《英译汉》讲义
英语辅修、双学位专业2009级《英译汉》课程讲义
2009-7-6
I. Translation and Translation Studies
II. Factors Involved in Translation
III. Translation Criteria
IV. T ranslation Process
V. Translation Practice
5.1 Sentence Translation
1. He wanted to run, but that would be the worst thing he could do.
2. Linda is a good singer and a good dancer, a great actress and a great joker.
3. The little chap’s good-natured honest face won his way for him.
4. Somehow our path took us toward the park.
5. How’s the world treating you?
6. Great was the excitement as procession after procession poured its eager masses into the town.
7. He was convinced on the basis of what had by then appeared that there would be a long and a
difficult struggle.
8. John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game.
5.2 Text Translation
You might think that borrowing a match upon the street is a simple thing. But any man who has ever tired it will assure you that it is not, and will be prepared to swear on oath to the truth of my experience of the other evening.
I was standing on the corner of the street with a cigar that I wanted to light. I had no match. I waited till
a decent, ordinary man came along. Then I said:
“Excuse me, sir, but could you oblige me with the loan of a match?”
“A match?” he said, “Why, certainly.” Then he unbuttoned his overcoat and put his hand in the pocket of his waistcoat. “I know I have one,” he went on, “and, I’d almost swear it’s in the bottom pocket—or, hold on, though, I guess it may be in the top—just wait till I put these parc els down on the sidewalk.”
“Oh, don’t trouble,” I said, “its really of no consequence.”
“Oh, it’s no trouble. I’ll have it in a minute: I know there must be one in here somewhere,”—he was digging his fingers into his pockets as he spoke—“but you see this isn’t the waistcoat I generally…”
I saw that the man was getting excited about it.” Well, never mind,” I protested. “I f that isn’t the waistcoat that you generally—why, it doesn’t matter.”(to be continued)
2009-7-6
参考译文
句子翻译：
1. 他真想拔腿就跑，但对他来说，最糟糕的事莫过于此。[应采用“增词译法”，表达出语气]
2. 琳达歌唱得好，舞跳得好/能歌善舞，又会演戏，人又幽默/又会开玩笑。[原句的几个名词应转译为动词]
3. 小伙子面相老实，为人随和，到那都吃得开。[应转换原句的非人称主语，引申词义]
4. 不知不觉，我们朝着公园走去。[应转换原句的非人称主语]
5. 你觉得怎样？/ 近况如何？/ 最近还可以吧？[宜改变说法]
6. 兴奋的人们一群又一群，一对又一队，涌进城里，简直热闹非凡。[应转换原句的非人称主语，引申词义]
7. 依照当时已经发生的情况，他深信不疑，以后会有一场漫长而艰难的斗争。[应捋清原句的结构和调整原句的逻辑顺序，适应汉语的习惯]
8. 他是一个值得信赖的人，为人忠诚，又守规矩。/ 他忠诚得斋日不吃荤，凡事都循规蹈矩。[字面上的eat no fish 源自英国历史上的新教与旧教之争，“不吃鱼”应引申为“忠诚”；玩游戏play the game 应引申为“遵守规矩”]
段落翻译：
你也许以为在马路上跟人借个火是小事一桩。可真借过火柴的人都会一口咬定并非如此。我前儿个晚上遇到的事，他们都会毫不犹豫地替我担保，说是不会有假。
我当时正站在街口，想点燃手里拿着的雪茄烟。我没有火柴。我终于等来了一位满像样的普通人。于是我说了：
“劳驾您，先生，能借根火柴吗？”
“火柴？”他说，“噢，没问题。”于是他解开大衣，把手伸进背心的口袋。“我知道有根火柴，”他接着说，“肯定是在下边的兜里——不过，等一下，也许在上边的兜里——等一等，我先把这几包东西放下，就搁在道旁。”
“啊，别麻烦啦，”我说，“我真没什么要紧的。”
“噢，不麻烦，马上就有了，我知道这里边保准有一根，”——他一边说，一边把手指头伸进两边的兜里——“可你要知道，这件背心不是我平常……”
我看这人越来越上劲儿了。“哦，没关系，：我劝阻道：“就说这件背心不是你平常——嗐，不要紧。”
注释：
1. 作者Stephen Lencock（1869－1944），是加拿大政治经济学家，但以幽默作家著称，其作品多属离奇古怪和讽刺挖苦的故事、小品文等。
2. be prepared to…本作“有作……的准备”解，此处意即“随时……”、“立即……”、“不假思索……”。
3. could you oblige me with a loan of match?等于would (will ) you be kind enough to lend me a match?作者故意用古板的语言表达问话，已示幽默。
4. I protested 此处不宜译为“我抗议”。在文中作“我提出异议”解，可结合上下文译为“我劝阻道”。
2009-7-7
Diction
I. Sentence Translation
1. He incited the soldiers to fight bravely.
2. He was charged with inciting people to violence.
3. “What do you do with so many apples?”
“We eat what we can and what we can’t we can.”
4. The music was fine, but the book was poor.
5. On display was merchandise attractive in price and quality.
6. When I go around on speaking engagements, they all expect me to assume a Quaker-Oats look.
7. He is a valuable acquisition to the team.
8. “Let’s go home.” “You said it! I’m tired.”
9. Whe n Joshua was two years old he was impossible, a typical “Terrible Two”. He was destructive, stubborn, and violent.
10. He was dead and survived by his wife and two children.
Ⅱ. Text Translation
“Hold on, now, hold on!” the man said, “I’ve got one of the cursed things in here somewhere. I guess it must be in with my watch. No, it’s not there either. Wait till I try my coat. If that confounded tailor only knew enough to make a pocket so that a man could get at it!”
He was getting pretty well worked up now. He had thrown down his walking-stick and was plunging at his pockets with his teeth set. “It’s that cursed young boy of mine,:” he hissed, “This comes of his fooling in my pockets. By God! Perhaps I won’t warm him up when I get home. Say, I’ll bet that it’s in my hip-pocket. You just hold up the tail of my overcoat a second till I…”
“No, no,” I protested again, “please don’t take all these trouble; it really doesn’t matter. I’m sure you
needn’t take off your overcoat, and oh, pray don’t throw away your letters and things in the snow like that, and tear out your pockets by the roots! Please, please don’t trample over your overcoat and put your feet through the parcels. I do hate to hear you swearing at your little boy, with that peculiar whine in your voice. Don’t—please don’t tear your clothes so savagely.”
Suddenly the man gave a grunt of exultation, and drew his hand up from inside the lining of his coat.
“I’ve got it,” he cried. “Here you are!” Then he brought it out under the light.
It was a toothpick.
Yielding to the impulse of the moment I pushed him under the wheels of a trolley-car and ran.
2009-7-7
参考译文
句子翻译：
1. 他激励士兵勇敢作战。[incited的情感色彩词义原本是中性，此处应译为褒义]
2. 他被控煽动暴动。[incited的情感色彩词义原本是中性，此处应译为贬义]
3. 拿这么多苹果干什么？
我们尽量吃，吃不完的就做罐头。[最后一个词can的语境意义是动词的“做罐头”]
4. 音乐很出色，但歌词很糟。[此处book 的语境意义是“歌词”]
5. 陈列的商品价廉物美。[此处merchandise 的语境意义应引申译为具体的“商品”]
6. 我应邀外出演讲，他们都指望我摆出一副毫无表情、一本正经的面孔。[此处Quaker-Oats本义是欧美一种麦片商标，商标上的老头形象毫无表情，应引申翻译]
7. 他是该队不可多得的新队员。[此处acquisition 应由抽象词义“获得”引申为具体意义]
8. 咱们回家吧。好的，咱们回家吧。我累了。[You said it = You’re right; I agree]
9. 乔舒亚两岁时变得异常调皮，是个不折不扣的淘气“两岁魔王”。他脾气很犟，爱动武，还到处搞
破坏。[此处的Terrible Two 是心理学术语，用来概括两岁儿童的心理和行为特征，其中的two指年龄]
10. 他死了，撇下妻子和两个孩子。[survive 是个多义词，此处意义应为live or exist longer than, 又用在被动语态中，故有此译。应注意多义词的“同词异译”现象]
段落翻译：
“等一下，嗨，等一下！” 那人说道，“这里头有个什么鬼东西来着。我想是在我表兜里。不对，还是没有。等等，我来看看上衣。那家该死的裁缝也真不开窍，缝的兜儿要是够得着里头就好啦！”
他现在已是一发不可收拾了。他扔下了手杖，咬紧牙关，全力以赴地掏衣兜。都怪我那个害人精小崽，“他嘴里嗤嗤有声。”没事儿老翻我衣兜儿。老天在上，我回家可别逗他玩了。唔，火柴肯定是在屁股兜儿里。你只消把我的大衣后摆掀一下，等我……”
“别，别，”我又劝阻他，“别这么费心啦，真的没关系。我确实认为你不必脱大衣。嗐，千万别把信件什么的都这样扔到雪地里，别把衣兜全扯掉了！求求你了，别踩着你的大衣，别踢者那几包东西。我实在不爱听你骂你的小孩，那么怪里怪气地嘀咕没完。别——求你别这么粗手粗脚地把衣服都扯坏了。”
突然间，只听得这人嘟哝一声叫的好欢，他一只手从上衣的衬料底下抽了出来。
“我有了，”他喊道。“你瞧！”他随即把东西拿了出来。
原来是一根牙签。
我一时性起，真恨不得把他推到电车轮子下，撒腿便跑。
注释：
5. now在此用来引起对方注意，不作“现在”解，可译为“嗨”、“好”、“嗳”等。
6. comes of 作“由……引起”或“是……的结果”解，例：Now you see what comes of being careless. (现在你该看到粗心大意的后果了。)
7. warm…up本作“使……活跃（兴奋、激动）起来”解，例：The speaker cracked a few jokes to warm up the audience. (演说者讲了几个笑话，使听众活跃起来。)现根据上下文译为“逗……玩”。
