滤波器发展史

本科毕业设计(论文) 外文翻译

原文题目四号Times New Roman

译文题目四号宋体

系别四号宋体

专业名称四号宋体

学生姓名四号宋体

指导教师四号宋体

毕业时间2016年**月**日

原文题目History of the development of the filter

译文题目滤波器的发展史

作者译名国籍

原文出处

外文翻译：

In 1917, the U. S. and German scientists were invented the LC filters, the following year led the United States first multiplexing systems to appear. The 1950 s mature of passive filter. Since the s with the computer technology, integrated process and material industry development, the filter development on a new level, and low power consumption, high precision, toward small volume, multi-function, stable and reliable and inexpensive effort, including small volume, multi-function, high precision, stable and reliable as a 70 s the main attack direction in the future. 1, Filter development introduction All have the ability to signal processing devices can be called a filter. In the modern telecommunications equipment and all kinds of control system, the filter are widely; Of all the electronic components, the use of the most, the most complex technology is filter. The merits of the filter directly determine product quality, therefore, to filter in the research and production has been on for all countries. Cause RC active filter, digital filters, switch capacitance filter and the charge transfer of the rapid development of filter, to the 70 s, the above several filter monolithic integration has been developed and applied. In the 80 s, specialized in all kinds of new type filter research, and strive to improve performance and gradually expand the scope of application. In the 90 s to now mainly devotes to the of all kinds filter used in all kinds of product development and research. Of course, to filter the research continues to itself. Our country wide use filter is 50 s and there is mainly used in road filter and report way words filter. After half a century of development, China filter in the development, production and application already into the international development pace, but due to the lack of specialized research institutions, integration process and material industry can' t keep up, causing many new filter development in China and international development application for a short distance. 2, The classification of the filter There are different kinds of filter classification, generally has the following several kinds. (1) According to deal with signal type classification According to the processing signal type

classification, may be classified as analog filter and discrete filter two kinds big. One simulation and can be divided into active filter, passive, three different classification; Discrete filter and can be divided into digital, sampling simulation, mixed three classification. Of course, each classification and can continue to points down, in short, their classification can form a tree structure, in fact some filter is hard to be which kind of, such as switching capacity filter can not only belongs to the sampling simulation filter, and belong to the mixing filters, still can belong to active filter. Therefore, we don' t have the "accurate" demanding classification, just let people know about the scope of the filter types, a general concept will do. (2) According to choose physical quantities classification According to choose physical quantities classification, filter can be divided into frequency selection, amplitude selection, time to choose (such as the words of PCM signals) and information choice (for example matching filter) , and other four kinds of filter.

(3) By frequency bandpass range classification According to the classification with frequency range, filter can be divided into low pass, qualcomm, band-pass, take resistance, all the five categories, and comb form bandpass filter belong to stop filter and belt, because it has periodic bandpass and stopband. Filter sort is various, some are well known, some may not be what we are familiar with, introduced in recent years the development of several filter soon. 3, Active filter By the following active power filter some active components: operational amplifier, the negative resistance, capacitance and inductance, negative negative frequency rheostat (FDNR) , generalized impedance transformer (GIC) , negative impedance transformer (NIC) , are impedance transformer (PIC) , negative impedance inversion device (NII) , are impedance inversion device (PII) , four kinds of controlled source, in addition, there is a very sick son and son zero components. 1965 monolithic integrated operational amplifier advent, for active filter opened up broad prospects. In the early 70 s, active filter development conspicuous, 1978 single chip RC active filter come out, for filter integrated into welcome step. Due to the op-amp the ripples of gain and phase-shift are of the frequency of function, this limits the range of frequencies RC filter, general working frequency for about 20 kHz, after compensation, working frequency also limited to 100 kHz less than. 1974 years produced more high frequency RC active filter, and cause the work to frequency of GB / 4 (GB for op-amp gain and bandwidth of the product) . Due to the existence of R, integrated process to cause difficulties, and he appeared

