大学英语4级听力对应策略和技巧

教育部颁布的最新《大学英语课程教学要求》明确规定:大学英语的教学目标是培养学生的英语综合应用能力,特别是听说能力。根据这一指导思想,大学英语四级考试将听力大题的分数权重提高了将近一倍,由原来占总分的20%到现在的35%。

新4级考试题型改革,满分为710,听力理解部分分值比例为35%,;其中听力对话15%,听力短文20%,总分249分。它由三个部分(seetion A、Section B和Section c的四大题型组合而成。Section A共有两种题型,一种是短对话,一男一女对话后接一个问题,共8组;另一种是长对话,长对话有2组,一组对话有6-7个回合,另一组对话则有9-10个回合,较短的对话后有3个问题,较长的对话后有4个问题;Section B是三篇听力短文; Section C是复合式听写,一篇200多词的短文,留有11处空白,前8个空听写单词,后3个空听写短语或句子。

下面我将按听力理解4大体题型的考试排列顺序,逐一讲解其对应策论和技巧:

一. 短对话听力理解

短对话相对而言,内容短、信息量少,是考生的得分点。虽然如此,由于种种原因,有的考生还是觉得做短对话困难重重。归结起来,不外乎下面几个原因:

1.刚刚进入听力部分的考试,精神难以马上集中;

2.由于对话短,稍有疏忽就错过重要信息,而且难以根据简短的上下文推断;

3.听到生词反应不及,慌张之下漏听其他信息;

4.在一道题的上思考太多时间,直到下面一题对话开始,结果瞬息间错过对话内容。

5.听不懂。

以上种种原因,可以在平时模拟训练中做实战的练习来避免考试中这些情况。

短对话包括明示题和暗示题。所谓明示题就是可以直接在所听内容中听到答案的;暗示题是指对话中没有直接说明答案,需要根据内容做一些推测、计算等。四级考试中暗示题是占大部分,但是仍然会出现少量明示题。而对于占绝大部分比重的暗示题可以按照问题类型又分为地点、关系和职业、数字计算、短语、条件、因果、请求建议、观点态度、话题主旨、推断判断等等。就这些题目,我们总结了以下一些解题技巧和策略:

1.熟悉相关词汇、短语和表达方式

地点题中,如果知道某个场所常用的词,推测地点的时候就容易多了。四级考试中常见的地点包括:餐馆、学校、商店、银行、医院、机场、邮局、旅馆和图书馆等。比如,机场的场景下常常出现的词包括flight(航班/gate(登机口/board(登机

/arrival(到达/departure(离开/take off(起飞 /land(降落。能够熟悉这些词的话很容易判断对话发生的场景。

又比如表示建议常用的句式有:

Shall we …?

Why not …?

Why don’t you/we/they …?

You’d better …?

You should ….

What/How about …?

If I were you, I would ….

对这些句型的熟悉也有利于迅速解题。

2.虚拟语气

虚拟语气是考试中最容易失分的一个部分,而虚拟语气又常常作为考查点出现在条件句中。虚拟语气,顾名思义,是虚拟的一种情况,换句话说,是和现实情况相反的或者不太可能出现的。使用虚拟语气的条件句又称为非真实条件句,它和一般的真实条件句存在很大的区别。例如:

W: Will you go to the party tonight?

M1: I will if I have time.

M2: I would if I had time.

M1的回答表明,他如果有时间会去,这是一个真实的条件句;而M2的回答使用了虚拟语气,是一个非真实的条件句。也就是说,他有时间的可能性微乎其微,所以他是不会去的。可见对含有虚拟语气的非真实条件句的解读方式是和真实条件句不同的,或者说是相反的。解虚拟语气的思路简单说就是“反着选答案”。如果听到的虚拟语气是一句肯定的说法,那么真实的情况就是否定的。反之亦然。例如:I wouldn’t have troubled him so much if I had known he was so busy. 这句话使用的是否定——“不打扰教授”——但是因为是虚拟语气,表示和过去的情况相反,那么事实的情况是“经常打扰”。这就是虚拟语气“反着选答案”的解题方式。

3.but后面的信息

据统计,四级听力含有but的考题中,考but之后的信息的占到95%,而考but之前信息的题目只有5%。以下一些例子中,可以体会but在各种话题的短对话中的使用情况。

1数字计算题:

W: How much time did you have for writing the paper?

