机械手的发展与研究外文文献翻译

毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译

学生姓名:

学号:1201231016

专业:电气工程及其自动化

指导教师:

学院:电气与电子工程

日期: 2016.02.16

译文：

机械手的发展与研究

随着我国工业生产的飞跃发展，自动化程度的迅速提高，实现工件的装卸、转向、输送或是操持焊枪、喷枪、扳手等工具进行加工、装配等作业的自动化，应越来越引起人们的重视。

机械手是模仿着人手的部分动作，按给定程序、轨迹和要求实现自动抓取、搬运或操作的自动化装置。在工业生产中应用的机械手被称为“工业机械手”。生产中应用机械手可以提高生产的自动化水和劳动生产率；可以减轻劳动疲劳强度、保证产品质量、实现安全生产；尤其在高温、高压、低温、低压、粉尘、易爆、有毒气体和放射性等恶劣的环境中，它代替人进行正常的工作，意义更为重大。因此，在机械加工、铸、、焊接、热处理、电镀喷漆、装配以及轻工业、交通运输业等方面得到越来越多广泛应用。

机械手的结构形式开始比较简单，专业性较强，仅为某台机床的上下料装置，是附属于该机床的专用机械手。随着工业技术的发展，制成了能够独立的按程序控制实现重复操作，使用范围比较广的“程序控制通用机械手”，简称通用机械手。用于通用机械手很快的改变工作程序，适应性较强，所以他在不断变换生产品种的中小批量生产中获得广泛应用。

机械手是一种能自动化定位控制并可重新编程序以变动的多功能机器，它有多个自由度，可用来搬运物体以完成在各个不同环境中工作。在工资水平较低的中国，塑料制品行业尽管仍属于劳动力密集型，机械手的使用已经越来越普及。那些电子和汽车业的欧美跨国公司很早就在它们设在中国的工厂中引进了自动化生产。但现在的变化是那些分布在工业密集的华南、华东沿海地区的中国本土塑料加工厂也开始对机械手表现出越来越浓厚的兴趣，因为他们要面对工人流失率高，以及为工人交工伤费带来的挑战。

同时，机械手可以能够借助软件的编程，对不同的生产对象，完成不同的控制，提高了生产的效率。目前，在一些对人力要求较高的工业中，基本上都有使

用机械手技术，用来减轻人力的需求和更好的控制，实现产业的最大化。

一、机械手的组成

机械手的形式是多种多样的，有的较为简单，有的较为复杂，但基本的组成形式是相同的，一般由执行机构、传动系统、控制系统和辅助装置组成。

1. 执行机构

机械手的执行机构，由手、手腕、手臂、支柱组成。手是抓取机构，用来夹紧和松开工件，与人的手指相仿，能完成人手的类似动作。手腕是连接手指与手臂的元件，可以进行上下、左右和回转动作。简单的机械手可以没有手腕。支柱用来支撑手臂，也可以根据需要做成移动。

2. 传动系统

执行机构的动作要由传动系统来实现。常用机械手传动系统分机械传动、液压传动、气压传动和电力传动等几种形式。

3. 控制系统

机械手控制系统的主要作用是控制机械手按一定的程序、方向、位置、速度进行动作，简单的机械手一般不设置专用的控制系统，只采用行程开关、继电器、控制阀及电路便可实现动传动系统的控制，使执行机构按要求进行动作．动作复杂的机械手则要采用可编程控制器、微型计算机进行控制。

二、机械手的分类和特点

机械手一般分为三类：第一类是不需要人工操作的通用机械手。它是一种独立的不附属于某一主机的装置。它可以根据任务的需要编制程序，以完成各项规定的操作。它的特点是具备普通机械的性能之外，还具备通用机械、记忆智能的三元机械。第二类是需要人工才做的，称为操作机。它起源于原子、军事工业，先是通过操作机来完成特定的作业，后来发展到用无线电讯号操作机来进行探测月球等。工业中采用的锻造操作机也属于这一范畴。第三类是用专用机械手，主要附属于自动机床或自动线上，用以解决机床上下料和工件送。这种机械手在国外称为“Mechanical Hand”，它是为主机服务的，由主机驱动；除少数以外，工作程序一般是固定的，因此是专用的。