8. 最后一句表达的使想做而未做的事，实际上事虚拟，等于“ I could have pushed him…and run,”故译文用了添加语。
2009-7-8
Conversion
I. Sentence Translation
1. Let me be your banker.
2. We are enemies of all aggressive wars.
3. No wonder the sight of it should send the memories of quite a number of the older generation
rushing back to 36 years ago.
4. Thanks to his boy friend’s rescue, she could return home safely.
5. She hurried to her boy friend’s rescue.
6. The road has an ascent of five degrees.
7. Hydrogen is found in many compounds.
8. No complaints passed her lips.
9. A painful hush seized the crowd.
10. Students get a discount of 20% on air fares.
II. Text Translation
Time was in my life when the dawn happened to other people. I was definitely not a morning person; I associated the sunrise with long flights across many time zones and groggy strolls around strange cities waiting for my hotel room to become available. Then I had children, and the first light took on new meaning. Sometimes it was the sigh at the end of a fretful night up with a feverish baby; or the opposite, the joyous cry of an exuberant 3-year-old eager to get the day going. It was only later, when mornings were taken over by the getting-to-school frenzy, that I discovered the serenity of the surprisingly fast transition from night to day. For the small price of 15 minutes of sleep I could buy 15 minutes of solitary peace—with a cup of coffee and the newspaper. Given the tidbit of time at my disposal, I developed the habit of skimming the paper, which quickly came down to a surreptitious and almost superstitious ritual of checking out obituaries.
（选自《中国翻译》）
2009-7-8
参考译文
句子翻译
1. 你需要钱，我可以借给你。[名词banker转译为动词]
2. 我们反对一切侵略战争。[名词enemy 转译为动词]
3. 难怪老一辈得许多人见了这个就会想起36年前的事。[名词短语the sight of 转译为动词]
4. 幸亏男朋友的救助，她才能安全回家。[此句的属格或所有格+名词，即genitive or possessive +
noun，具有主动意义denoting active sense]
5. 她赶快去救男朋友。[此句的属格或所有格+名词，即genitive or possessive + noun，具有被动意义denoting passive sense]
6. 这条路的坡度为五度。[此句的宾语ascent转译为主语]
7. 许多化合物中都有氢。[此句的主语hydrogen转译为宾语]
8. 她从不抱怨。[把原句的非人称主语转换为人称主语]
9. 人群一下痛苦地沉默了下来。[把原句的非人称主语转换为人称主语]
10. 学生买机票可打八折。[转换视角]
段落翻译
我生命中有段日子，黎明与我无缘。当然，我并不是一个喜欢起早的人。一想起黎明，就让我想起穿越许多时区的长途飞行，因为酒店的房间还没有腾出，我只好在陌生的城市中昏昏沉沉、漫无目地闲逛。后来，我有了孩子，黎明的第一道曙光才有了新的意义。有时候，黎明是我陪伴高烧的孩子度过焦躁不安的一夜之后的一声叹息；有时候则恰恰相反，黎明是我那精力旺盛的三岁孩子急切盼望
开始新的一天的一阵欢叫。再后来，黎明变成了送孩子上学前的忙乱，而正是在这个时刻，我才发现，昼夜更替是如此的静谧、转瞬即逝。我如果少睡一刻钟，就能享受15分钟独处的安宁，喝一杯咖啡，看一份报纸。有了这一丁点可以独自享用的美妙时光，我逐渐养成了快速浏览报纸的习惯，后来很快演变成查看讣闻的习惯，最后，这一习惯几乎成了一种暗地里进行的、接近荒谬的黎明仪式。
2009-7-9
Addition
I. Sentence Translation
1. Water evaporates more rapidly when the temperature is high than when it is low.
2. Divorce is increasing in this country with growing urbanization.
3. Footsteps announced his return.
4. This report summed up the new achievements made in electron tubes, semiconductors and
components.
5. It was Friday and soon they’d go out and get drunk.
6. I saw a Turner on the wall.
7. I wish I could also speak Chinese. The language is so expressive and so compact that I could speak
more succinctly, but unfortunately I am not cultured enough.
8. He talked on, I scribbled away, his telephone buzzed away.
II. Text Translation
At first I attribute this new habit to advancing age—I had recently turned 40—and glumly concluded that I was becoming morbid. But why, then, was I finding my secret rite so uplifting? Finally after many years of starting the day this way, I have figured out that I am doing it not to obsess about death but to find out about life. Real life. Obituaries capture the benchmarks of life span without passing judgment or making order out of the events. The high points are easy—Pulitzer Prize winners joke that as soon as they are named they know what the headline is going to be on their obituaries—but I read most attentively for clues to the defeats and the flatline periods, the inexplicable changes of heart and the twists of flat, the gambles and the unexpected consequences, the loose ends…
The message that comes through over and over is that although there are times in any life when things seem to be proceeding step by logical step, the whole is mostly random and askew. Life, as every biography and obit I have ever read confirms, is what happens when you are making other plans.
2009-7-9
参考译文
句子翻译
1. 温度高，水蒸发得快，温度底，水蒸发得慢。[补充原文省略或被替代的词]
2. 这个国家的城市越来越多，离婚率也越来越高。[增补辅助性名词supplementary noun——范畴词
category，使译文具体、清楚]
3. 听见脚步声，知道他回来了。[增补辅助性动词supplementary verb——以解释名词的意思]
4. 这篇报告总结了电子管、半导体和组件三方面的新成就。[增补表示概括性的词summarizing word]
5. 星期五发薪日到了，他们马上就要上街去喝得酩酊大醉。[英国那时每逢星期五发一次工资]
6. 我看到墙上又一幅透纳的名画。[Turner, Joseph Mallord William, 1775-1851,英国著名风景画家]
7. 要是我也能讲中国话就好了。中国话这种语言十分简洁，又富有表现力。要是用中国话讲，我就
可以讲得更简练。可惜，我的文化素养还不够。[补充连接性词语connectors，使上下语法，或逻辑，或语义紧密联系]
8. 他侃侃而谈，我匆匆记录；电话玲声柔和地嗡嗡作响。[修辞性增补，使译文更生动、形象]
段落翻译
起初，我认为我新近养成的习惯是年龄渐长的原故，因为不久前我已经满了40岁，因此，忧郁不安地断定自己的心理一定是开始不正常了。可是，为什么我对自己的这一神秘仪式如此兴奋不已呢？许多年来，我都是这样开始一天的生活，最后，我终于悟出，我进行的这一神秘仪式并不是因为自己摆脱不了死亡的困惑，而是为了寻找生命的意义。真正的生命。讣闻简单地记录了人的一生，没有任何评判，也不给人生的经历划分等级。当然，人生的重大事件是一目了然的。比如，普利策获奖者就笑谈过，说他们一旦知道自己被提名，就知道了自己讣告上的标题是什么。不过，我读讣闻关注的则是不那么引人注目的人生经历：人生中的失意和无奈，心境难以名状的变化和道路的蜿蜒曲折，孤注一掷的拼搏，难以预料的结果，还有没有实现的愿望……。
无数的讣闻让我得到这样一个启示：有的时候，人生似乎在按一定的轨迹符合逻辑地步步前行，但是，很多时候，人生中所发生的事情却是偶然的，偏离常轨的。而我所读过的那些传记和讣闻也更加让我确信：人生是难以预料的。
2009-7-10
Omission
Ⅰ. Sentence Translation
1.It is with words as with sunbeams: the more they are condensed, the deeper they burn.
2.He led a dog’s life of it.
3.There is no royal road to anything.
4.My father is a vigorous 86.
5.Many years ago, flying to the moon was out of the question.
At present, flying to the moon is out of question.
6.You should keep calm even when you are in danger.
7.“Wash your hands before you have your meals, children.” says the teacher.