M: We were given three hours, but I finished it in less than half the time. Q: How long did it take the man to write his paper?

本题中,but后面的信息和前面的信息结合才能得到正确的答案。数字题一般不会直接在对话中出现答案,大多数题目需要计算,而but就是计算的一个重要信息点。

2因果关系题

此类题中,but后面常常跟着说话人提出做或不做某事的原因。比如回应对方的邀请时,说话人常常会这样表达:I’d love to, but I have to get this reading out of my way。这句话中,说话人没有直接拒绝,但使用but委婉地提出不去的理由。虽然没有出现because、since这样的表示原因的词,but起到了同样的作用。

3请求建议题

例如:

M: It seems that we’ll have another fine day tomorrow. Let’s go to the seaside.

W: OK, but we’ll have to leave very early or else we’ll get caught in

the traffic.

Q: What does the woman mean?

女性虽然同意,但是还是提出了一个建议。此题中but就是解题的题眼。

4观点态度题

在英语中,but经常使用在表达自己真实想法的题目中。说话人往往先做出一个一般性的评论,然后用but引出自己的真实观点,因此but后面的信息变得至关重要。例如:

M: How did you like yesterday’s play?

W: Generally speaking, it was quite good. The part of the secretary was played wonderfully. But I think the man who played the boss was too dramatic to be realistic.

Q: How does the woman feel about the man’s acting in the play?

女士先表达了整体上戏很好,接着用but来转折,通过but一词可以推测后面的内容是负面的。可见but不仅引出重要的信息,还可以帮助推测。

4.上下文

在错过或者听不懂重要信息的情况下,根据上下文做出推断有时也是有效的策略。

例如:

M: Look, the view is fantastic. Could you take a picture of me with the lake in the background?

W: I am afraid I just ran out of film.

Q: What do we learn from the conversation?

这道题中短语run out of起到重要作用。但是如果错过这个信息也没有关系,可以根据女士说的“I am afraid”来判断她应该是拒绝了男士的提议。

5.其他

根据经验,如果对话情景是一个人邀请另一个人去看电影或者去公园等,对方的回答一般是不会去。而给出的最常见的理由就是:学习忙,或者有论文要写。在没有把握的情况下,另一个技巧就是根据常识来排除选项。比如,一般四级听力中说话人给的建议都是比较积极的,如果选项中出现这样的建议——不要跟她说话或者放弃这个计划——类似消极的建议,一般都不是正确的答案。

二.长对话听力理解

对于听力长对话,考生应始终牢记:不要奢望将其内容一字不落地完全听懂并且记住。因为即使在日常生活中用母语对话,这也几乎是不可能的,同时也是不必要的。在日常生活中,我们只要掌握自己关心的信息,而在听力考试中,我们则要抓住关键的命题点。以下分听前预测和听时抓“点”两个步骤详解听力长对话的应试策略。

1、听前预测

听前预测对于听力长对话非常重要。放音间隔的时间应尽可能留作预测之用。若想有效使用这短短几十秒的放音间隔时间,需把握以下两个原则:

1 先纵后横

所谓“先纵”,就是首先通读每篇后的3-4个小题,找出关键词,前后联系,预测全篇大致主题。

所谓“后横”,就是在仍有时间的情况下,通看各题选项,看看是否存在生

词,总结长句的核心意思,以此预测考点和可能的答案。

两步预测都要注意随时做出标注,划出关键词或简写长句的大意,因为单凭记忆在"高压"的听力考试中是万万靠不住的。

以2007年12月Conversation Two为例:

23. A She is thirsty for promotion.

B She wants a much higher salary.

C She is tired of her present work.

D She wants to save travel expenses.