active C filter: is by C and op-amp filter composition. Such easy to integration, more important is to improve the precision of the filter, because the performance of the filter active C depends only on the ratio of capacitance, has nothing to do with capacitance absolute value. But it is a major problem: because each branch components are capacitance, so op-amp no dc feedback channel, that stability is a difficult problem. 1982 by Geiger, Allen and Ngo with continuous switch proposed resistance (SR) to replace active RC filter the electrical resistance R, constitutes the SRC filter, it still belongs to the simulation filter. But due to the preset circuit and complex of the phase of the clock, the filter development prospect is not big. In short, by the RC active filter is a prototype of all kinds of variant active filter to remove inductors, small volume, Q value can reach 1000, overcome the RLC passive filter is big, Q value of small faults. But it still has many topic needs further research: ideal op-amp and practical characteristics of the deviation; Due to the active filter hybrid integrated process improvement, monolithic integrated needs further research; Application linear transform method to explore the least an active element of filters need to continue to explore; Components of the absolute value of tolerance, the existence of precision and performance influence filter the problem is still not solved; Because R exist, integration of chip the area is large, resistance error (20% ~ 30%) , poor linearity disadvantages, making large scale integrated still having difficulty. Although there are so many questions, RC active filter theory and application is still in sustainable development. 4, Switch capacitance filter (SCF) The 1980 s technology reform a major issue is the realization of various electronic system in large scale integration (LSI) . Use most filters become "tiger", RC active filter can' t achieve LSI, passive filter and not to mention the mechanical filter, and so, people can only additional monarch new size. 50 s there has been put forward the concept of SCF, because at that time integration process doesn' t pass, and did not cause the attention of people. In 1972, the United States a call Fried scientists published with a switch and capacitance simulation resistance R, said the performance of the SCF depends only on the ratio of capacitance, has nothing to do with capacitance absolute value, so just cause the attention of people. In 1979, some developed countries monolithic SCF has become a commodity (are highly confidential technology) . Now SC technology mature. The process to realize the MOS SCF, is recognized as the 80 s network theory and integrated process of a major breakthrough. The current MOS capacitance for a general

method to 100 within pF skin, it has a (10 ~ 100) x 10-6 / V voltage coefficient and (10 ~ 100) x 10-6 / ℃temperature coefficient, the two coefficient is close to ideal realm almost. SCF has the following some advantages: SCF can be large scale integrated; SCF high precision, because its performance depends on the ratio of capacitance, and the ratio of capacitance MOS error less than one over one thousand; The function is much, almost all electronic components and functions are the SC technology to realize; Digital filter than simple, because do not need A/D and D/A transformation; Function is small, can do less than 10 mW. The application of the SCF to audio range application as the main body, the work in 100 kHz frequency within. In signal processing applications are: SPC SCF, analog signal processing, vibration analysis, adaptive filter, music, resonance spectrum, comprehensive language integrated device, tone selection, sounds coding, audio analysis, equalizer, modem, phase locked circuit, discrete Fourier transform. . . . . . In short, SCF, medical instruments in the meter measuring and data or information processing, and many other areas have broad application prospect. In our country, some 1978 graduate students began to mentor and conducted the research work, and really cause people to pay attention to is 1980 years later. Tsinghua university has made 1983 single chip SCF, chengdu academy of engineering and joint factory, developed a single piece of SCF. Now the key is to use MOS process realize SCF and application of a problem, because users don' t know it, in our country the application of SCF is not popular. 5，SCF and many of the issues need to be researched (1) The op-amp and control of the MOS switch sampling frequency limit, makes the SCF can only within the scope of the audio applications. In recent years, although appear have no op-amp of the SC circuit, but because sampling frequency restrictions, the highest rate of work only in 1 MHz within. (2) The MOS switch the channel of resistance and the ideal op-amp characteristics, all can make SCF cause errors. (3) Switch capacitance itself to the parasitic capacitance SCF frequency response distortion occurred. (4) MOS switch and MOS op-amp thermal noise make SCF dynamic range was limited. Finally in the process to achieve the MOS SCF, because it is time-varying network, want to use accurate simulation components division is not possible, such, design perfect CAD technology is the solution of this problem only means. In addition, the sensitivity analysis, noise analysis were many issues need to be researched. 6, Several new digital filter (DF) (1) The adaptive DF The optimal control and adaptive control and self-learning control were