8.Wise men love truth, but fools shun it.
9.Never get on or off the bus before it comes to a standstill.
10.When fortune knocks, open the door.
11.Today, however, a fresh new wind of change blows upon the face of Asia and the world.
Ⅱ. Text Translation
The Authority of Science vs. the Authority of the Church
Bertrand Russell
The period of history which is commonly called “modern” has a mental outlook which differs from the medieval period in many ways. Of these, two are the most important: the diminishing authority of the Church and the increasing authority of science…
The authority of science, which is recognized by most philosophers of the modern epoch, is a very different thing from the authority of the Church, since it is intellectual, not governmental. No penalties fall upon those who reject it; no prudential arguments influence those who accept it. It prevails solely by its intrinsic appeal to reason. It is, moreover, a piecemeal and partial authority; it does not, like the body of Catholic dogma, lay down a complete system, covering human morality, human hopes, and the past and future history of the universe. It pronounces only on whatever, at the time, appears to have been scientifically ascertained, which is a small island in an ocean of nescience. There is yet another difference from ecclesiastical authority, which declares its pronouncements to be absolutely certain and eternally unalterable: the pronouncements of science are made tentatively, on a basis of probability, and are regarded as liable to modification. This produces a temper of mind very different from that of the medieval dogmatist. (Excerpts from History of Western Philosophy)
2009-7-10
参考译文
句子翻译
1.文字像日光一样：愈精练，愈有力。[省略先行词it]
2.他过着牛马不如的生活。[省略习语中含有的it]
3.任何事情都无坦途。[省略惯用语中的补足词expletive “there”]
4.我父亲今年86岁，仍很健旺。[省略联系动词is和英语冠词a]
5.许多年前，飞往月球是不可能的。
现在，飞往月球是毫无问题的。[在英语的一些相似表达中，冠词用与不用，意义迥异]
6.危险时也要保持冷静。[省略用作主语的代词you]
7.“孩子们，饭前洗手。”老师说。[省略物主代词your 和作主语的代词you]
8.智者爱好真理，愚者回避真理。[省略并列句中的连词but]
9.车未停稳，切勿上下。[省略复合句中的从属连词before]
10.勿失良机。/ 运气敲门就开门。[省略必要词语，译成汉语紧缩句]
11.然而，今天一股强劲的、新的变革之风正吹遍亚洲和世界。[为简洁作修辞性省略，但无损原
意]
段落翻译
科学的权威与教会的权威
伯特兰·罗素
通常谓之“现代”的这段历史时期，人们的思想见解和中古时期的思想见解有许多不同。其中有两点最重要，即教会的权威衰落下去，科学的权威逐步上升。……
科学的权威是近代大多数哲学家都承认的；由于它不是统治威信，而是理智上的威信，所以是一种和教会权威大不相同的东西。否认它的人并不遭到什么惩罚；承认它的人也决不为从现实利益出发的任何道理所左右。它在本质上求理性裁断，全凭这点致胜。并且，这是一种片段不全的威信；不像天主教的那套教义，设下一个完备的体系，概括人间道理、人类的希望、以及宇宙的过去和未来的历史。它只对当时似乎已由科学判明的事情表示意见，这在无知的茫茫大海中只不过是个小岛。另外还有一点与教会威信不同；教会威信宣称自己的判断绝对确实，万年更改不了；科学的论断却是在盖然性的基础上，按尝试的方式提出来的，认为随时难免要修正。这使人产生一种和中世纪教义学者的心理气质截然不同的心理气质。（译自《西方哲学史》）
2009-7-11
Repetition
Ⅰ. Sentence Translation
https://www.360docs.net/doc/cd832237.html,st year, the output of coal in this region amounted to about 20 percent of the whole country; of
steel 25 percent; of grain 30 percent; of cotton 35 percent.
2.Work with, and not against, nature.
3.Translation from English into Chinese is not as easy as that from English into French.
4.We have to analyze and solve problems.
5.We have advocated the principle of peaceful co-existence, which is now growing more and more
popular among the nations of Asia and Africa.
6.Yesterday a pigeon carried the first message from the city to the town. The bird covered the
distance in three minutes.
7.Walking up and down the empty room, he stopped here and there to touch or look. (The Apple
Tree)
8.It is no use doing what you like; you have got to like what you do.
9.We should seek common ground while reserving differences.
10.He was open now to charges of willful blindness.
11.You will have enough to eat and enough to wear.
Ⅱ. Text Translation
The First Snow
Henry Longfellow
The first snow came. How beautiful it was, falling so silently all day long, all night long, on the mountains, on the meadows, on the roofs of the living, on the graves of the dead! All white save the river, that marked its course by a winding black line across the landscape; and the leafless trees, that against the leaden sky now revealed more fully the wonderful beauty and intricacies of their branches.
What silence, too, came with the snow, and what seclusion! Every sound was muffled; every noise changed to something soft and musical. No more tramping hoofs, no more rattling wheels! Only the chiming of sleigh-bells, beating as swift and merrily as the hearts of children. (From Kavanagh)
2009-7-11
参考译文
句子翻译
1.去年，这一地区的煤产量约占全国总产量的20%，钢产量约占25%，粮食产量约占30%，棉
花产量约占35%。[重复被省略了的词output 和amounted to about]
2.要顺应自然工作，不要违反自然工作。[重复被省略了的动词work]
3.英译汉不如英译法容易。[重复代词that 所代替的名词translation]
4.我们要分析问题，解决问题。[重复几个动词所共有的宾语problems]
5.我们提倡和平共处的原则，这个原则目前在亚非各国越来越得人心了。[重复关系代词which
所代替的词义]
6.昨天，一只鸽子把第一条信息从市里带到了镇里。这段距离这只鸽子飞了三分钟。[重复下义
词hyponym: the bird, 以代替上义词superordinate: a pigeon]
7.房间空空荡荡，他走来走去，这儿停停，那儿停停，东摸摸，西瞧瞧。[修辞性重叠和重复，
达到汉语修辞结构美、均衡美、节奏美]
8.爱一行干一行不行，要干一行爱一行。[重复词语或表达法，达到修辞效果]
9.我们应该求同存异。[发挥汉语“反义合成”antonymous combination 四字短语four-character
phrase 的语言优势，达到修辞效果]
10.这时人们指责他装聋作哑。[发挥汉语“同义词复制”synonymous reduplication 四字短语
four-character phrase 的语言优势，达到修辞效果]
11.你啊，要吃有吃，要穿有穿。/ 够你吃的，也够你穿的。[发挥汉语的多种复制优势，达到修
辞效果]
段落翻译
初雪
亨利·朗费罗
初雪飘临。多么美啊！它整日整夜那么静静地飘着，落在山岭上，落在草地上，落在世人的房顶上，落在死者的坟墓上！在一片白茫茫之中，只有河流在美丽的画面上划出一道曲曲弯弯的黑线；还有那叶儿落净的树木，映衬着铅灰色的天空，此刻更显得枝丫交错，姿态万千。初雪飘落时，是何等的宁谧，何等的幽静！一切声响都趋沉寂，一切嗓音都化作柔和的音乐。再也听不到马蹄得得，再也听不到车轮辚辚！唯有雪橇的铃铛，奏出和谐的乐声，那明快欢乐的节拍犹如孩子们心房的搏动。（范钜清译）
2009-7-12
Inversion
Ⅰ. Sentence Translation
1.Four cardinal points of the compass: north, south, east, and west.
The points of the compass: N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, and NW.
2.men and women, young and old; sisters and brother (cf. boys and girls); dear mother and father
3.you, he and I; Lisa, Linda and I; my wife (husband) and I
4.food, clothing, shelter and transportation
5.consul general; court-martial; letters patent; the bride elect; God Almighty
6.Keith: A little, yellow, ragged, lame, unshaven beggar. (John Galsworthy)
7.Bernard Shaw was a well-known English playwright, who wrote many plays.
8.Don’t fire until you have taken a good aim.
9.I was, and remain, grateful for the part he played in the recovery of my lost document.
10.Overgrazing in the Near East and North Africa has resulted in the formation of the present deserts
along the once fertile Mediterranean shores.
Ⅱ. Text Translation
Self-Mastery
Orison Swett Marden
…
Have you a hot, passionate temper? If so, a moment’s outbreak, like a rat-hole in a dam, may flood all the work of years. One angry word sometimes raises a storm that time itself cannot allay. A single angry word has lost many a friend.