首先通过promotion, salary和work可得出本对话的大致主题是有关职业,再联系两次出现的wants,想到或许与求职有关,并顺理成章地想到可能会谈到离职的原因、新职位的性质以及薪酬等等。这就是上面所说的"先纵"。

此后我们可对选项中较长的词语做标注,如下划线所示。通过听录音我们发现本题答案的对应信息在原文中是"I’m fed up with my job.", 正是"tired of"的同义置换。这就是上面所说的"后横"。

可见,事先标注关键信息,可让我们在听时将注意力集中到更小的"点",起到事半功倍的效果。

2 分清主次

与生活中的情形相似,双方对话的时候常有主次之分,如:一方询问,另一方作答时,关键信息多出现在作答一方,考点自然也就多出于此。分清对话双方的主次对于我们预测考点出现的位置很重要,方法也简单易行。

2 分清主次

与生活中的情形相似,双方对话的时候常有主次之分,如:一方询问,另一方作答时,关键信息多出现在作答一方,考点自然也就多出于此。分清对话双方的主次对于我们预测考点出现的位置很重要,方法也简单易行。其次,考点的位置多是话轮转换的时候。具体的说,就是对话一方某段发言的开头和结尾部分,这也完全符合西方人的思维习惯,即在发言伊始多是开门见山,而在发言结尾处又总括强调。

3 重复率较高的词或短语多成为考点

对话的主要内容理所当然会得到说话人的强调,而一个非常重要且明显的强调方式就是重复,故重复的词语往往能够揭示对话的主题。

如问:What is the news coverage mainly about?

而原文中多次出现rebel forces, conflict, war等与"叛乱"相关的词语,也可判断本题答案为A The latest developments of an armed rebellion in Karnak.

三、短文听力理解

1.注意不同体裁短文的特点:材料有故事、对话、讲话、叙述等。一般

情况下,听完前两三句就能确定该短文属于哪一类,对于对话、故事和叙述材料应注意其中的时间、地点、人物、主要情节和结局。对讲话类材料则应着重弄清其主题思想,所述问题之现状、因果关系、说话人的观点、所述问题的解决方法或发展趋势等。

2.注意信息分布情况:Passage部分的每篇材料有二至四个问题,有时其

问题的先后顺序与材料中的信息出现的顺序不同,如:先提出的问题的答案不一定出现在短文的前部,而可能在中部或后部。

3.注意记住关键信息词:Passage部分的难点之一是:听到的

信息不一定能记住。考试时主要靠心记,平时应加强这一种训练。四级考试中未禁止做笔记,因此,在可能的情况下,应争取记下几个关键信息词以便在答题时帮助回忆听过的内容。记下信息词可避免当时听懂了,录音一停却回忆不出具体内容的情况。

还要注意以下原则:

1.因果原则:含有表示因果关系的词汇的句子,命题的可能性很大,这些词汇包括because, why, reason, so, as a result, as a sign of, thanks to, therefore, due to等等。

2.转折原则: 含有表示转折关系的词汇的句子,命题的可能性很大,这些词汇包括but, however, whereas, otherwise, unfortunately, yet等等。

3.首末句原则: 对于B部分的大多数文章来讲,首句和末句都很重要,出题的可能性很大,有30%的段子题题目的答案,可以通过首末句得出。

短文听力四种解题方法:

1. 首先,预览所给的测试项目,预测短文的内容。

2. 留心短文开头和结尾的句子,它们通常是文章的中心或作者的观点,抓住它们,文章的中心也就明晰了。

3. 边听边记录。

4. 由于短文听力是多种能力的综合测试,所以考生平时要熟悉基本语音知识及常用词汇、语法等基础知识,扩大知识面,多读各种题材的文章,训练分析、推理、判断、综合的能力。

五.复合式听写

复合式听写不仅要求考生要有很好的听考试和坚实基础,还要求考生具备拼写能力、速记能力和书面表达能力。与听力选择题相比,复合式听写更强调语言的综合应用能力。

1.预测

从考试试卷发下来到开始放录音的间隙以及播放考试指令的时间都可以用来浏览试卷,捕捉卷面文字信息,预测将要听到的内容。通过预测我们可以判断文章谈论的话题、文章的主旨大意及脉络走向,同时我们也能判断可能出现的单词的范围和词性等。

