。 系统的相互作用 许多不同的环境问题都与水，空气或土地系统有关联。许多这些问题都只适用于这些系统中的一个，这为这些种类中的细目分类提供了充分的理由。这样的分类也更有用于及易于理解一个系统内的相关问题。而且，这样做是明智的，这是因为由于管理上的和行政上的原因，这些有关空气污染，水供应，废水处理和固体废物处理的子域通常由政府机构分别处理。 很遗憾的是，很多重要的环境问题不仅仅限制于空气，水或土地系统，还包括系统间的相互作用。现在举个例子，酸雨问题起源于从发电站烟囱，冶炼厂和汽车尾气中向大气排放的含硫二氧化物和氮氧化物。接着这些气体由气流运输到广阔的区域，降雨“将它们洗去”，产生了有害于水生生命，森林和农作物的酸雨。两个有关于系统间相互作用引起的环境问题有：空气中的二氧化碳的增加的全球问题，及通常具有地域性质的酸雨问题。 环境问题 许多对我们生活标准的主要改进能被归因于科学和技术的运用。这里举一些例子，你能想出其它例子吗？ ●生产更多及更好质量的食物 ●创造能避免极端环境的保护所和生存空间 ●快速和可靠的运输方法的建立 ●各种交流系统的发明 ●代替人类和动物体力的机器的发明 ●安全水的供应和废物处理 ●对很多传染疾病的消除
医学专业英语翻译
医学专业英语翻译 医学专业英语翻译如下： portable electric dental engine 轻便电动钻牙机，轻便牙钻portable hearing aid 袖珍助听器 portable microtome 手提式切片机 portable monitor 手提式监护仪 portable obstetric table 轻便产床 portable operating table 轻便手术台 portable photoelectric colorimeter 便携式光电比色计 portable suction unit 便携式吸引器 portable testing set 便携式测试仪器 portable typewriter 手提式打字机 portable X-ray machine 手提式X 光机 portacid 移酸滴管，滴酸器 portal 门，入门 portal venography 门静脉造影术 port B/L 港口提单 portcaustic 腐蚀药把持器 porte 柄 porte-acid 移酸滴管，滴酸器
porte-aiguille 持针器 porte-caustique 腐蚀药把持器 porte-ligature 深部结扎器，缚线把持器porte-meche 填塞条器 porte-noeud 瘤蒂结扎器 porte-polisher 握柄磨光器 porterage 搬运费 portial impression trays 局部牙托portion 部分，段，份 portligature 深部结扎器，缚线把线器port of arrival 到达港 port of delivery 交货港 port of departure 出发港 port of destination 到达港目的港 port of discharge 卸货港 portogram 门静脉造影片 portoraphy 门静脉造影术portovenogram 门静脉造影片 posion 阴离子，阳向离子 position 位置，状态 positioner 定位器（牙），位置控制器
环境科学与工程专业英语
1环境工程与科学 Environmental Engineering and Science 2环境监测与评价 Environmental monitoring and assessment 3温室气体 greenhouse gases 4地表水 the surface water 浅层水 the subsurface water 地下水 the ground water 5环境影响评（EIA ）environmental impact assessment 6臭氧层减少 ozone depletion 7沙漠化 desertification 8点源 point sources 非点源 nonpoint sources 9初级污染物 primary pollutant 次级污染物 secondary pollutant 10光化学烟雾 photochemical smog 11室内污染 indoor air pollution 12固体及有害废弃物污染 solid and hazardous waste pollution 13生物多样性减少biodiversity loss 14传统决策 traditional decision making 15原生环境 primary environment 次生环境 secondary environment 16不可再生资源 nonrenewable resources 17生态示范区 ecological demonstrate area 18保护林 protection forest 19环境危机 environmental crisis 20环境预测environmental forecasting 21环境效应environmental effect 22环境承载力environmental capacity 23环境演化evolution of environment 24草地退化 grassland degeneration 25水中悬浮物 suspended solids 26孔隙水 void water 27岩溶水 karst water 28流域保护 water basin protection 29淡水 fresh water 海水 salt water 30降雨量 amount of precipitation 降雨强度 intensity of precipitation 31 海洋倾倒 ocean dumping 32水力工程 hydro-engineering 33水环境功能区 function district of water environment 34土壤肥力 soil fertility 33土壤酸碱度 soil acidity and alkalinity 36土壤盐渍化 soil salination 37土壤酸化 soil acidification 38缓冲能力 buffer capacity 39盐基饱和度 base saturation percentage 40污水灌溉 wastewater irrigation 41事后评价 afterwards assessment 42大气扩散 atmospheric diffusion 43而授限度 limits of tolerance 44生命周期评价 life cycle assessment 45慢性毒性实验 chronic toxicity test 46生物富集 bioaccumulation 47生物浓缩 bioconcentration 48生物放大 biomagnification 49边缘效应 edge effect 5总悬浮颗粒物 total suspended particulates(TSP) 51化学需氧量 chemical oxygen demand (COD) 52生物化学需氧量 biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) 53总有机碳 total organic carbon （TOC ） 54活性碳 active carbon 55萃取剂 extracting agent 56有机高分子絮凝剂 organic pdymer flocculant 57固定大气污染源 stationary sources of air pollution 移动大气污染源 mobile sources of air pollution 5环境优先污染物environmental priority pollutant 59回归分析 regression analysis 相关分析 correlation analysis 60相关系数 correlation coefficient 61系数误差 systematic error 62随机误差 random error 63土壤修复 soil-remediation 64绝对湿度 absolute humidity 相对湿度 relative humidity 65热辐射 thermal radiation 湍流扩散 turbulent diffusion 6煤的综合利用 comprehensive-utilization of coal 67清洁生产 cleaner production 68采矿排水 mining drainage 69分子筛吸附NOx 化物过程 control of NOx by adsorption process with molecular sieve 70公害 public nuisance 71涡流 eddy current 72富营养化废水 eutrophic wastewater 73富营养化 eutrophication 74中度营养湖泊 mesotrophic lake 75贫营养湖泊 oligotropic lake 76腐殖质化 humification 77土壤质地 soil texture 78海水淡化 desalination of seawater 79检出限 detection limit 80生态位 niche 81生态型 ecotype 82表面活性剂 surfactant 83光催化作用 photo catalysis 84催化作用 catalysis 85格栅 grill 86筛网 grid screen 87气浮池 floatation basin 88微电解法 micro-electroanalysis 89微生物合成代谢 micro-organism synthetic metabolism 90杀菌 sterilization 除味 taste removal 91紫外光消毒 disinfection with ultroviolet vays 93脱臭 odor removal 94脱色decoloration 95污泥浓缩sludge thickening 污泥硝化sludge digestion 污泥脱水sludge dewatering 污泥干燥sludge drying 96陆地填埋landfill 97焚烧incineration 98渗滤液处理leachate treatment 99最大允许浓度maximum permissible concentration 100理境伦理学environmental ethics 101环境适宜度environmental suitability 102排放总量控制total discharge control of pollutant 103谁污染谁治理pollutant-treats 104谁开发谁保护explorer-protects 105国家级生态示范区national ecological demonstration area 106环境管理信息系统information system for environmental management I07环境标记物environmental label 108外部经济性external economics 外部非经济性external diseconomics 109生态足迹the ecological footprint 110代际公平equality between generation 111公众参与public participantion 112回收水系统water reuse system 113绿化用水greenbelt sprinkling 114自然沉降plain sedimentation 115过程水process water 116未预见用水量unforeseen water demand 117絮凝沉淀coagulation sedimentation 118垃圾处理sewage disposal 119居民生活垃圾domestic sewage 居民生活污水 domestic water 120市政垃圾municipal sewage 121水体自净self-purification of waterbodies 122一级处理primary treatment 二级处理secondary treatment 生物处理biological treatment 123活性污泥处理activated sludge process 124污泥焚烧sludge incineration
(完整版)医学专业英语
cardiovascular diseases; 脑垂体的功能the function of pituitary; 泌尿道urinary tract; 分子molecule; 动脉artery; 内分泌学endocrinology; 呼吸困难dyspnea; 唾液saliva; 组织学histology; 血液循环blood circulation; 血液学hematology; 生理学physiology; 解剖学anatomy; 女性生殖系统femal reproductive system; 神经细胞nerve cell; 免疫学immunology; 消化不良dyspepsia; 随意肌voluntary muscle; 胚胎学embryology; 心理学psychology; 细胞学cytology; 原生质protoplasm; 细胞膜cell membrane; 细胞核nucleus; 细胞质(浆)cytoplasm; 脱氧核糖核酸deoxyribonucleic acid; 能半渗透的semipermeable; 分子生物学molecular biology; 碳水化合物carbohydrate; 有区别性的differentially; 使…完整intact; 根据according to; 遗传特性hereditary trait; 渗滤diffusion; 转换transaction; 蓝图blueprint; 染色体chromosome; 色素pigment; 排出废液excrete waste fluid; 散开disperse; 脉冲信号impulse; 核糖核酸ribonucleic acid; 损害正常功能impair the normal