When Socrates found in himself any disposition to anger, he would check it by speaking low, in opposition to the motions of his displeasure. If you are conscious of being in a passion, keep your mouth shut, lest you increase it. Many a person has dropped dead in a rage. Fits of anger bring fits of disease. “Whom the gods would destroy they first make mad.”“Keep cool,” says Webster, “anger is not argument.”“Be calm in arguing,”says George Herbert, “for fierceness makes error a fault, and truth discourtesy”
…
2009-7-12
参考译文
句子翻译
1.罗盘上的四个基本方位：东、南、西、北（《现代汉语词典》2002：545）
罗经上的方位（北、东北、东、东南、南、西南、西、西北）(OALD 2002: 280)
2.男女老少；兄弟姐妹（cf. 男女孩）；亲爱的父母亲/亲爱的爸爸妈妈
3.我，你和他；我，丽莎和琳达/ 丽莎、琳达和我；我和我妻子（丈夫）/ 我妻子（丈夫）
和我
4.衣食住行——穿衣、吃饭、住宿、行路，指生活上的基本需要。（《现代汉语词典》2002：2257）
[以上译例1-4说明：英译汉时，汉语要倒置英语某些词组或短语的词序]
5.总领事；军事法庭；专利证/特许状；待嫁的新娘；万能的神（上帝）[翻译时应倒置定语与名
词的词序]
6.基思：一个讨饭的，身材矮小，面色苍黄，衣衫褴褛，瘸腿，满脸胡子。[倒置前置词序列定
语 a series of attributive modifiers before a noun]
7.萧伯纳写过许多剧本，是英国的一位著名的剧作家。[翻译时倒置句子重心focus of sentence/
信息重心focus of information，变松散句loose sentence为圆周句periodic sentence。此外，剧作家前的前置序列定语要倒置]
8.瞄准了再开枪。[翻译时倒置句子或信息重心，形成圆周句periodic sentence]
9.我丢失的文件得以找回，他出了不少力。对此我过去感激，现在仍然很感激。[调整句子结构
的逻辑顺序，按汉语时间先后逻辑顺序time sequence or logical sequence安排句序chronological order]
10.在近东和北非，地中海沿岸曾经是沃野千里，由于放牧过度，如今已成了一片沙漠。[调整句
子结构的逻辑顺序，按汉语时间先后和因果逻辑顺序time sequence or logical sequence安排句序chronological orde]
段落翻译
自我克制
奥里森·斯韦特·马登
你有火爆易怒的脾气吗？如果有的话，片刻的发作无异于千里之堤溃于蚁穴，会冲垮长年累月完成的全部工程。有时，一句怒言会掀起经久不息的风波。仅一句怒言就失掉好多朋友。
苏格拉底发觉自己要发怒时总是降低声调来抑制怒火，阻止不愉快情绪的发展。如果你意识到你情绪激动，就保持缄默，免得怒火越烧越旺。不少人盛怒之下一命呜呼。阵阵愤怒招来疾病的频频发作。“神要毁灭谁，先使他疯狂。”韦伯斯特说：“要保持冷静，愤怒不等于争辩。”乔治·赫伯特说：“辩论时要心平气和，因为狂怒使谬误铸成大错，使真理变成无礼。”
2009-7-13
Negation
Ⅰ. Sentence Translation
1.In all my travels, I had yet to see a place as beautiful as this orchard.
2.It is wise man that never makes mistakes.
It is a long lane that has no turning.
3.I don’t think Father will fancy living an idle life like that.
4.He didn’t happen to be there that day.
5. A rolling stone gathers no moss.
Under no circumstances would we give up our principles.
6.Are you not prepared to do this work? —Yes, I am. / No, I’m not.
It’s not going to rain, is it? —Yes, it’s going to rain. / No, it’s not.
I wonder if he cannot help me out of the difficulty.
Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery?
7.All that flatter you are not faithful friends.
8.I do not know all of them. (cf. I do not know any of them.)
9.He is not a scholar. (cf. He is no scholar.)
10.A true great man is above flattery.
Ⅱ. Text Translation
Alone
(Excerpts)
Richard E. Byrd
Solitude is an excellent laboratory in which to observe the extent to which manners and habits are conditioned by others. My table manners are atrocious —in this respect I’ve slipped back hundreds of years; in fact, I have no manners whatsoever. If I feel like it, I eat with my fingers, or out of a can, or standing up —in other words, whichever is easiest. What’s left over, I just heave into the slop pail, close to my feet. Come to think of it, no reason why I shouldn’t. It’s rather a convenient way to eat; I seem to remember reading in Epicurus that a man living alone lives the life of a wolf.
A life alone makes the need for external demonstration almost disappear. Now I seldom cuss,
although at first I was quick to open fire at everything that tried my patience. Attending to the electrical circuit on the anemometer pole is no less cold than it was in the beginning; but I work in soundless torment, knowing that the night is vast and profanity can shock no one nut myself.
2009-7-13
参考译文
句子翻译
1.我走了这么多地方，还从来没有看见过这么美丽的果园。[肯定形式译成否定形式。“yet”，
“still”，“remain”等后接动词不定式表示否定意义]
2.再聪明的人，也会做错。/ 智者千虑必有一失。
长途必有弯路。/ 路必有弯。/ 事必有变。/≈否极泰来。[否定形式译成肯定形式]
3.我想爸爸不会喜欢过那样清闲的生活。[否定的转移transfer of the negative：从主句转移到从
句]
4.那天，他碰巧不在那里。[否定的转移transfer of the negative：从谓语动词转移到状语]
5.滚石不生苔，转业不聚财。/见异思迁，一事无成。
在任何情况下，我们都不会放弃原则。[否定的转移transfer of the negative：从句子其他成分转移到动词]
6.你不打算做这项工作吗？——不，我打算做。/ 是的，我不打算做。[回答否定问句的译法]
不会下雨，是不是？——不，会下雨。/ 是的，不会。[回答反意问句的译法]
我不知道他是否能帮我摆脱这个困境。[间接否定问句的译法]
难道生命如此宝贵，和平如此可爱，需以枷锁和奴役为代价吗？/生命岂不宝贵，和平岂不可爱，需以……[修辞性问句的译法]
7.奉承你的人并非都是忠实朋友。[all/every/both/always/altogether…not…=not all/not every/not
both/not always/not altogether=some/some/one or the other/sometimes/somewhat，即英语部分否定又部分肯定句的译法]
8.我并不全认识他们。（参阅：我都不认识他们。）[…not…all (every, both, always)= partial negation，
即英语部分否定句的译法]
9.他不是学者。（参阅：他不大识字。/ 他字都认不了几个。）[no比not语气更强，更强调]
10.真正的伟人不喜欢阿谀奉承。[这里above是含有否定意义的介词]
段落翻译
独处
（节录）
理查德·E·伯德
孤独是很好的实验环境，正宜于观察一个人的举止和习惯在多大程度上受人制约。如今我吃东西的举止十分粗野；这方面一放松就倒退了几百年，实在是一点礼貌也没有。高兴就用手抓来吃，开个罐头端着吃，站着吃；反正怎么省事就怎么吃。吃剩的，往脚边的泔水桶里一倒了事。
想来也未尝不可。这倒挺方便的吃法。记得在伊壁鸠鲁的书上好像有这么一句话：独处者过的是狼一般的生活。
独处使得情感发泄的必要几乎完全消失。我现在很少破口大骂，而起先一碰到恼人的事就要
放炮。风速表支柱上电路，现在检修起来和当初一样要挨冻，可是如今我忍者冻一声不响地干活，因为我知道，夜茫茫四野无人，粗言秽语，说出来只有使自己吃惊。
2009-9-12
Division
I. Sentence Translation
1. He reminded me of what I should otherwise have forgotten.
2. They relentlessly tear at the flowers they see.
3. His article is a well-written composition with good organization and fine style.
4. Thunderstorms in spring and summer often come with intensity great enough to cause flash-flooding.
5. He failed somehow, in spite of a mediocrity which ought to have insured any man to success.
6. Burbank’s scientific training came during the visits of an uncle who was a scientis t.
7. To make an atom bomb we have to use uranium 235, in which all the atoms are available for fissio n.
8. It is a law of nature that energy cannot be created.
9. How can you be such a foolish ignorant girl as to think you could afford to pay Mr. Higgins?
10. He boasts that a slave is free the moment his foot touches British soil and he sells the children of
the poor at six years of age to work under the lash in the factories for sixteen hours a day.
Ⅱ. Text Translation
Thus, despite its extraordinary achievements in art, science, intellectual, moral and political life, the United States is a nation in which tens of thousands of young people flee reality by opting for drug-induced lassitude; a nation in which millions of their parents retreat into video-induced stupor or alcoholic haze; a nation in which legions of elderly folk vegetate and die in loneliness; in which the flight from family and occupational responsibility has become an exodus; in which masses tame their raging anxieties with Miltown, or Librium, or Equanil, or a score of other tranquilizers and psychic pacifiers.
Such a nation, whether it knows it or not, is suffering from future shock. (Alvin Toffler: Future Shock)
2009-9-19
Condensation
I. Sentence Translation
1. In the course of the same year, war broke out in that area.
2. It was midnight, and there was not a single soul on the street.
3. From Florence the river Arno runs down to Pisa, and then it reaches the sea.
4. He was very clean. His mind was open.
5. Constructive criticism should not break friendship. It should breed respect.
6. When we praise the Chinese leadership and the people, we are not merely being polite.
7. The acting of plays was something to which the educational theory of the Renaissance attached high
importance.
