考研英语阅读Unit-18

Unit 18

Adversity makes a man wise, not rich.

逆境出人才。

P art A

Directions：Read the following texts. Answer the questions blow each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or [D].

Text 1

The desire for achievement is one of life’s great mysteries. Social scientists have devoted lifetimes to studying the drives that spur us out of bed in the morning, compel us to work or study hard and spark all manner of human endeavor. Indeed, a 1992 textbook actually documents 32 distinct theories of human motivation.

Given this diversity of thought, it’s easy to forget that for a half century, American society has been dominated by the psychological school known as behaviorism，or Skinnerian psychology. Although behaviorism and its fundamental principle of “positive reinforcement” have long since lost their way in academic circles, the Skinnerian legacy remains powerful in every realm of trash. Tired out? Do it, and you can go to the movies Friday night. Not in the mood for work? Keep plugging away, and you might get a bonus. Not interested in calculus? Strive for an A in the class, and you will make the honor roll. The theory may be bankrupt, but incentives and rewards are so much a part of American culture that it’s hard to imagine life without them.

Yet that’s exactly what a growing group of researchers are advocating today. A steady stream of research has found that rather encouraging motivation and productivity, rewards actually can undermine genuine interest and diminish performance. “Our society is caught in a whopping paradox,”asserts Alfie Kohn, author of the new book Rewards (published by Hough ton Mifflin), which surveys recent research on the effectiveness of rewards, “We complain loudly about declining productivity, the crisis of our school and the distorted values of our children. But the very strategy we use to solve those problems — damaging rewards like incentive plans and grade and candy bars in front of people —is partly responsible for the fix we’re in.”

It’s a tough argument to make in a culture that celebrates the spoils of success. Yet study after study shows that people tend to perform worse, to give up more easily and to lose interest more quickly when a reward is involved. Children who are given treats for doing artwork, for example, lose their initial love of art within weeks. Teenagers who are promised a reward for tutoring young sters don’t teach as enthusiastically as tutors offered nothing. And chief executive officers who have been awarded long-term incentive plans have often steered their companies toward lower returns.

1.What does behaviorism basically believe in?

[A] motivation and productivity.

[B] performance and interest.

[C] rewards and stimulus.

[D] behavior and reinforcement.

2. According to paragraph 2, it can be inferred that

[A] rewards are highly effective in America.

[B] rewards are not much sought after in schools.

[C] rewards have long lost their appeal in American society.

[D] Americans are addicted to rewards.

3.What does Alfie Kohn’s statement imply?

[A] Our society is experiencing a declining in productivity.

[B] Damaging rewards distort values of our children.

[C] Incentives and rewards attribute to the problem we are complaining.

[D] Rewards like incentive plans and grade and candy bars are harmful.

4.We can infer from the last paragraph that

[A] people are not used to being conditioned by prizes.

[B] rewards, like punishments, attempt to control behavior.

[C] rewards are so indispensable to American cultures.

[D] the principle of “positive reinforcement” is not fully enforced.

5. What can be concluded from the text?

[A]“Positive reinforcement” is us eful to students.

[B] With rewards, people tend to plug away.

[C] Reward is sometimes harmful to people.

[D] The desire for achievement is life’s great mystery.

Text 2

Lloyds TSB, the UK’s biggest high street bank, is being forced to withdraw a memo whi ch orders its branch staff not to switch customers into accounts that would pay them higher rates of interest.

The bank will today write to every one of its 2600 branches to “clarify” the contents of an internal memo, which tells staff it is “unacceptable” to inform current account customers that they could make better returns by shifting spare cash into accounts with higher returns. The average balance in a Lloyds TSB account is understood to be 2000 and if half of every balance was moved into an alternative instant access account operated by Lloyds, the bank would have to pay an estimated $160 million in additional interest in a year. Lloyds, which has 7 million customers and last year made more than $3 billion profit, pays 0.3 percent interest on its current account. Its instant access account offers 3.4 percent. The memo told staff they could lose out on incentive scheme reward — including cash bonuses and foreign holidays — if they were caught switching cash out of low interest accounts.

A spokeswoman for Lloyds TS

B said the memo, entitled Key Sales and Service Objectives, was designed to improve service levels and had been “quoted out of context”. It was written by

Mike Mitchell, the bank’s national sales manager, and circulated in January. It was designed to stop its staff opening new accounts merely to receive incentive scheme points. Staff are allowed, however, to make other suggestions to customers, including selling them financial services such as unit trust investments and private health insurance, which generate substantial profits for the bank. Branch worker who successfully sell such products receive incentive scheme rewards, directly related to how much profit the bank makes from them. The bank’s spokeswoman said: “The spirit of this memo, of putting customers first, has been obfuscated by sentences which are meant to say one thing but may be interpreted as saying another.” In some cases, she claimed, those with high sums to invest can get better returns from their existing current accounts because the interest rate rises as the balance goes up. But she admitted that the memo tells staff that all current account switches “must be initiated by the customer”, and that staff are not allowed to advise customers their money might earn better returns in alternative accounts. The only time such suggestions can be made, says the memo, is in a formal one-to-one interview with the customer. The bank insisted that the memo was designed to improve customer service, but it has angered branch staff, who believe they are being ordered not to operate in the customers, best interests.

The Lloyds’ spokeswoman added: “We agree that this memo may be misinterpreted”.The bank’s deputy chief executive, Michael Farley, has intervened and will be rewriting the memo.

6. Lloyds TSB is going to withdraw th e internal memo because

[A] it has been made known to the general public.

[B] it has been opposed by all its customers.

[C] it is misinterpreted by its branch staff.

[D] it is considered against customers’ best inter ests.