related to many parameters, multivariate complex control system, all belong to the modern control theory of research. Adaptive DF has the very strong self-learning, since the tracking function. It on the radar and sonar beamforming, slowly noise suppression, noise signal processing, the communication channel adaptive equilibrium, the echo of the long distance telephone offset, etc have gained wide application, and promote the development of modern control theory. Adaptive DF has the following a few simple algorithm: W-LMS algorithm, M-LMS algorithm, TDO algorithm, difference LMS algorithm and C-LMS algorithm. (2) The plural DF In the input signal for narrowband signal processing system, often by plural DF technology. In order to reduce the sampling rate and save signal contains all of the information, can use orthogonal double road detection method, remove narrowband signal of the complex envelop, and then through the A/D transformation, will the complex envelop into complex sequence for processing, the signal processing system is for plural DF. It has many functions: MTI the suppression doppler radar with doppler-shift clutter interference; Digital communication network and simulation communication network more road between TDM/FDM signal transformation after meet. . . (3) The multidimensional DF In image processing, earthquake, oil exploration data processing all use multidimensional DF (commonly used is 2 d DF) , the design of the multidimensional DF, often a d DF optimization design to multi-dimensional DF direct marketing. For fuzzy and random noise interference 2 d image processing, multidimensional DF also can play a very good effect. In addition, still wave DF, it is easy to realize large-scale integrated, facilitate passive and active power filter network digital simulation. Therefore, is attention by people and studied. For DF remains to be subjects of study: coefficient sensitivity, rounding noise and limit cycle, the stability of the multidimensional inverse to filter, all kinds of hardware and software implementation of DF research and so on. In short, DF in digital signal processing technology is very important position in possession, for its research, production and application, etc all is very meaningful. 7, Other new filter In order to adapt to all kinds of need, the emergence of a batch of new filter, presented here has been widely used several types of filters. (1) Electric control programming CCD horizontal filter (FPCCDTF) A charge-coupled device (CCD) fixed weighted transverse filter (TF) in signal processing, the performance and cost all can with digital filter and all kinds of signal processing unit) . This filter is mainly used for adaptive filter; P-N sequence and Chirp waveform of matched

filter; Generalization of frequency domain filter and related product operation; Speech signal and the phase equilibrium; Phase array systems beam synthesis and television signals (2) Cystal filter It is to meet with the single technology and developed. In the 1970 s, the integrated production of crystal filter, make it of development have a leap. In the last ten years, crystal filter below to some research: to achieve the best design, besides having the fine choose outside, still have good time domain response; Seek new materials; Extended working frequency; Modification technology, made it to the integrated development. It is widely used in multiplexed system as the carrier filter, in sending and receiving the letter, with the single communication machine as frequency selective filter, in a spectrum analyzer and sonar device as intermediate frequency filters. (3) Surface acoustic filter It is the ideal uhf devices. Its amplitude frequency characteristics and phase characteristic respectively control, so as to meet the requirements, and it also has small volume, long time good stability and simple process etc. Characteristics. Usually used in: TV broadcast transmitter as residual sideband filter; The color television receivers of tuning system surface comb form filter. In addition, in the defense satellite communication systems has been widely adopted. Surface acoustic filter is electronics and acoustics product of integration of, and can be integrated, so, it all passive filter in the most promising. Various new filter too is various, somewhere, no longer described them. Our country at present the application of various filter proportion Our country' s existing types of filters and the frequency of the covered has basically satisfy existing telecommunications equipment. From the overall, our country active filter development than passive filter slow, has not been a lot of production and application. From the following production application proportion of various types of filters can be seen, the application of the: LC filters 50%; Crystal filter accounted for 20%; Mechanical filter accounted for 15%; Ceramic filter harmonic surface each accounted for 1%; The rest accounted for 13% of all kinds of filter. From the application scale, electronic products in China to realize the large-scale integrated, filter integration is still a important topic. Along with the development of the electronic industry, to filter the performance requirements of more and more high, function more and more, and asked them to integration development direction. Our country filter development and production of the above requirements and far, in order to reduce that gap, electronic engineering and scientific and technological personnel responsible for the major historical

responsibility.