三、工业机械手的应用

机械手是在机械化、自动化生产过程中发展起来的一种新型装置。近年来，随着电子技术特别是电子计算机的广泛应用，机器人的研制和生产已成为高技术领域内迅速发展起来的一门新兴技术，它更加促进了机械手的发展，使得机械手能更好地实现与机械化和自动化的有机结合。

机械手虽然目前还不如人手那样灵活，但它具有能不断重复工作和劳动、不知疲劳、不怕危险、抓举重物的力量比人手大等特点，因此，机械手已受到许多部门的重视，并越来越广泛地得到了应用。

(1) 机床加工工件的装卸，特别是在自动化车床、组合机床上使用较为普遍。

(2)在装配作业中应用广泛，在电子行业中它可以用来装配印制电路板，在机械行业中它可以用来组装零部件。

(3) 可在劳动条件差，单调重复易子疲劳的工作环境工作，以代替人的劳动。

(4)可在危险场合下工作，如军工品的装卸、危险品及有害物的搬运等。

(5)宇宙及海洋的开发。

(6) 军事工程及生物医学方面的研究和试验。

应用机械手可以代替人从事单调﹑重复或繁重的体力劳动，实现生产的机械化和自动化，代替人在有害环境下的手工操作，改善劳动条件，保证人身安全。20世纪40年代后期，美国在原子能实验中，首先采用机械手搬运放射性材料，人在安全室操纵机械手进行各种操作和实验。50年代以后，机械手逐步推广到工业生产部门，用于在高温﹑污染严重的地方取放工件和装卸材料，也作为机床的辅助装置在自动机床﹑自动生产线和加工中心中应用，完成上下料或从刀库中取放刀具并按固定程序更换刀具等操作。机械手主要由手部机构和运动机构组成。手部机构随使用场合和操作对象而不同，常见的有夹持﹑托持和吸附等类型。运动机构一般由液压﹑气动﹑电气装置驱动。机械手可独立地实现伸缩﹑旋转和昇降等运动，一般有2～3个自由度。机械手广泛用于机械制造﹑冶金﹑轻工和原子能等部门。

机械手是在自动化生产过程中使用的一种具有抓取和移动工件功能的自动

化装置，它是在机械化、自动化生产过程中发展起来的一种新型装置。近年来，随着电子技术特别是电子计算机的广泛应用，机器人的研制和生产已成为高技术领域内迅速发展起来的一门新兴技术，它更加促进了机械手的发展，使得机械手能更好地实现与机械化和自动化的有机结合。机械手能代替人类完成危险、重复枯燥的工作，减轻人类劳动强度，提高劳动生产力。机械手越来越广泛的得到了应用，在机械行业中它可用于零部件组装，加工工件的搬运、装卸，特别是在自动化数控机床、组合机床上使用更普遍。目前，机械手已发展成为柔性制造系统FMS和柔性制造单元FMC中一个重要组成部分。把机床设备和机械手共同构成一个柔性加工系统或柔性制造单元，它适应于中、小批量生产，可以节省庞大的工件输送装置，结构紧凑，而且适应性很强。当工件变更时，柔性生产系统很容易改变，有利于企业不断更新适销对路的品种，提高产品质量，更好地适应市场竞争的需要。而目前我国的工业机器人技术及其工程应用的水平和国外比还有一定的距离，应用规模和产业化水平低，机械手的研究和开发直接影响到我国自动化生产水平的提高，从经济上、技术上考虑都是十分必要的。因此，进行机械手的研究设计是非常有意义的。

四、机械手的发展趋势

目前工业机械手的应用逐步扩大，技术性能在不断地提高。由于发展时间较短，人们对它有一个逐步认识的过程，机械手在技术上还有一个逐步完善的过程，其目前的发展趋势是：

1、扩大机械手再加工行业上的应用

目前国内机械手应用在机械工业冷加工作业中的较多，而在铸、锻、焊、热处理等热加工以及装配作业等方面的应用较少。因此加工作业的物件重、形状复杂、环境温度高等，给机械手的设计、制造带来不少困难，这就需要解决技术上的难点，使机械手更好地为加工作业服务。同时，在其他行业和工业部门，也将随着工业技术水平的不断提高，而逐步扩大机械手的使用。

2、提高工行业机械手的工作性能

机械手工作性能的优劣，决定着它能否正常的应用与生产中，机械手工作性能中的重复定位精度和工作速度两个指标，决定机械手能否保质保量的完成操作的关键因素。因此要解决好机械手的工作平稳性和快速性的要求，除了从解决缓