8. Tradition has it that the city was built in the fifteenth century BC.
9. Sow the wind and reap the whirlwind.
10. Make hay while the sun shines.
11. He who grasps too much holds nothing fast.
II. Text Translation
It seems as if a great deal were attainable in a world where there are so many marriages and decisive battles, and where we all, at certain hours of the day, and with great gusto and dispatch, stow
a portion of victuals finally and irretrievably into the bag which contains us. And it would seem also, on
a hasty view, that the attainment of as much as possible was the one goal of man’s contentious life. And
yet, as regards the spirit, that is but a semblance. We live in an ascending scale where we live happily, one thing leading to another in an endless series. There is always a new horizon for onward-looking men, and although we dwell on a small planet, immersed in petty business and not enduring beyond a brief period of years, we are so constituted that our hopes are inaccessible, like stars, and the term of hoping is prolonged until the term of life…(from Robert Stevenson’s El Dorado)
2009-9-26
Translation of the Passive
I. Sentence Translation
1. No reference books are to be taken out of the reading-room without permission.
2. The plan will be examined by a special committee first.
3. Radium was discovered in 1898.
4. He has been pursued day by day, and year by year, by a most phenomenal and astonishing luckiness.
5. What China is doing today will be felt far and wide tomorrow. (Hewlett and Nowell Johnson: To China
at Ninety)
6. She was solely guided by the public good.
7. The Fahrenheit scale, though quite inconvenient, is still used in English and the U.S.
8. Not a voice, or hand, or even an eye was raised. (C. Dickens: A Tale of Two Cities)
9. It is said that nuclear power plants are under preparation for construction.
10. The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by a generator.
11. She was supported by a humble friend.
II. Text Translation
The microscope is an optical device used to view materials that are too small to be seen by the unaided eye. An optical microscope of good quality can produce magnifications of several thousands of times, but in practice it is employed only for magnifications up to approximately 1000 times. For viewing objects that require still greater enlargement, the electron microscope is used.
It should be noted here that all magnification figures for microscopes refer to enlargement relative to the distance of the most distinct vision. This distance is about 25 centimeters, or about 10 inches, from the human eye; objects placed closer to the eye will appear to be blurred. The statement that a particular microscope produces a magnification of 300 times, for example, means that an object viewed under the microscope will appear to be 300 times larger than when seen by the unaided eye at a distance of 25 centimeters.
2009-10-10
Translation of Long Sentences (Part One)
Ⅰ. Sentence Translation
1.Our Charter, being a historical product, has its limitations, and although my Govern ment has always
considered that strict respect for the principles it embodies is the key to considerable progress in international coexistence, it now ventures to suggest certain changes, which are technical rather than political, to improve the machinery available to the Organization, since the lofty aims to which we aspire will be the more readily attainable the better the machinery at our disp osal. (from the United Nations documents)
2. A few stars are known which are hardly bigger than the earth, but the majority are so large that
hundreds of thousands of earths could be packed inside each and leave room to spare; here and there we come upon a giant star large enough to contain millions of millions of earths.
3.His art, misunderstood and discredited by the public during most of his life, grew out of impression
and eventually challenged all the conventional values of painting in the 19th century thro ugh his
第1章学术论文写作概述讲义
第1章学术论文写作概述 1.1 学术规范 1.2 关于学术论文 1.3 学术论文的撰写 1.4文献综述的撰写 1.1.1学术剽窃及其防范 凡是在自己的文章中有意或无意地使用他人的思想见解或语言表述，而没有申明其来源的，就是剽窃。主要有以下几种情形： ?总体的剽窃：整体立论、构思、框架等方面抄袭； ?直接抄袭：直接的从他人论著中寻章摘句，整段、整页地抄袭；为了隐蔽，同时照搬原著中的引文和注释； ?在通篇照搬他人文字的情况下，只将极少数的文字做注； ?为改而改，略更动几个无关紧要的字或换一种句型； ?错误理解综述的概念 ?跳跃颠转式抄袭 ?拼贴组合式抄袭 学术剽窃的主观控制： ?一字不差地直接复制引用，确保不做任何改变 ?在做笔记时清晰地记下作者和资料来源细节； ?熟悉文中的引用方法； ?仅引用对论点至关重要的段落； ?在开始查找文献资料之前，先记录下自己的观点和思想，然后用他人的成果支持或反驳这些论点； ?有选择性地引用，不要引用过多； ?解释的时候要注意材料运用得当； ?阅读完资料后，凭记忆作笔记。
学术剽窃的客观防范： CNKI 学术不端文献检测系统 “14、严禁抄袭、剽窃他人论文（设计）与成果，严禁以任何形式捏造、篡改研究数据和计算结果，上述行为，一经查实，一律以不及格论处。” 1.1.2学术规范的本质和层次 ?技术层次 ?内容层次 ?道德层次 1.1.3学术规范的体系 ?学术道德规范 ?学术法律规范 ?学术技术规范 1.2.1 学术论文的定义 学术论文又称学术文本或研究论文，是讨论某种问题或研究某种问题的文章，是作者向社会描述自己研究成果的工具。 1.2.2 学术论文的特征 ◆创新性 ◆学术性 ◆科学性 创新性 是衡量学术论文价值的根本标准。一篇论文价值的大小，不是看它如何罗列现象，重复别人已经取得的成果，而是看它能否创造前人所没有过的新技术、新工艺、新理论，并具
英语学术论文写作课程论文
外国语学院英语系 英语学术论文写作课程论文 题目:The Correlation between English Majors’ English Learning Motivation and Their Learning Strategies 姓名: 学号： 班级：2011级6班 日期: 2013年12月 评 语
成绩 教师签名：
Contents Abstract (i) 摘要 (ii) 1.Introduction (1) 1.1 Background of the Study (1) 1.2 Significance of the Study (2) 1.3 Purpose of the Study (2) 1.4 Overview of the Thesis (2) 2.Literature Review (3) 2.1Research on English Learning Motivation (3) 2.1.1 Definition of ELM (3) 2.1.2 Classification of ELM (4) 2.1.2.1 Integrative Motivation and Instrumental Motivation (4) 2.1.2.2 Intrinsic Motivation and Extrinsic Motivation (5) 2.1.2.3 The Relationship between the Two Motivational Dichotomies.6 2.2 Research on English Learning Strategies (6) 2.2.1 Definition of ELS (7) 2.2.2 Classification of ELS (7) 2.3 Research on the Relationship of English Learning Motivation and English Learning strategies (10) 3. Methodology (11) 3.1Question.... . (11) 3.2 Subjects (12) 3.3 Instruments (12) 3.4 Data Collection (13) 3.5 Data Analysis (13) 4.Results and Discussion (13) 4.1 Results from ELM Questionnaire (13) 4.2 Results from ELS Questionnaire (16)