中文译文：

1917 年美国和德国科学家分别发明了LC 滤波器，次年导致了美国第一个多路复用系统的出现。

20 世纪50 年代无源滤波器日趋成熟。自60 年代起由于计算机技术、集成工艺和材料工业的发展，滤波器发展上了一个新台阶，并且朝着低功耗、高精度、小体积、多功能、稳定可靠和价廉方向努力，其中小体积、多功能、高精度、稳定可靠成为70 年代以后的主攻方向。一、滤波器发展引言凡是有能力进行信号处理的装置都可以称为滤波器。在近代电信设备和各类控制系统中，滤波器应用极为广泛；在所有的电子部件中，使用最多，技术最为复杂的要算滤波器了。滤波器的优劣直接决定产品的优劣，所以，对滤波器的研究和生产历来为各国所重视。导致RC 有源滤波器、数字滤波器、开关电容滤波器和电荷转移器等各种滤波器的飞速发展，到70 年代后期，上述几种滤波器的单片集成已被研制出来并得到应用。80 年代，致力于各类新型滤波器的研究，努力提高性能并逐渐扩大应用范围。

90 年代至现在主要致力于把各类滤波器应用于各类产品的开发和研制。当然，对滤波器本身的研究仍在不断进行。我国广泛使用滤波器是50 年代后期的事，当时主要用于话路滤波和报路滤波。经过半个世纪的发展，我国滤波器在研制、生产和应用等方面已纳入国际发展步伐，但由于缺少专门研制机构，集成工艺和材料工业跟不上来，使得我国许多新型滤波器的研制应用与国际发展有一段距离。二、滤波器的分类滤波器有各种不同的分类，一般有如下几种。（1）按处理信号类型分类按处理信号类型分类，可分为模拟滤波器和离散滤波器两大类。其中模拟滤波器又可分为有源、无源、异类三个分类；离散滤波器又可分为数字、取样模拟、混合三个分类。当然，每个分类又可继续分下去，总之，它们的分类可以形成一个树形结构，实际上有些滤波器很难归于哪一类，例如开关电容滤波器既可属于取样模拟滤波器，又可属于混合滤波器，还可属于有源滤波器。因此，我们不必苛求这种“精确”分类，只是让人们了解滤波器的大体类型，有个总体概念就行了。（2）按选择物理量分类按选择物理量分类，滤波器可分为频率选择、幅度选择、时间选择（例如PCM 制中的话路信号）和信息选择（例如匹配滤波器）等四类滤波器。（3）按频率通带范围分类按频率通带范围分类，滤波器可分为低通、高通、带通、带阻、全通五个类别，而梳形滤波器属于带通和带阻滤波器，因为它有周期性的通带和阻带。滤波器种类繁多，有些是众所周知的，有些可能不为大家所熟悉，下面着重介绍近年来发展很快的几种滤波器。三、有源滤波器有源滤波器由下列一些有源元件组成：运算放大器、负电阻、负电容、负电感、频率变阻器（FDNR）、广义阻抗变换器（GIC）、负阻抗变换器（NIC）、正阻抗变换器（PIC）、负阻抗倒置器（NII）、正阻抗倒置器（PII）、四种受控源，另外，还有病态元件极子和零子。1965 年单片集成运算放大器问世后，为有源滤波器开辟了广阔的前景。70 年代初期，有源滤波器发展引人注目，

