2020上海中考英语复习词汇)

2020上海中考英语复习词汇)
2020上海中考英语复习词汇)

2020上海中考英语复习系列一(词汇)

中考复习系列一词汇

词类知识

一、中考要求:

词汇是英语的基础,而弄清每一个词的词类是用词、造句、阅读和写作的基础。词类在中考的考查一般通过在名词、动词、形容词等各种词性的考查中表现出来。如判断各类词在句子中可以作的成分来决定使用哪个词形,词与词之间的搭配关系等。

二、知识要点:

根据语法功能,词可分为十类:名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、数词、冠词、介词、连词和感叹词。

1. 名词(n.):

名词用来表示人、事物或抽象概念,如:boy 男孩,morning 早晨,duty 责任;在句子中主要作主语、表语、宾语、补足语、同位语、定语等。例如:The tomatoes on the table are very fresh. 桌子上的西红柿很新鲜。(作主语) He is a doctor. 他是个医生。(作表语)

We’ll call the baby Mary. 我们要给这个婴儿取名玛丽。(作宾语补足语)

2. 代词(pro.):

代词用来代替名词或数词,如:we 我们,their 他们的,that 那个,several 几个;在句中主要作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。例如:

I know her sister. She is always ready to help others. 我认识她妹妹,她乐于助人。(I和she作主语;her作定语;others作宾语)

The English teacher is not himself today. 英语老师今天不舒服。(作表语)

3. 数词(noun.)

数词表示数目和顺序,即基数词和序数词。如:one 一个,thousand 千,twelfth 第十二;在句子主要作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。例如:

Three of us are from Beijing. 我们中有三个人是北京来的。(作主语) You are the second one to come to see me. 你是第二个来看我的人。(作定语) We don’t need so many people. We need o nly five. 我们不需要这么多人,我们只需要五个。(作宾语)

4. 形容词(adj.)

形容词表示人或事物的特征,如big 大的,white白色的;在句中主要作表语、定语、补足语等。

Look! Your bike is bigger than mine. 看,你的自行车比我的大。(作表语) He found the door open. 他发现门是开着的。(作宾语补足语)

5. 副词(adv.)

副词表示时间、地点、程度、动作特征等,如:now 现在,often 经常,quietly 安静地;在句中主要作状语,修饰形容词、副词、动词、句子等。例如:She can sing very well. 她歌唱得非常好。(修饰副词well)

He stepped into the room quietly without being noticed.

他悄悄地走进房间,没有人注意到他。(修饰动词stepped)

6. 动词(v.)

动词用来表示动作或状态,如:speak 说,lie 躺,become 成为;在句中主要作谓语或与名词、形容词、实义动词等一起构成复合谓语。例如:

He bought a computer yesterday. 他昨天买了一台电脑。(作谓语) Tom was sick at home. 汤姆有病在家。(与形容词一起构成复合谓语)

7. 冠词(art.)

冠词用于名词前,对名词起限制作用,包括不定冠词a/ an 一个,定冠词the 这/那个,这/那些。

There are some vegetables in the basket. 篮子里有些蔬菜。

8. 介词(prep.)

介词用于名词或代词前,表示与其他词的关系。如on 在……上面,for 为……。I have waited here for three hours. 我在这里等了三个小时了。

9. 连词(conj.)

连词用于连接词与词、短语与短语或句子与句子,如and 和,but 但是,when 当……时候。

We talked and talked until he came. 我们一直谈到他来。

10. 感叹词(interj.)

感叹词用来表示说话时的感情或口气。如:hi 嗨,hello 喂,aha 啊哈,wow 哇。Ah, here is the thing I’m after. 啊,我找的东西在这里呢。

三、易错点点拨:

1. 形容词和副词用法混淆,例如:

Children on the playground are playing happy. 操场上的孩子们高兴地玩着。〔解析〕happy 是形容词,这个句子应该用副词修饰动词,应改为happily。When his father heard this, he got angrily. 他爸爸听到这,就生气了。

〔解析〕get是系动词,后面要接形容词表示主语的状态,angrily应改为angry。Look! It is raining hardly outside. 外面雨下得很大。

〔解析〕副词hard(猛烈地)误用为hardly(几乎不)。再如容易错误的把friendly、lovely等形容词当作副词来使用。

2. 连词和副词用法混淆,例如:

We were very tired, however, we felt excited. 我们很累,但是很兴奋。

〔分析〕however是副词,不能连接句子,应把however, 改为but,或者改为:We were very tired。However, we felt excited.

3. 介词和副词用法混淆,例如:

He told me the teacher asked me to come into. 他告诉我老师让我进去。

〔解析〕into是介词,应该接宾语,否则就应该用in代替into。也可以改成come into the classroom。

总之,英语的词类在英语应用中起着很大作用,尤其在书面表达中,而且也是中考经常考查的内容,如在用所给词的正确形式填空中就经常出现词类转换的例子。

构词法知识

一、中考要求:

中考关于构词法的要求是:了解合成词、派生词构成的基本知识,掌握一定的单词转化规则;最经常用到的单词前缀和后缀变化;了解一些合成词的构成及用法等。

二、知识要点:

1.合成法:

合成法是英语单词的最基本的构词法。它通常由两个单词合在一起构成与这两个单词意思有关系和联系的新单词。合成词的特点是:两个单词合在一起构成新的单词,有时要加连字符,有时可能有一些词形方面的变化。例如:

class + room - classroom 教室black + board - blackboard 黑板bath + room - bathroom 浴室day + dreaming - daydreaming 白日梦kind + heart+ed - kindhearted 好心的good + look+ing - good-looking 好看的

man + made - man-made 人造的well + known - well-known 著名的掌握合成法的构词方法会对单词的记忆和生词的推测有很大帮助,例如:〔例句〕What’s the meaning of the underlined sentence?