冲定位措施入手外，还应发展满足机械手性能要求价廉的电液伺服阀，将伺服控制系统应用于机械手上。

3、发展组合式机械手

从机械手本身的特点来说，可变程序机械手更适应产品类型、设备更新、多品种小批量的要求，但是它的成本高，专用机械手价廉，但适用范围又受到限制。因此，对一些特殊用途的场合，就需要专门设计、专门加工，这样就提高了产品成本。为了适应应用领域分门别类的要求，可将机械手的结构设计成可以组合的形式。组合式机械手是将一些通用部件根据作业的要求，选择必要的能完成预定机能的单元部件，以机座为基础进行组合，配上与其相适应的控制部分，即成为能完成特殊要求的机械手。它可以简化结构，兼顾了使用上的专用性和设计上的通用性，更于标准化、系列化设计和组织专业化生产，有利于提高机械手的质量和降低造价，是一种有发展前途的机械手。

4、研制具有“视觉”和“触觉”的所谓“智能机器人”

对于需要人工进行灵活操作及需要进行人工判断的场合，工业机械手很难代替人的劳动。如在工作过程中出现事故、障碍和情况变化等，机械手不能自动分辨纠正，而只能停机，待人们排除意外事故后才能继续工作。因此，人们对机械手提出了更高的要求，希望使其具有“视觉”、“触觉”等功能，使之对物体进行判断、选择，能连续调节以适应变化的条件，并能进行“手——眼”协调动作。这就需要一个能处理大量信息的计算机，要求人与机器“对话”进行信息交流。

这种带“视觉”、“触觉”反馈的，由计算机控制的，具有人的部分“智能”的机械装置称为“智能机器人”。所谓“智能”是包括：识别、学习、记忆、分析判断的功能。而识别功能是通过“视觉”、“触觉”和“听觉”等感觉“器官”认识对象的。

具有感觉功能的机器人，其工作性能是比较完善的，能够准确地夹持任意方位的物体，判断物体重量，越过障碍物进行工作，自动测出夹紧力大小，并能自动调节，适用于从事复杂、精密的操作，如装配作业，它具有一定的发展前途。

智能机器人是一种新兴的技术，对它的研究将涉及到电子技术、控制论、通讯技术、电视技术、空间结构和仿生机械学科。它是当代自动控制技术的一个新兴的领域。随着科学及的发展，智能机器人将会代替人做更多的工作。

原文：

The development and research robots

Along with our country the rapid development of industrial production, rapidly improve degree of automation, implementation artifacts of handling, steering, transmission or toil for welding gun, spray gun, spanner and other tools for processing, assembly operations such as automation, should cause the attention of people more and more.

Manipulator is to imitate the people part of the action, according to a given program, track and demanding acquirement, handling or operation of the automatic device. Applied in the industrial production of the manipulator is referred to as "industrial manipulator". Application manipulator can improve the automation of production water in production and labor productivity; Can reduce labor fatigue strength, to ensure product quality, implement safety production; Especially in high temperature and high pressure, low temperature, low pressure, dust, explosive, toxic and radioactive gases such as harsh environment, it instead of people normal work, the more significant. Therefore, in the machining, casting, welding, heat treatment, electroplating, spray painting, assembly, and light industry, transportation industry get more and more extensive application, etc.

Manipulator institutional form is simple, strong professionalism, only as a loading device for a machine tools, special-purpose manipulator is attached to this machine. Along with the development of industrial technology, produced independently according to the process control to achieve repetitive operation, using range is wide "program control general manipulator", hereinafter referred to as general manipulator. General manipulator used to quickly change the working procedure, adaptability is stronger, so he is in constant transformation in the medium and small batch production of products are widely used.

Manipulator is a kind of can automatic positioning control and can change to programming with multifunctional machine, it has more degrees of freedom, can be used to move things to complete the work in different environments. In China the low level of wages, plastic products industry still belongs to the labor-intensive, the use of the manipulator has become more popular. The electronic and automobile industry in Europe and the United States multinational companies very early in their factories in China introduced automatic production. But now the change is the industrial intensive distribution in south China, east China's coastal regions local plastic processing plant also began to manipulator show more and more interest, because they have to face high worker turnover rate, as as the challengewell s brought about by the workers pay

inductrial injury fee.