1978 年单片RC 有源滤波器问世，为滤波器集成迈进了可喜的一步。由于运放的增益和相移均为频率的函数，这就限制了RC 有源滤波器的频率范围，一般工作频率为20kHz 左右，经过补偿后，工作频率也限制在100kHz 以内。1974 年产生了更高频的RC 有源滤波器，使工作频率可达GB/4（GB 为运放增益与带宽之积）。由于R 的存在，给集成工艺造成困难，于是又出现了有源C 滤波器：就是滤波器由C 和运放组成。这样容易集成，更重要的是提高了滤波器的精度，因为有源C 滤波器的性能只取决于电容之比，与电容绝对值无关。但它有一个主要问题：由于各支路元件均为电容，所以运放没有直流反馈通道，使稳定性成为难题。1982 年由Geiger、Allen 和Ngo 提出用连续的开关电阻（SR）去替代有源RC 滤波器中的电阻R，就构成了SRC 滤波器，它仍属于模拟滤波器。但由于采用预置电路和复杂的相位时钟，使这种滤波器发展前途不大。总之，由RC 有源滤波器为原型的各类变种有源滤波器去掉了电感器，体积小，Q 值可达1000，克服了RLC 无源滤波器体积大，Q 值小的缺点。但它仍有许多课题有待进一步研究：理想运放与实际特性的偏差的研究；由于有源滤波器混合集成工艺的不断改进，单片集成有待进一步研究；应用线性变换方法探索最少有源元件的滤波器需要继续探索；元件的绝对值容差的存在，影响滤波器精度和性能等问题仍未解决；由于R 存在，集成占芯片面积大，电阻误差大（20%～30%），线性度差等缺点，使大规模集成仍然有困难。尽管有这么多问题，RC 有源滤波器的理论和应用仍在持续发展中。四、开关电容滤波器（SCF）20 世纪80 年代技术改造一个重大课题是实现各种电子系统全面大规模集成（LSI）。使用最多的滤波器成为“拦路虎”，RC 有源滤波器不能实现LSI，无源滤波器和机械滤波器更不用说了，于是，人们只能另辟新径。50 年代曾有人提出SCF 的概念，由于当时集成工艺不过关，并没有引起人们的重视。1972 年，美国一个叫Fried 的科学家发表了用开关和电容模拟电阻R，说SCF 的性能只取决于电容之比，与电容绝对值无关，这样才引起人们的重视。1979 年一些发达国家单片SCF 已成为商品（属于高度保密技术）。现在SC 技术已趋成熟。SCF 采用MOS 工艺加以实现，被公认为80 年代网络理论与集成工艺的一个重大突破。当前MOS 电容值一般为几皮法至100pF 之内，它具有（10～100）×10-6/V 的电压系数与（10～100）×10-6/℃的温度系数，这两个系数几乎接近理想的境界。SCF 具有下列一些优点：SCF 可以大规模集成；SCF 精度高，因为其性能取决于电容之比，而MOS 电容之比的误差小于千分之一；功能多，几乎所有电子部件和功能均可以由SC 技术来实现；比数字滤波器简单，因为不需要A/D、D/A 转换；功能小，可以做到小于10mW。SCF 的应用以声频范围应用为主体，工作频率在100kHz 之内。在信号处理方面的应用有：程控SCF、模拟信号处理、振动分析、自适应性滤波器、音乐综合、共振谱、语言综合器、音调选择、语声编码、声频分析、均衡器、解调器、锁相电路、离散傅氏变换……总之，SCF 在仪表测量、医疗仪器、数据或信息处理等许多领域都有广泛的应用前景。在我国，1978

年有的导师和在校研究生开始进行这项研究工作，真正引起人们重视是1980 年以后。1983 年清华大学已制成单片SCF，成都工程学院与工厂联合，也研制成单片SCF。现在关键是用MOS 工艺实现SCF 及推广应用问题，由于用户还不了解它，在我国SCF 的应用还没有普及。五、SCF 还有许多课题有待研究(1) 由于运放和控制MOS 开关的采样频率所限制，使得SCF 只能在音频范围内应用。近年虽然出现无运放的SC 电路，但由于采样频率的限制，工作频率最高只有在1MHz 之内。(2) 非的MOS 开关的沟道电阻以及非理想的运放特性，均可使SCF 造成误差。(3) 开关电容本身的寄生电容使SCF 的频响发生畸变。(4) MOS 开关与MOS 运放的热噪声使SCF 的动态范围受到限制。最终要以MOS 工艺来实现的SCF，由于它是时变网络，要想用分立元件精确模拟是不可能的，这样，设计完善的CAD 技术是解决这一问题的唯一手段。此外，在灵敏度分析、噪声分析等方面均有许多课题有待研究。六、几种新型数字滤波器（DF）(1) 自适应DF 最优控制、自适应控制和自学习控制都涉及到多参数、多变量的复杂控制系统，都属于现代控制理论研究的课题。自适应DF 具有很强的自学习、自跟踪功能。它在雷达和声纳的波束形成、缓变噪声干扰的抑制、噪声信号的处理、通信信道的自适应均衡、远距离电话的回声抵消等领域获得了广泛的应用，促进了现代控制理论的发展。自适应DF 有如下一些简单算法：W—LMS 算法、M—LMS 算法、TDO 算法、差值LMS算法和C—LMS 算法。