〔解析〕这个句子是阅读理解题中经常出现的一个问题,underlined可能对一些同学来说是个生词。我们可以看出它是由under和line加上-d构成的,因此很容易猜出词义是“下面划线的”。

2. 派生法

派生法是英语构词法最广泛的,也是最常用的方法。派生词包括加前缀和后缀两种形式。前缀:是在单词的前面加的某些固定的字母组合,经常见到的前缀有im-,un-,dis-,in-,a-,tele-等。其中im-,un-,dis-,in-,一般构成反义词。例如:

honest 诚实的-dishonest 不诚实的possible 可能的-impossible 不可能的happy 高兴的- unhappy 不

高兴的polite 有礼貌的-impolite 没有礼貌的

〔例句〕It is _____ (possible) for you to write such a long novel in an hour. It may take you one day.

〔解析〕答案是impossible。从后面句子的意思“可能要花一天时间”理解一个小时写如此长的小说是不可能的,所以加前缀构成反义词impossible,表示“不可能的”,这样前后句子的意思保持一致。

〔例句〕They don’t like your brother because he is a very ______ (honest) boy.

〔解析〕答案是dishonest。从前面句子的意思“他们不喜欢你的弟弟”可以理解后面的句子是加前缀构成的dishonest表示“不诚实”的意思,表示不喜欢的原因。

后缀:后缀是在单词的后面加的某些固定的字母组合。经常见到的后缀有:

(1)名词后缀:-er,-or,-tion,-ian,-ment,-ness等。例如:

art 艺术-artist 艺术家move 移动- movement 运动educate 教育-education 教育

teach 教-teacher 教师act 表演- actor 男演员translate 翻译-translation 翻译

〔例句〕Three ______ (visit) will come to our village and teach us English. 〔解析〕答案是visitors。从句子的意思可以理解是三个“参观者”,所以在visit的后面加后缀变为名词visitors。

(2)副词后缀:一般由形容词+ly或-ward(s)等后缀变为副词。例如:

easy容易的-easily容易地heavy大的、重的-heavily 沉重地、很重地〔例句〕Look! It is raining ________ (heavy) outside now.

〔解析〕答案是heavily。从句子的结构可以看出应该用副词修饰动词rain,heavy的副词是变y为i,加后缀-ly构成。

(3)形容词后缀:一般由名词+-y,-able,-ful,-ive,-less,-al等后缀构成形容词。如表示天气的名词加后缀-y构成形容词:

rain雨-rainy有雨的wind风-windy有风的cloud云-cloudy多云的〔例句〕What’s the weather like today? It’s ______ (fog).

〔解析〕答案是foggy。从句子的意思可以理解是用形容词表示“天气是多雾的”,fog是名词,它的形容词是在名词后双写g再加后缀-y。

〔例句〕We can eat this kind of plants. They are ______ (harm) to our health.

〔解析〕答案是harmless。从句子的结构可以理解应该用形容词作表语,从上下文中看出应该用harmless,表示“无害的”。

3. 转化法

有一些单词词形没有变化,但词性发生变化,这种构词法叫词的转化。例如:Let’s have a swim after school. (swim在此句中是名词) I can swim now.(此句的swim是动词)。再如:

Look! Your mother is cleaning your room. (clean是动词) Oh, how clean your room is now.(clean是形容词)

三、易错点点拨:

1. 合成词容易出现的错误:一般是句义和词义判断不够准确,忘记用连字符等。如Who is the ______ (中年的) woman over there?

〔解析〕易误用middleage。要注意有些合成词是需要在词形上作一些改变,更要注意有些合成词需由连字符“-”连接。在此句中用合成词middle-aged。

The nine-years-old girl can sing twelve English songs.

〔解析〕数词+名词+形容词构成的合成词时名词要用单数,所以nine-years-old应改为nine-year-old。

2. 派生词容易出现的错误:单词的前缀或后缀记忆不清;不能从句子的意思准确判断出用哪一个派生词。如:

The boy became ______ (home) after his parents died two years ago.

〔解析〕易误用inhome。出现错误的原因是随便给home加了表示否定的前缀。在此句中应该用派生词homeless表示“无家可归”的意思。

Your teacher was very ______ (happy) because you forgot your homework.

〔解析〕易误用happily。出现错误的原因是不能理解某些后缀或前缀的作用和意义。在此句中派生词unhappy表示“不高兴”的意思,而happily是副词“高兴的”,只有用unhappy才能和整个句子的意思保持一致。

The radio says it will be _____ (rain) this afternoon. You’d better take your raincoat.

〔解析〕易错用raining。出现错误的原因是认为be后面用现在分词构成现在进行时,在此句中用派生词rainy和be连用构成系表结构表示“下雨的天气”.

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