一、The composition of the manipulator

Manipulator is in the form of a variety of, some relatively simple, some more complex, but the basic form is the same, generally by the actuators, transmission system, control system and the auxiliary device.

The actuator manipulator actuators, by the hand, wrist, arm, pillars. Hand is grasping mechanism, which is used to clamp and release artifacts, as a human finger, can complete staff of similar action. Is connected to the fingers and wrist arm components, can be up and down, left and right sides and rotary movement. Simple manipulator can not the wrist. Prop used to support the arm, can also according to need to make it move.

The driving system movement of the actuator by the transmission system to achieve. Common mechanical transmission system of mechanical transmission, hydraulic transmission, pneumatic transmission and power transmission etc. Several forms.

The control system of manipulator control system main function is to control the manipulator according to certain procedures, movement direction, position, speed, simple manipulator is generally not set special control system, only the stroke switch, relay, control valves and control circuit can realize dynamic transmission system, the executing agency action in accordance with requirements. Action complex manipulator should adopts the programmable controller, microcomputer control.

二、classification and characteristics of the manipulator

Robots generally fall into three categories the first is general manipulator doesn't need manual operation. It is a kind of independence is not attached to a host device. It can according to the need of the task program, the operation of the provisions to complete. It is with the characteristics of common mechanical performance, also has general machinery, memory, intelligence of three yuan. The second is the need to do manually. Called Operating machine. It originated in the atom, military industry, first by Operating machine to complete a specific assignment, later to use radio signal Operating machine to explore the moon and so on. Used in the forging industry Operating machine falls under this category. The third kind is to use special manipulator, mainly attached to automatic machine or automatic line, used to solve machine tool material and workpiece to send up and down. This manipulator in a foreign country is called "the Mechanical Hand", it is in the service of the host, driven by the host; Except a few working procedures generally is fixed, so it is special.

三、The application of industrial manipulator

Manipulator is in the process of mechanization, automation production, developed a kind of new type of device. In recent years, with electronic technology, especially the wide application of electronic computer, the robot's development and production has become a high technology developed rapidly in the field of an emerging technology, it promoted the development of the manipulator, make the manipulator can achieve better with the combination of mechanization and automation.

Manipulator although it is not as flexible as manpower, but it can have repeated work and labor, do not know fatigue, is not afraid of danger, snatch heavy weights strength characteristics such as larger than man, as a result, the manipulator has been

brought to the attention of the many departments, and have been applied more and more widely.

(1) Machine tools machining the workpiece loading and unloading, especially in automatic lathe, use common combination machine tools.

(2) Widely used in the assembly operation, it can be used to assemble printed circuit board in the electronics industry, it can be in the machinery industry to assemble parts.

(3) Can be in working conditions is poor, repetitive easy fatigue of the work environment, to instead of human Labour.

(4) The development of the universe and the ocean.

(5) Military engineering and biomedical research and test.

Application of robots can replace people in dull, repetitive or heavy manual work, to realize mechanization and automation of production, instead of human in harmful environment of manual operation, improve labor condition, ensure the personal safety. In the late 1940 s, the United States in the nuclear experiments, firstly adopts manipulator handling radioactive materials, people in the security room to manipulate manipulator for various operation and experiment. After the '50 s, robots gradually extended to industrial production department, for use in high temperature, serious pollution of local leave work pieces and the loading and unloading materials, as auxiliary device in the machine tool automatic machine, automatic production line and processing center in the application, complete the material up and down or from libraries take put the knives and replace tool operations such as fixed procedure. Manipulator is mainly composed of hand and motion mechanism. Hand mechanism varies according to the usage situation and operation object, the common are holding, hold and the adsorption type etc. Motion mechanism usually driven by hydraulic, pneumatic, electric devices. Manipulator can be achieved independently of scaling, rotation and lifting movement, generally speaking, there are 2 ~ 3 degrees of freedom. Robots are widely used in machinery manufacturing, metallurgy, light industry and atomic energy etc.

