跨文化交际英语复习资料

英语复习

客观题部分

Match part

Culture

The total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people. Communication

A process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior, or the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, signals, writing, or behavior.

Ethnocentrism（民族优越感）

The belief that your own cultural background, including ways of analyzing problems, values, beliefs, language, and verbal and nonverbal communication, is superior.

Intercultural communication

The communication between people from different cultures when a member of one culture produces a message for consumption（使用）by a member of another culture.

Business communication

The communication is within business and administration, aiming at a common objective and profits for both the individuals and organizations.

Power distance

The degree to which power differences are expected and accepted by society.

Values

A learned organization of rules for making choice and for resolving conflicts.

Uncertainty avoidance

The degree to which the society is willing to accept and deal with ambiguity（模棱两可）and uncertainty. Masculinity（男性）

The degree to which traditional male values are important to a society.

Individualism

The degree to which individual decision-making and action is accepted and encouraged. Nonverbal communication

The process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either singly or in combination with verbal behaviors, in the exchange and interpretation（解释）of message in a given situation or context.

Verbal communication

It is carried out either in oral or written form with the use of words.

Posture（姿势）

It refers to our body position as a whole.

Euphemisms（委婉语）

Certain notions（概念）or things that people try to avoid mentioning directly.

Personal space

Each person has an invisible boundary around their body into which other people may not come. Affect displays（情感展示）

Facial and body movements that show feelings and emotions.

Taboo（禁忌语）

Some words and expressions are considered by a society or culture as improper or unacceptable. Illustrators（非言语解释）

Nonverbal behaviors that are directly tied to, or accompany, the verbal message.

Culture shock

This term expresses the lack of direction, the feeling of not knowing what to do or how to do things in a new environment, and not knowing what is appropriate or inappropriate.

Recovery stage

A stage of culture shock characterized by（被表现为）gaining some understanding of the new culture. Acculturation（文化适应）

It is a type of cultural change that results from continuous firsthand contact between two distinct cultural groups.

Rejection（拒绝期）

A coping mechanism（机制）against culture shock in which we think we don’t need anybody, and we are coping fine alone.

Honeymoon stage

A stage of culture shock, in which the new arrivals may feel euphoric（欣快）and be pleased by all of the new things encountered.

Reverse culture shock

It refers to the “shock” one experiences upon returning to one’s home culture after growing used to a new one.

Identity

It refers to the mental image of oneself and other individuals.

Stereotype（刻板的印象）

It is a form of generalization（概括）about some group of people.

Decide part

Part I

T As a phenomenon, intercultural communication has existed for thousands of years. However, as a discipline, its history is only about fifty years.

F Intercultural communication as a discipline（学科）first started in Europe (the USA).

F Culture is a static (dynamic) entity while communication is a dynamic process.

T Culture can be seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture.

T Although cultural stereotype（刻板的印象）has its limitations (over-generalization), it still contributes to a person’s cultural cognition.

T In international communication, we should separate one’s individual character from cultural generalization（共性）.

T Cultural mistakes are more serious than linguistic（语言的）mistakes. The linguistic mistake means that someone is not fully expressing his or her idea while cultural mistakes can lead to serious

misunderstanding and even ill-feeling between individuals.

F All people of the same nationality will have the same culture. (It’s clear that this is wrong.)

T Although two cultures may share the same ideas, their meaning and significance may not be the same.

F One’s actions are totally independent of (greatly influenced by) his or her culture.

Part II

T Where power distance is large, the society believes that there should be a well-defined（明确规定的）order of inequality（不平等）in which everyone has a rightful place.

F Large (Small) power distance countries such as the United States, Austria, Finland, and Denmark hold

that inequality in society should be minimized.

F Where individualism is high (low), the society emphasizes（强调）the role of the group.

T Individualists prefer self-sufficiency while collectivists give more recognition to their interdependent roles and obligations（义务）to the group.

F Asian, Latin American, and West African nations are societies high (low) in individualism but low (high)

in collectivism.

T In high masculinity（男性势力）societies, sex roles are clearly differentiated and men are dominant （主导的）.

T In high masculinity societies, people tend to believe that matters of material comfort, social privilege （特权）, etc. are related to ability.

F In feminine societies, men and women are considered socially unequal (equal).

T Where uncertainty avoidance is low, the society is comfortable with a low degree od uncertainty and is

open to the unknown.

T Where uncertainty avoidance is high, the society is concerned with certainty and security.

Part III

F Verbal communication is more important than nonverbal communication. (It’s clear that this is wrong.)

F “Dragon” means the same (different) to the Westerner as “龙” to the Chinese.

F The Chinese phrase “知识分子” has the same (different) meaning as “intellectual”.

T A term in one language may not have a counterpart in another language.

F In referring to animals and birds, the Chinese practice is generally to use “公” or “母” to show whether

a creature is male or female. This is the same (different) with the English language.

T The following six English words: “vice”, “associate”, “assistant”, “deputy”, “lieutenant” and “under” can all mean “副” in Chinese language.

T In some cultures, eye contact should be avoided in order to show respect or obedience.

F The French and Arabs are generally considered low-touch (high-touch).

T The index finger（食指）pressed against the lips is a silent suggestion to stop talking.

F We put the index finger and mid-finger apart with palm（手掌）against (toward) the receiver to mean

“victory”, which was first used by Winston Churchill.

Part IV

T The term, culture shock, was introduced to describe the anxiety produced when a person moves to a completely new environment, especially when a person arrives in a new country where he is

confronted（面对）with a new cultural environment.

F Positive (Negative) stereotypes often lead to prejudice（偏见）, which is generally defined ad negative

attitudes toward other people based on assumptions（臆测）about them.

T Ethnocentrism（民族优越感）is the belief that one’s culture is the best and all other cultures are inferior（劣势）.

T In TESL (Teaching English as a Second Language), it is traditionally held that the main purpose and criterion（标准）for studying a foreign language is to communicate.

F Culture shock can affect people to different degrees, so (but) there is no (are) predictable sequence(s)

（顺序）of stages that people undergo.

F The easier it is to adjust to a new culture, the easier it is to readjust to home culture. (It’s clear that

this is wrong.)

T Not only does students’ cultural diversity（多样）pose a significant（显著的）challenge for teachers, but the different cultural backgrounds of teachers themselves may also affect the learning style in classrooms dramatically（极大地）.

T Since education is an important social context in which cultural influences are much in evidence, schools are a primary vehicle for teaching and learning cultural values.

F In the UK (the USA), classes of students are divided into 12 academic levels called grades.

T If people believe that their culture is the only true culture, they will discriminate（辨别）against people who manifest（表现）cultural norms（规范）that fail to correspond（对应）to their values and behaviors.