(2) 复数DF 在输入信号为窄带信号处理系统中，常采用复数DF 技术。为了降低采样率而又保存信号所包含的全部信息，可利用正交双路检波法，取出窄带信号的复包络，然后通过A/D 变换，将复包络转化为复数序列进行处理，这个信号处理系统即为复数DF。它具有许多功能：MTI 雷达中抑制具有卜勒频移的杂波干扰；数字通信网与模拟通信网之间多路TDM/FDM 信号变换复接……(3) 多维DF 在图像处理、地震、石油勘探的数据处理中都用到多维DF（常用是二维DF），多维DF 的设计，往往将一维DF 优化设计直接推广到多维DF 中去。对于模糊和随机噪声干扰的二维图像的处理，多维DF 也能发挥很好的作用。此外，还有波DF，它便于实现大规模集成，便于无源和有源滤波网络的数字模拟。因此，正受到人们的重视和加以研究。对于DF 有待研究的课题有：系数灵敏度、舍入噪声和极限环、多维逆归滤波器的稳定性、各种硬件和软件实现DF 的研究等等。总之，DF 在数字信号处理技术中占有极为重要的地位，对于它的研究、生产和应用等工作均是很有意义的。七、其他新型滤波器为适应各种需要，出现了一批新型滤波器，这里介绍几种已得到广泛应用的新型滤波器。(1) 电控编程CCD 横向滤波器（FPCCDTF）电荷耦合器（CCD）固定加权的横向滤波器（TF）在信号处理中，其性能和造价均可与数字滤波器和各种信号处理部件媲美。这种滤波器主要用于自适应滤波；P-N 序列和Chirp 波形的匹配滤波；通用化的频域滤波器及相关积运算；语音信号和相位均衡；相阵系统的波束合成和电视信号的重影消除等均有应用。当然，更多的应用有待进一步开拓。总之，FPCCDTF

是最有希望的发展方向。(2) 晶体滤波器它是适应单边带技术而发展起来的。在20 世纪70 年代，集成晶体滤波器的产生，使它的发展产生一个飞跃。近十年来，晶体滤波器致力于下面一些研究：实现最佳设计，除具有优良的选择外，还具有良好的时域响应；寻求新型材料；扩展工作频率；改造工艺，使其向集成化发展。它广泛应用于多路复用系统中作为载波滤波器，在收发信中，单边带通信机中作为选频滤波器，在频谱分析仪和声纳装置中作为中频滤波器。(3) 声表面滤波器它是理想的超高频器件。它的幅频特性和相位特性可以分别控制，以达到要求，而且它还有体积小，长时间稳定性好和工艺简单等特点。通常应用于：电视广播发射机中作为残留边带滤波器；在彩色电视接收机中调谐系统的表面梳形滤波器。此外，在国防卫星通信系统中已广泛采用。声表面滤波器是电子学和声学相结合的产物，而且可以集成，所以，它在所有无源滤波器中最有发展前途的。各种新型滤波器太繁多，限于篇幅，不再一一叙述。我国目前各种滤波器的应用比例我国现有滤波器的种类和所覆盖的频率已基本上满足现有各种电信设备。从整体而言，我国有源滤波器发展比无源滤波器缓慢，尚未大量生产和应用。从下面的生产应用比例可以看出我国各类滤波器的应用情况：LC 滤波器占50%；晶体滤波器占20%；机械滤波器占15%；陶瓷和声表面滤波器各占1%；其余各类滤波器共占13%。从这些应用比例来看，我国电子产品要想实现大规模集成，滤波器集成化仍然是个重要课题。随着电子工业的发展，对滤波器的性能要求越来越高，功能也越来越多，并且要求它们向集成方向发展。我国滤波器研制和生产与上述要求相差甚远，为缩短这个差距，电子工程和科技人员负有重大的历史责任。

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