论文写作讲义
论文写作（讲义） 第一章论文写作概说 一、论文的含义、特点、分类。 1、什么叫学术论文？ 学术论文就是用来进行科学研究和描述科研成果的文章，简称论文。 学术论文是学术研究的结晶，不是一般的“学术体会”；也不是某些现象的直录、材料的罗列、事件经过的描述；同样不是对他人研究成果的简单重复。学术论文的作者必须站在一定的理论高度来观察和分析带有学术价值的问题，引述各种事实或道理去论证自己的新发现、新见解，向学术界表述自己研究为什么要写作和发表论文呢 其一：做为一个专业研究者来说，写作和发表论文可能是不可缺少的，因为你要通过学术论文告诉别人：你在做什么？ 其二：学术论文是记录研究者研究成果的载体，凭借它对自己的研究工作做一个学术总结；同时，论文又是一种学术交流的方式，研究者通过它与同行交流学术问题。 其三；对于大学生和研究生来说，学术论文是衡量自己知识水平和研究能力的重要依据，学生需要凭借它去获取学位。 2、学术论文的特点 （1）学术性 首先要明白什么是“学术”？所谓学术，是指较为专门、系统的学问。所谓学术性，就是指研究、探讨的内容具有专门性和系统性，即是以科学领域里某一专业性问题作为研究对象。当然也有的学术问题，仅凭一个专业的知识解决不了，就会由两个或几个专业的专家联手合作研究，运用各自的专业知识，解决一个学术问题，写出学术论文。 学术论文从选题上说有很强的专业性。如《唐代中书门下体制下的三省机构与职权》，相反，如《我所认识的启功先生》、《假期：少儿看电视悠着点儿》等文章单从题目上看就没有专业性。
（2）科学性 所谓科学性，就是指研究、探讨的内容准确、思维严密、推理合乎逻辑。 具体来说，主要指论文的内容（文章）或是反映客观规律。或是观点可靠（社会科学），理据充分，有严密的逻辑性。其内容能经得起同行的质疑。 （3）规范性 文章结构规范，表达严谨。论文的结构多是模式化，符号、图形和语言表达要求相当规范、准确。学术论文不像文学作品讲究形式的创新，其表达要求简洁、明白。 （4）创新性 科学研究是对新知识的探求。如果科学研究只作继承，没有创造，那么人类文明就不会前进。是否具有创新性是衡量一篇论文学术价值的最重要的标准。可以说创新是学术论文的生命。 创新可以体现为三个方面： 一是“创立新说”，发现前人未发现的问题，提出新的看法和主张。 二是“否定旧说”，即指出前人文章或著作中的谬误，并加以有说服力的论证，同时提出自己的观点，这就是通常所说的做翻案文章。 三是“旧说新证”，即从新的角度，或提供新的材料对某一传统观点进行分析和证明。 具体来说论文写作强调四新： 选题新：即一般不要选那些别人做过，而自己没有新见解的题目，否则就是炒冷饭。 材料新：一篇论文最好能发掘一些新材料，这也是一种贡献。 观点新：这是最重要的，观点反映你的认识水平，你的见识，没有新观点的论文就没有什么学术价值。 方法新：用新的方法进行研究，自然会给人以耳目一新的感觉。 论文的新，这也是最高标准，全部做到四新是非常困难的，但至少应有一新、二新，如果四新全无，那这篇论文就毫无价值。 3、学术论文的分类 （1）科学论文
研究生英语学术论文写作考试大概
Ⅰ. Gone up → increased set up → established Put up with → tolerate looking into → investigating Figure out → determine put into practice → implement Come up with → developed make up → constitute Get rid of → eliminate keep up → maintain Gone down → decrease thinking → considering Ⅱ. Structure of Data Commentary Data commentaries usually has these elements in the following order. 1.location elements and/or summary statements 2.highlighting statements 3.discussions of implications,problems,exceptions,recommendations,or other interesting aspects of the data 可能涉及到排序题，有例如下： ①A computer virus is a program that is specifically and maliciously designed to attack a computer system,destroying data.②As business have become inceasingly dependent on computers,e-mail,and the Internet,concern over the potential destructiveness of such viruses has also grown.③Table X shows the most common sources of infection for U.S. businesses.④As can be seen, in a great majority of cases,the entry point of the virus infection can be detected,with e-mail attachments being responsible for nearly 9 out of 10 viruses.⑤This very high percentage is increasingly alarming,especially since with a certain amount of caution such infections are largely preventable.⑥In consequence,e-mail users should be wary of all attachments,even thoes from a trusted colleague or a known sender.⑦In addition,all computers used for e-mail need to have a current version of a good antivirus progarm whose virus definitions are updated regularly.⑧While it may be possible to lessen the likelihood of downloading an infected file,businesses are still vulnerable to computer virus problems because of human error and the threat of new,quickly spreading viruses that cannot be identified by antivvirus software. ①②→Theory and common beliefs. ③→The start ④⑤⑥⑦⑧→Implications Ⅲ.信息性摘要 An informative abstract,as its name implies,summarizes the key points in the RP.It is an overview that briefly state the purpose,methods,results and conclutions with quantitative information. 信息性摘要主要报道论文的研究目的、研究方法、研究结果与结论。它是论文全文的高度浓缩，相当于论文的简介或概要，但它又不是简单对原文篇幅进行按比例的缩减，而是要进行深入加工。 比较流行的信息性摘要架构有： ①Objective→Methodology→Results→Conclusions ②Background→Purpose and aim→Methods→Results→Conclusions
学术论文写作的要点——总结
学术论文写作的要点——总结 一、研究生必备四本 俗话说好记性不如烂笔头，所以一定要首先养成做笔记的好习惯！作为研究生下面这几个本子是必不可少的 1，实验记录本（包括试验准备本），这当然首当其冲必不可少，我就不多说了； 2，Idea记录本，每次看文献对自己有用的东西先记下，由此产生的idea更不能放过，这可是做研究的本钱，好记性不如烂笔头，以后翻翻会更有想法的； 3，专业概念以及理论进展记录本，每个人不可能对自己领域的概念都了如指掌，初入门者更是如此，这时候小小一个本子的作用就大了； 4，讲座记录本，这本本子可能有些零杂，记录听到的内容，更要记录瞬间的灵感，以及不懂的地方，不可小视！ 这四本是你必不可少的，不过作为我们这些非英语专业的研究生来说，还有一个应该具备的本子就是英语好句记录本。 二、论文写作要点 1、选题要小，开掘要深；不要题目很大，内容却很单薄。 2、写作前要读好书、翻阅大量资料、注意学术积累，在这个过程中，还要注重利用网络，特别是一些专业数据库 3、“选题新、方法新、资料新”的三新原则（老板教导的） 4、“新题新做”和“小题大做 总之，一点之见即成文。 三、如何撰写实验研究论文（唐朝枢） 论文发表意识：基础研究成果的表达方式；是否急于发表（创新与严谨的关系）；发表的论文与学位论文的区别（反映科学事实而不是反映作者水平）论文格式：原著、快报、简报、摘要。不同于教科书、讲义，更不同于工作总结。 撰写前的准备工作：复习和准备好相关文献;再次审定实验目的;实验资料完整并再次审核 1.Introduction: 问题的提出；研究的现状及背景；以前工作基础；本工作的目的；思路（可提假说）；对象；方法；结果。在? 模型上，观察 ? 指标，以探讨 ? （目的） 2. M & M ⑴ 材料的写法和意义; 伦理. ⑵ 程序与指标。操作程序：能序贯，可操作性；方法：多指标方法的排序；引出参照文献简述;改良之处；哪些详或简？⑶ 统计学处理
英语学术论文写作 学术论文的写作要求及写作方法
英语学术论文写作学术论文的写作要求及 写作方法 (一）题名（Title,Topic） 题名又称题目或标题。题名是以最恰当、最简明的词语反映论文中最重要的特定内容的逻辑组合。 论文题目是一篇论文给出的涉及论文范围与水平的第一个重要信息，也是必须考虑到有助于选定关键词不达意和编制题录、索引等二次文献可以提供检索的特定实用信息。 论文题目十分重要，必须用心斟酌选定。有人描述其重要性，用了下面的一句话："论文题目是文章的一半"。 对论文题目的要求是：准确得体：简短精炼：外延和内涵恰如其分：醒目。对这四方面的要求分述如下。 1．准确得体 要求论文题目能准确表达论文内容，恰当反映所研究的范围和深度。常见毛病是：过于笼统，题不扣文。如："金属疲劳强度的研究"过于笼统，若改为针对研究的具体对象来命题。效果会好得多，例如"含镍名牌的合金材料疲劳强度的研究"，这样的题名就要贴切得多。再如："35Ni-15Cr型铁基高温合金中铝和钛含量对高温长期性能和组织稳定性能的影响的研究"这样的论文题目，既长又不准确，题名中的35Ni-15Cr是何含义，令人费解，是百分含量？是重量比？体积比？金属牌号？或是其它什么，请教不得而知，这就叫题目含混不清，解决的办法就是要站在读者的角度，清晰地点示出论文研究的内容。假
如上面的题目中，指的是百分含量，可放在内文中说明，不必写在标题中，标题中只需反映含Ni和Cr这一事实即可。可参考的修改方案为："Ni、Cr合金中Al和Ti含量对高温性能和组织稳定性的影响"。关键问题在于题目要紧扣论文内容，或论文内容民论文题目要互相匹配、紧扣，即题要扣文，文也要扣题。这是撰写论文的基本准则。2．简短精炼 力求题目的字数要少，用词需要精选。至于多少字算是合乎要求，并无统一的"硬性"规定，一般希望一篇论文题目不要超出20个字，不过，不能由于一味追求字数少而影响题目对内容的恰当反映，在遇到两者确有矛时，宁可多用几个字也要力求表达明确。若简短题名不足以显示论文内容或反映出属于系列研究的性质，则可利用正、副标题的方法解决，以加副标题来补充说明特定的实验材料，方法及内容等信息，使标题成为既充实准确又不流于笼统和一般化。如?q（主标题）有源位错群的动力学特性--（副标题）用电子计算机模拟有源位错群的滑移特性"。 3．外延和内涵要恰如其分 "外延"和"内涵"属于形式逻辑中的概念。所谓外延，是指一个概念所反映的每一个对象；而所谓内涵，则是指对每一个概念对象特有属性的反映。 命题时，若不考虑逻辑上有关外延和内涵的恰当运用，则有可能出现谬误，至少是不当。如："对农村合理的全、畜、机动力组合的设计"这一标题即存在逻辑上的错误。题名中的"人"，其外延可能是青壮年，