function; 污染环境pollute environment; 功能失调malfunction; 致病因子causative agents; 易受侵害的人群vulnerable groups; 局部化的感染localized infection; 花柳病venereal disease; 抗原与抗体antigen&antibody; 肌电图electromyogram; 多发性硬化multiple sclerosis; 心电图electrocardiograph; 疾病的后遗症sequelea of disease; 光纤技术fiber optic technology; 造血系统hematopoietic system; 致命的疾病fatal disease; 体液body fluid; 无副作用的治疗hazard-free treatment; 无侵犯的实验检查non-invasive laboratory test; 核磁共振nuclear magnetic resonance; 葡萄糖耐糖实验the glucose-tolerance test; 乐观的预后optimistic prognosis; 超声波检测法ultrasonography; 病史medical history; 随访活动follow-up visit; 营养不良nutritional deficiency; 使细节显著highlight detail; 脑电图electroencephalogram; 缺血的组织blood-starved tissue; 肌纤维muscle fiber; 随意肌voluntary muscle; 消化道alimentary canal; 肌腹fleshy belly of muscle; 横纹肌striated muscle; 肌肉痉挛cramps of muscle; 肌肉收缩muscle contraction; 肌肉附着点attachment of the muscle; 肌肉放松relaxation of muscle; 动脉出血arterial hemorrhage; 止端insertion;起端origion;供血blood supply; 屈肌flexor; 蛋白分子protein molecule; 纤维结缔组织fibrous connective tissue; 伸肌extensor; 意志力willpower; 横切面transverse section; 起搏器pacemaker; 肌萎缩muscle atrophy; 重症肌无力myasthenia gravis; 弥散性局部缺血diffuse ischemia; 常染色体隐性autosomal recessive; 全身性感染systemic infection; 受累的肌肉muscle involved; 显著相关性significant correlation; 神经末梢nerve terminal; 自体免疫反应autoimmune reaction; 神经支配innervation; 肌营养不良muscular dystrophy; 慢性营养不良chronic mulnutrition; 先天性肌病congenital myopathy; 预期寿命life expectancy; 免疫紊乱immunologic derangemant; 发病高峰年龄the peak age of onset; 胸腺肿瘤thymoma; 呼吸肌受累the involvement of respiratory muscle; 感染性肌炎inflammatory myositic; 去神经支配denervation; 矿物质吸收mineral absorption; 机械应力mechanical stress; 骨基质有机部分the organic parts of bone matrix; 青春期早熟premature puberty; 蛋白溶解酶protein-digesting enzyme; 破骨细胞osteoclast; 松质骨spongy bone; 骨折fracture; 不规则骨irregular bone; 骨骼系统skeletal system; 维生素吸收vitamin absorption; 骨钙丧失the loss of calcium from bone; 生长激素growth hormone;
环境工程专业英语期末试卷标准卷
晓庄学院期末考试试卷 （ 07 级 环境工程 专业2010 ～2011 学年度 第 一 学期） 课程名称 环境工程专业英语 A 卷 考试形式 闭卷 考核类型 考试 本试卷共 六 大题，卷面满分100分，答题时间120分钟。 一、 请根据缩写写出单词全称：（本题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分） 1. VOC ：Volatile Organic Compounds 2. APC ：Air Pollution Control 3. SS ：Suspended Solids 4. COD ：Chemical Oxygen Demand 5. EIA ： Environmental Impact Assessment （评分标准：每小题中单词全部写对，不论大小写，得2分；错一个单词得1分；错两个及以上单词，得0分。） 二、 请写出下列术语的英文表达：（本题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分） 1. 城市污水：municipal wastewater 2. 废水处理：wastewater disposal
3.沉降池:sedimentation tank 4.消毒:disinfection 5.絮凝作用:flocculation （评分标准：每小题中所用单词意思基本吻合，单词拼写正确，且单词词态正确，得2分；错一个单词得1分；错两个及以上单词，得0分。） 三、请根据下列英文解释写出相应的英文词Array汇：（本题共4小题，每题2分，共10分） 1.The physical and biotic habitat which surrounds us. Environment 2. A natural gas which is formed from decaying matter and burns easily, sometimes causes explosions in mines. Methane 3.Too many people in a given area, too high a population density. Overpopulation 4.The process by which water passes through a membrane that is impermeable to dissolved ions. Osmosis 5. A kind of chemical which can speed up/down a chemical reaction rate. Catalyst （评分标准：每小题中所用单词意思基本吻合，单词拼写正确，且单词词态 正确，得2分；否则得0分。）