Manipulator is used in the production process automation with grab and move the workpiece is a kind of automatic device, it is in the process of mechanization, automation production, developed a new type of device. In recent years, with electronic technology, especially the wide application of electronic computer, the robot's development and production has become a high technology developed rapidly in the field of an emerging technology, it promoted the development of the manipulator, make the manipulator can achieve better with the combination of mechanization and automation. Robots can replace humans do dangerous, repeat the boring work, reduce human labor intensity and improve labor productivity. Manipulator have been applied more and more widely, it can be used for parts assembled in the machinery industry, processing the workpiece handling, loading and unloading, especially on the automatic CNC machine, combination machine tools more common use. At present, the manipulator has developed into a flexible manufacturing system of FMS and flexible manufacturing cell is an important component of FMC. The machine tool equipment and manipulator of a flexible manufacturing system or flexible manufacturing unit, it is suitable for medium and

small batch production, can save a large workpiece delivery device, structure is compact, but also has a strong adaptability. When the workpiece changes, flexible production system is easy to change, is advantageous to the enterprise continuously updated marketable varieties, improve product quality, better adapt to the needs of the market competition. But at present our country's industrial robot technology and its engineering application level and foreign than there is a certain distance, scale and industrialization level is low, research and development of the manipulator has direct influence on raising the automation level of production in our country, from the consideration on the economic and technology is very necessary. Therefore, carries on the research design of the manipulator is very meaningful.

四、The development trend of manipulator

Current industrial applications of the manipulator gradually expanding, constantly improve the technology performance. Due to the short development time, it has a gradual understanding of process, the manipulator and a technically perfect step by step process, its development trend is:

To expand the application of manipulator and processing industry

At present domestic robots used in mechanical industry more in cold working operations, while in the hot work such as casting, forging, welding, heat treatment less, and the application of assembly work, etc. So processing work items heavy, complicated shape and high environmental temperature, bring many difficulties to manipulator design, manufacture, it is need to solve the technical difficulties, make the manipulator to better service for processing work. At the same time, in other industries and industrial sectors, also will with the constant improvement of the industrial technology level, and gradually expand the use of the manipulator Improve the work performance of the industry manipulator

Manipulator in the working performance of the pros and cons, determines the application and production, it can normal manipulator working performance of the repetitive positioning accuracy and speed of work two indicators, decided to ensure the quality of manipulator can complete the operation of the key factors. Therefore to solve good working stability and rapidity of the manipulator's request, besides from solve buffer localization measures, should also be development meet the requirements of mechanical properties and low price of electro-hydraulic servo valve, servo control system was applied to the mechanical hand.

Development of modular robots

Variable application manipulator from the characteristics of the manipulator itself, more adapted to the product type, equipment updates, many varieties, small batch, but its cost is high, the special manipulator and cheap, but the scope is limited. Therefore, for some special purpose, you need special design, special processing, thus improving the product cost. In order to adapt to the request of the application field of classify, the structure of the manipulator can be designed to the form of combination. Modular manipulator is a common parts according to the requirement of the job, select necessary to accomplish the function of the unit components, based on the base of combination, deserve to go up with adaptive control part, namely the manipulator with special requirements can be completed. It can simplify the structure, take into

account the specificity and design on the use of generality, more in the series design and organization of standardization, specialized production, to improve quality and reduce cost of the manipulator, is a kind of promising manipulator

Has a "vision" and "touch" of so-called "intelligent robots"

For artificial has flexible operation and the need for judgment of the situation, industrial manipulator is very difficult to replace human labor. Such as in the working process of the accident, disorders and conditions change, etc., manipulator cannot be automatically distinguish correct, but to stop, after waiting for people to rule out accident can continue to work. As a result, people puts forward higher requirements on mechanical hand, hope to make it a "vision", "touch", etc, make it to the judgment, the choice of object, can be continuously adjusted to adapt to changing conditions, and can perform a "hand - eye coordination. This requires a computer can handle a lot of information, require them to exchange of information with machine "dialogue".

This "vision", "touch" feedback, controlled by computer, is one part of the "smart" mechanism is called "intelligent robots". Is the so-called "smart" includes: the function of recognition, learning, memory, analysis, judgment. And recognition is through the "visual", "touch" and "hearing" feel "organ" of cognitive object.

Which has the function of sensory robot, its performance is perfect, can accurately clamping arbitrary azimuth objects, determine an object, weight, work over obstacles, the clamping force is measured automatically, and can automatically adjust, suitable for engaged in the operation of the complex, precision, such as assembly operation, it has a certain development prospects.

Intelligent robots is an emerging technology, the study of it will involve the electronic technology, control theory, communication technology, television technology, spatial structure and bionic mechanical discipline. It is an emerging field of modern automatic control technology. With the development of science and intelligent robots will replace people to do more work.