1 关于文章主旨大意的预测

比如07年6月份的试题,文章的首句“Students’ pressur e sometimes comes from their parents.”开门见山,点明文章将要讨论的问题是学生的压力可能来自他们的父母,

这是关于亲子关系方面的话题。我们应迅速判断出话题的方向,然后根据自己的知识储备,从记忆库里调出平时积累的相关信息,激活有关这一话题的思维,做出相应的预测。

2 关于文章细节的预测

复合式听写是以短文的形式出现的。文章都有严密的逻辑关系和紧密的上下文结构,所以我们在听前可以利用卷面内容,根据文章的逻辑关系和上下文之间的结构,推测出文章中要求填写的单词、短语或句子。

例如:06年12月考题。

“All languages have two general levels of (37 ________: a formal level and an informal level. English is no (38 ________. ”其中38题

即使我们没有听到录音也大概能判断此处应该填 exception 或 difference 之类

的词.这样一来,就可将即将听到的内容的范围缩小到几个词,能够大大提高对听力内容的把握. 由此可见, 听前的有效预测可将听力过程转变为验证自己推测是否正确的过程,从而大大降低听力的难度,减轻我们的心理负担,提高得分. 会听, 2,会听,善记

在听音过程中,考生要保持精力高度集中,做到心无杂念,但是也不可太过于紧张和焦虑,否则会影响对所听内容的理解.在第一遍朗读过程中,考生要本着听为主,记为辅的原则,结合听前所做的预测,注重把握全文的大意.对于十分明显的答案,可以做一下标记.这样做可以为第二遍以记为主的过程打下良好的基础,起到启发,点拨的作用,进一步降低了听力的难度,减轻了第二遍记笔记的任务,同时也能帮助考生放松紧张的心情. 此外,记笔记的过程也非常关键.在有限的时间考试&大里将所有的内容都

记下是根本不可能的,我们可以利用一些速记的方法,比如使用单词的前两个或前三个字母来代替整个单词.以"natural"为例,我们就可以用"nat"来代替它,同时也可以用前两个字母和末尾两个字母来代替一个单词,那么我们还可将其记为"na-al".当然,不同的人有不同的方法,同一方法未必适合所有的人, 大家在备考过程中要注意总结,找到适合自己的方法,并不断地练习,使其逐渐成为自己速记的习惯,这样在考试中会提高速记的效率. 3,核对复合式听写第三遍朗读是供考生进行核对的,这一环节也十分

重要,需要我们充分利用,从而帮助我们查漏补缺,完善答案,避免不必要的丢分.比如有关名词的单复数问题(这也是复合式听写考查的一个重点不仅考查考生的听力, 同时考查考生的语法应用能力,该考点往往使一些考生因为单词形式错误而丢分,仔细检查就可以解决这一问题. 例如:07 年 6 月份考题. "Most parents are well (36

________, but some of them aren't very helpful with the problems their sons and daughters have in (37 ________ to college, and a few of them seem to go out of their way to add to their children's difficulties." 其中 37 题, 根据前文"in" 这一介词我们可以推断出这里要填的是 "adjust"的动名词形式.还有此套试题的第 41 题"(41 ________ to seeing A's and B's on high school report cards, they may be upset when their children's first ..."在听的过程中,由于连读,吞音,我们可能听不到或听不清"accustomed "末尾的/d/ 音,但在核对的过程中,根据整个句子的结构,我们可以确定这里需要的是一个过去分词,由此可见核对的过程是必不可少的.听写是一种综合性的测试,大家在备考过程中要多加练习,注意积累经验, 同时也要注意以此来带动我们的英语学习. 希望以上提到的一些应试技巧能对大家起到抛砖引玉的作用. 谢谢大家! 柯艳外国语学院

大学英语四级听力技巧规律总结

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