学术论文写作题目
2．莎士比亚与汤显祖之比较 The Comparison Between Shakespeare and Tang Xianzu 3人性的黑暗一面(《双城记》) The Dark Hall of Human Nature (The Tales of Two Cities) 4．罗伯特·福斯特的诗歌风格探讨 The Discussion of Robert Frost’s Poetic Style 5．《呼啸山庄》中爱与恨的对立和交融 The Opposite and Unity of Love and Hatred in Wuthering Heights 6．艾米莉·狄更生的世界 Amfly Dickenson’s World 7．《红字》中的冲突 The Conflicts in The Scarlet Letter 8．对《老人与海》中圣地亚哥的性格分析 A General Character Analysis of Santiago in The Old Man and the Sea 9．查尔斯·狄更斯与马克·吐温的写作特点比较 A Comparison of Writing Styles Between Charles Dickens and Mark Twain 10．苔丝与现代女性之间不同的纯洁标准之比较 A Comparison Between Different Standards of Purity：Upon Tess and Modern Women 11．简评《儿子与情人》 Brief Comment on Sons and Lovers 12．恋爱中的女人的自我完善与宽容——关于《红字》 Women’s Serf-Improvement and Generosity in Love—About The Scarlet Letter 13．《呼啸山庄》中希斯克利夫的转变 The Change of Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights 14．卡斯特桥的末日——性格与偶然的结合 The Doom of Casterbridge——The Combination of Character and Coincidenee 15．恶棍还是受害者——简析《威尼斯商人》中的夏洛克 V illain or Victim—A Brief Analysis of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice 16．从《格列佛游记》看人类的善与恶 The Good and Evil of Humanity in Gulli ver’s Travels 17．《了不起的盖茨比》中的象征主义 The Symbolism in The Greal Gatsby 18．《了不起的盖茨比》中美国梦的崩溃 The Decline of American Dream in The Great Gatsby 19．嘉莉妹妹的本能 Sister Carrie’s Instinct 20．美国的犹太文学 The Jewish Literature in America 21．嘉莉妹妹的悲剧分析 An Analysis on the Tragedy of Sister Carrie 22．女人的幸福——评《傲慢与偏见》 The Happiness of Women——Comments on Pride and Prejudice 23．评《飘》 Comments on Gone with the Wind 24．亨利在其短篇小说中的艺术表现手法
《学术论文写作》教学大纲
《学术论文写作》教学大纲 （2010年9月5日） 金振邦 一、课程目的 信息时代优秀人才必须具有四项核心技能，即思路清晰的读写能力、对数字应付自如、善于利用信息科技和应变的能力。学术论文写作是大学生在校期间以及今后走上教学和研究岗位后，应该掌握的一项基本技能。对毕业年级的学生来说，毕业论文或叫学士论文的写作，是每一位学生面临的一项重要任务。毕业论文的写作，是对大学四年学习的一个总结和检验，是对各种专业课程学习的一个整合，或者说是一个学术凝聚点。大学生专业学习的情况如何，其毕业论文将是一个最好的呈现，它也是检验学生学习质量和水平的一种重要手段。 通过这门课程的学习，我们要达到三个目的：1.掌握学术论文写作，重点是毕业论文写作的一般方法和技巧。学生要学会如何选题，即如何选择现实性、前沿性、创见性的论题。要善于利用图书馆和电脑网络来通览论题的研究历史和现状，从而来确定自己研究的重点和突破口。还有论文写作的材料收集、相关书籍的阅读、写作提纲的构思、标题的拟制、论文主体的展开等等。学生要会阅读、检索和处理各种学术信息，掌握知识更新和探索未知领域的方法。2.遵循学术论文写作的学术规范，增强论文的审美意识。从某种意义上说，没有规范就没有学术论文，至少会损害论文的学术价值。学生要掌握论文书写的基本规范，包括标题、署名、提要、关键词、引文、注释、参考文献等的一系列规范要求。3.提升学生的学术道德水准。学术道德涉及治学态度、是否尊重他人的学术成果、是否客观地对自己的学术观点进行定位，说到底是一个人做人的态度。一个学术道德水平低下的人，不可能写出高水平的学术论文。 所有研究性课程的学习目标： 培养核心技能。信息时代优秀人才必须具有四项核心技能，即思路清晰的读写能力、对数字应付自如、善于利用信息科技和应变的能力。尤其是电子文本的阅读与写作，是信息时代任何课程都应该着力培养的重要核心技能。 学会使用计算机来获取和处理专业研究信息。其中包括掌握最新的操作系统和字处理系统的方法，网络信息检索的技术和能力，常用电脑软件的使用，以至网络信息的发布。尤其要学会电脑技术和专业领域的结合。 增强科学研究能力。掌握特定专业的基础理论、基本知识和前沿信息。在此基础上寻找自己个性潜力发展的学术空间，获取独特的谋生本领。善于选择恰当的科研选题，运用科学的研究方法和手段，熟练使用学术论文的规范形式，来表述自己的学术观点。能公开在报刊上发表自己的论文。 二、教学方法 1.教学方法 建构现代化的教育教学观念。1. 确立信息时代新的教学观念，不断更新陈旧的教学思想和方法。强调教师以教学咨询为重点，学生以独立自学为主干，教学内容以现实需求为中心，学科导向以网络技术为前沿。贴近时代，追踪热点，关注现实。2. 明确教师的主导作用和学生的主体地位。压缩授课时数，重视课堂效果，注重治学方法，提供宽广的自学空间，引导同学利用图书馆、电子信息库，去自主获取知识信息。提供前沿的学术动态和丰富的学科数据库，以及信息检索的网络路径。 3. 遵循心理学原则进行授课，采取灵活多样的教学步骤，在轻松、自由、平等的气氛中进行教学
学术论文写作讲义
学术论文写作讲义 一、选题 选题是否成功是研究成功的前提。有一种说法，哲学社会科学不像自然科学，没有成功与不成功之说，只要愿意去做，最后必然成功。此话谬矣。没有好的选题，即便是洋洋洒洒数万言乃至数十万、数百万言，结果都是无用的废话。这就不能视为成功的研究。成功的研究一定是建立在成功的选题之上的。那么，什么是成功的选题呢？简而言之就是选题要有问题意识。问题意识是是什么呢？ 一是指研究的目标取向。成功的选题应该是揭示研究的目标取向，也就是要使研究达到什么样的目标。研究的目标取向所反映的是研究是否有价值，是否值得研究。因此，从选题来看就可以知道该问题研究的状况和可能发展的趋势。如果选题没有揭示研究的目标取向，而只是陈述了一个事实，那么就意味着该研究不值得研究，或者说前人已经做了比较详尽的研究，在目前的状况下已经没有深入的可能了。这种选题就不应该去选。 二是指研究的具体范围。成功的选题应该是范围具体，不是大而全的。也就是选题不能过大，过大的选题会使研究无法深入下去，只是如蜻蜓点水。另一方面是题目太小，研究就会过于沉迷于琐碎的细节，从而使研究失去了价值和品位。特别是有的细节并不具有代表性，也不能真正反映事物发展的趋势，但由于研究者的视野太小，没法从细节中发现事物发展的基本规律。特别是做历史史料研究的往往都有这样的毛病。 三是要对一个学术问题产生质疑，或者说要有争鸣性。学术研究是无止境的，真理更是无止境的。很多学术观点在当时是对的，或者说是真理，但时间和条件都变化了，因而其真理性也会发生变化。因此，选题一定要敢于质疑，但质疑必须要有理有据，而不是随便怀疑。在有理有据的基础上的怀疑，这样的选题一定是有价值的。 总之，选题是很讲究技巧的。选题实际上是积累后的第一次思想井喷，没有积累就无法进行选题。好的选题可以使研究事半功倍，好的选题是论文成功的前提。在选题之后，还有一个重要的问题就是题目的表达，即怎样把这个内容表达出来。这里也有几个讲究： 一是题目不宜太长，太长表明作者缺乏概括能力和抽象能力，题目要求精炼、简洁，要力求达到多一个字太长、少一个字太短的水平。 二是核心概念不宜多，最多两个，最好一个。这就必须贯彻“计划生育”政策。核心概念超过两个，论文到底研究什么就非常难把握了，而且概念太多通篇很可能就是在解释概念，实质性的内容就被冲淡了。 三是表达要精准，题目如果引起歧义，或者模糊不清，那么论文在写作是很可能出现跑题现象。 二、文献梳理和文献的使用 文献是写好论文的材料，也是研究的基础。它反映的是研究者的专业基础和专业能力。没有文献，就相当于造房子没有砖块一样；同时，没有文献也像在空中造房子一样没有基础。文献是学术传承和学术伦理的载体。尊重文献就是尊重前人的研究，尊重文献，也体现了学术发展的脉络。因此，文献在撰写论文中至关重要。在撰写论文之前，一是要对文献进行必要的梳理，二是要善于使用文献。 （一）关于文献梳理 1、梳理文献的目的是什么？ 选题的问题意识来源于对文献的阅读和分析，问题意识不是凭空产生的，二是基于既有的研究而发现问题。梳理文献的目的在于： 其一，梳理所选问题的历史发展脉络。任何问题都有一个发展脉络，不了解学术发展的脉络就不能对学术问题进行深入研究。也就是说，这个问题是从哪里来的，然而才能预判这个问
2016尔雅课学术基本要素：专业论文写作课程及考试答案
1 【单选题】下列不属于硕士学位论文要求的是（）。 ?A、有新的见解 ?B、数据准确可靠 ?C、语言可带有感情色彩 ?D、逻辑清晰 我的答案：C得分：25.0分 2 【单选题】关于学术论文描述不正确的是（）。 ?A、是书面文献 ?B、是知识生产的重要部分 ?C、最终目的是为了知识创新 ?D、艺术类学术论文一般属于检测性学术论文 我的答案：D得分：25.0分 3 【判断题】按照学科来分，目前学术论文一般分为自然科学、社会科学、人文学科三种类型。 （） 我的答案：√得分：25.0分 4 【判断题】学术论文的规范，是学术对话的重要基础。（）
1 【单选题】要确定选题，首先要做的是（）。 ?A、立意 ?B、文献调研 ?C、拟大纲 ?D、拟草稿 我的答案：B得分：25.0分 2 【单选题】下列不属于写作相关情况的是（）。 ?A、要表达叙述的愿望 ?B、符合相应的语言规律 ?C、有目的、有预设的价值或功能活动 ?D、尽量少用修辞技巧 我的答案：D得分：25.0分 3 【判断题】翻译写作、编辑写作属于亚写作。（） 我的答案：√得分：25.0分 4 【判断题】如果在论文中需要使用一个新的名词或概念，应该立即解释清楚。（）
1 【单选题】对明代历史而言，《明史》是（）材料，明代档案是（）材料。 ?A、直接、间接 ?B、直接、直接 ?C、间接、直接 ?D、间接、间接 我的答案：C得分：25.0分 2 【单选题】一般而言，材料和案例应该是作为（）出现在论文中的。 ?A、论点 ?B、论据 ?C、论证 ?D、驳论 我的答案：B得分：25.0分 3 【判断题】在阅读别人的研究成果时，既不能抱有成见，也不能盲目跟从。（）我的答案：√得分：25.0分 4 【判断题】二重证据法指的是文献与实物的互证，是由傅斯年提出的。（）
英语学术论文写作
课程论文 题目Analysis of rural primary school English teaching present situation and countermeasure 学生姓名顾秀丽 院系语言文化学院 专业英语 课程名称英语学术论文写作 任课教师汪徽 二Ｏ一二年五月十五日 Analysis of rural primary school English teaching present situation and countermeasure By Gu Xiuli Department of English School of Language and Culture Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology May, 2012 Analysis of rural primary school English teaching present situation and countermeasure By Gu Xiuli Department of English School of Language and Culture Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology May, 2012 Abstract：Primary school English teaching is the start of students’ English learning. Although primary school English has been established for over ten years, there are a lot of problems in primary school English teaching all the same, especially in rural primary school English teaching. Under the premise of an anaiysis of the present situation of primary school English teaching, this article will put forward several related improvement measures and suggestions in order to perect China’s rural primary school English teaching.
学术论文要做到真实、科学、严谨
学术论文要做到真实、科学、严谨 不论写作任何形式的论文，我们需要的是一个论证的过程，而这个过程要符合逻辑思维，而不是天马行空，想到什么就写什么。学术论文的严谨性和科学性一直都是基本的写作要求。 那么，一篇学术论文怎么体现论证的逻辑呢？ 1、真实性，而不是随意杜撰 学术论文的真实性体现在数据的真实可靠。无论得到的是怎样的数据，我们在统计的过程中都不能出现疏漏和错误。在数据的统计中，我们可以参照以下的步骤： a)做实验前，尤其是新实验(哪怕是实验室其他人已经做了N遍的实验)先尽可能的写清楚实验步骤(protocol)，这个protocol最好用英文写，并且做成电子版，存在自己的电脑中，打印一份贴在自己的笔记本中，以后再用该protocol，只需写明：参见xx页(refer Pxx)。这样到时候写文章时，就很方便了; b)新的实验结果一旦得到，要将数据尽快整理成图表，用Powerpoint做成PPT格式，质量和格式就和准备发表一样，哪怕是阴性结果，并且将实验的相关信息和参数尽量详细列出，这样以后无论是开会做presentation还是写作文章都会方便很多; c)如果是阴性结果，和预测的不同，分析问题的可能原因，有无别的替代方法?是否要修改原来实验方案乃至整个实验设计?; d)同样重要的是，在实验过程中，要经常查Pubmed(生物医学最著名的、最重要的摘要数据库)，看相关领域是否有新的文章发表，如果相同思路的结果
2、科学性，而不是宣传性 学术研究无疑是一个求真的过程，这一过程需要通过大量的事实或史料经过逻辑论证之后才能得出结论。正是这样，学术才具有真理性和科学性。然而，当今的学术研究越来越缺乏这样的精神，做历史研究的不愿泡图书馆、档案馆，做现实研究的不愿做田野调查，用的是二手材料和二手数据，并且先预设一个价值立场，用这些材料和数据来证明这个预设的立场或观点。 殊不知，同样的材料和数据可以证实完全相反的两种观点。这样，学术研究因没有按照学术规范而导致学术失去了科学性和真理性。反过来，预设一个观点，可以毫不费力地找到相应的材料和数据来证明这个观点，这同样也会导致难以找到学术的真理。这两种情况都会造成对学术的伤害，即任何人都可以从事学术研究，学术也就从根本上丧失了其尊严，也无所谓学术权威可言。正确的方法是在阅读了大量文献之后而形成新的观点，然后再回到材料通过更多的材料来证明你的观点的科学性。 预设观点然后来找材料这是宣传的基本方法。当前学术的科学性越来越被宣传性所取代，原因在于： 一是当今行政干预学术的现象非常严重，学术质量(评奖)、学术水平(各种学术称号)、学术考核等都是行政领导来评价的，在这种情况下，甚至行政级别与学术水平成正比。在行政干预之下，学术就越来越多地为行政服务，从而使学术成为政治的附属品，为政治宣传服务。 二是一些学者为了尽快地提升自己的行政级别而不断做政治宣传的“学问”，学理性的研究被束之高阁，应景性的宣传文章则一挥而就，但往往是正确的空话、无用的废话。三是宣传性的“研究”比真正意义的学术研究容易出成果，而且也
英语学术论文写作常用句
英语学术论文常用句型 Introduction 1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive 2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world 3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the 4. The development of ... is explored 5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety o f directions 6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years 7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the adv ent of ... 8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve... 9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena. 11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the e fficient and effective method has yet to be developed. 12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965]. 13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from read y to be used in commercial systems. Objective / Goal / Purpose 1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows: 2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intellige nt, computer aided instruction for xxx. 3. The paper concerns the development of a xx 4. The scope of this research lies in 5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making. 6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ... 7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows: 8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of 9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide 10. The main objective of such a ... system is to 11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability dis tribution. 2. This paper proceeds as follow. 3. The structure of the paper is as follows. 4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the
学术论文写作复习资料
Task l Rewrite the following by putting the short sentences into compound复合句or complex复杂sentences, orsentences with participial分词, prepositional介词, or other phrases: l.Xu, who comes from a working-class family, enrolled in college last fall. R:Xu comes from a working-class family. He enrolled in college last fall. R:Xu who enrolled in college last fall comes from a working-class family . 2.The dean issued a bulletin, which said/saying the library would remain open on weekends. R:The dean issued a bulletin. It said the library would remain open on weekends. R:The dean issued a bulletin saying the library would remain open on weekends. 3.On board the plane there were over two hundred passengers, about one third of whom were foreigners. R:There were over two hundred passengers on board the plane. About one third of them were foreigners. R:There were over two hundred passengers on board the plane, about one third of whom were foreigners. 4.Young and inexperienced, the new workers are eager to learn from the veteran workers. R:The new workers are young and inexperienced. They are eager to learn from the veteran workers. R:The new workers who are eager to learn from the veteran workers are young and inexperienced. 5.On hearing that his father was ill, he was anxious to go home to see him. So he went to the station early in the morningto buy a ticket. R:He heard that his father was ill. He was anxious to go home to see him. He went to the station early in the morning to buy a ticket. R:He heard that his father was ill. He was anxious to go home to see him so he went to the station early in themorning to buy a ticket. Task 2 The following sentences are not unified or coherent. Try to improve them下列句子不统一(完整)或连贯试改进它们: l.Bernard Shaw was one of the best-known English playwrights of the 20th century.