7. The statement that the memo had been “quoted out of context” means

[A] a confession of the bank’s malpractice.

[B] a guarantee of improvement of the bank’s service.

[C] a response to criticisms of the memo.

[D] a hint to withdraw and rewrite the memo.

8. According to the memo, the branch staff

[A] will get no cash bonuses if they are caught selling private health insurance to customers.

[B] will receive no incentive scheme rewards if found shifting cash into higher interest accounts.

[C] cannot make any suggestions to customers to switch their money out of current accounts.

[D] shall never tell their customers the interest rates of different accounts.

9. The word “obfuscated” (line14, paragraph 3) can be replaced by

[A] clarified. [B] strengthened. [C] obscured. [D] weakened.

10. According to the text, which of the following statement is true?

[A] The interest rate of an instant access account is lowe r than that of a current account.

[B] The interest rate of an account rises as the balance in it goes up to a certain level.

[C] The memo does not allow account switches even thought they’re required by customers.

[D] The memo encourages the staff to sell more financial services to improve customer servic e.

Text 3

There is a severe classic tragedy within major league baseball, tragedy that catches and

manipulates the life of every athlete as surely as forces beyond the heaths manipulated Hardy’s simple Wessex folk into creatures of imposing stature. Major league baseball is an insecure society; it pays a lavish salary to an athlete and then, when he reaches thirty-five or so, it abruptly stops paying him anything. But the tragedy goes considerably deeper than that. Briefly, it is the tragedy of fulfillment.

Each major leaguer, like his childhood friends, always wanted desperately to become a major leaguer. Whenever there was trouble at home, in school, or with a girl, there was the sure escape of baseball; not the stumbling, ungainly escape of an ordinary ballplayer, but a sudden, remarkable metamorphosis into the role of a hero. For each major leaguer was first a star in his neighborhood or in his town, and each lived with the unending solace that there was one thing he could always do with grace and skill and poise. Somehow, he once believed with the most profound faith he possessed, that if he ever did make the major leagues, everything would then become ideal.

A major league baseball team is comprised of twenty-five youngish men who have made the major leagues and discovered that, in spite of it, life remains distressingly short of ideal. In retrospect, they were better off during the years when their adolescent dream was happily simple and vague. Among the twenty-five youngish men of a ball club, who individually held the common dream that came to be fulfilled, cynicism and disillusion are common as grass. So Willie Mays angrily announces that he will from now on charge six hundred dollars to be interviewed, and Duke Snider shifts his dream-site from a ball park to an farm overlooking the Pacific, and Peewee Reese tries to fight off a momentary depression by saying: “Sure I dreamt about baseball when I was a kid, but not the night games. No, sir. I did not dream about the lights.”

For most men, the business of shifting and reworking dreams comes late in life, when there are older children upon whose unwilling shoulders the tired dreams may be deposited. It is harsh, jarring thing to have to shift dreams at thirty, and if there is ever to be a major novel written about baseball, it will have to come to grips with this theme.

11. What can we infer from paragraph 1?

[A] Tragedy manipulates baseball players into creatures of imposing stature.

[B] No major league baseball player can escape the tragedy inherent in his team.

[C] Hardy, the novelist, wrote ennobling stories about athletes.

[D] Winning and losing ball games are heartbreaking experiences.

12. What is the tragedy in major league baseball?

[A] Baseball is a hard life.

[B] Ballplayers aren’t well paid once the reach thirty-five.

[C] Ballplayers never achieve their ambitions.

[D] Achievement of major league status wants ideal.

13. The tragedy in baseball lies in the fact that

[A] ballplayers do not accomplish what they set out to do.

[B] athletic ability diminishes as players grow older.

[C] disillusion catches ballplayers because of fulfillment .

[D] baseball is business, not a sport.

14. According to the author, cynicism and disillusion among baseball players is

[A] widespread.

[B] more apparent than real.

[C] rarely expressed, but commonly felt.

[D] more common than among other athletes.

15. Which of the following is true according to the text?

[A] The individual’s urge to play major league baseball can be traced back to childhood.

[B] Playing major league baseball is an unending solace for a player in his life.

[C] Once a man fulfills his dream to become a major leaguer, he’ll be desperately disappointed.

[D] It’s better for most men to shifting and reworking dreams later in life than at thirty.

Text 4

Roger Rosenblatt’s book Bla ck Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has often served as an excuse for expounding on Black history. Addison Gayle’s recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, faring each work according to the notions of Black identity which it put forward.

Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstance, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology limits much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatt’s literary analysis discloses relations and connotations among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.

Writing acceptable criticism of Black Fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the racial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors? Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt’s shows that Black fict ion constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Blacks over the last eighty years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly White culture, whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.

Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic ques tions open. Rosenblatt’s thematic analysis permits consideration objectivity; he even states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works —yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results.

For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffused. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to create, a different kind of aesthetic? In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Too mer’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the popular theme that describes the fate against which Black heroes are struggling, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?

In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for a keen and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Jo hnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed, and its forthright, clear style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.

16. The author objects to criticism of Black Fiction because

[A] it emphasizes purely literary aspects of such fiction.

[B] it misinterprets the ideological content of such fiction.

[C] it misunderstands the notions of Black identity in such fiction.

[D] it uses political instead of literary criteria in evaluating such fiction.

17. The word” spring” (line 1, Para. 2) most probably means

[A] emerge suddenly [B] develop quickly

[D] prosper extensively [C] break away gradually

18. Black Fiction would have been improved if Rosenblatt had

[A] evaluated more carefully its ideological and historical aspects.

[B] attempted to be more objective in his approach to novels by it.

[C] judged the literary merit of the novels he analyzes thematically.

[D] established a basis for placing it within its own literary tradition.

19. The author refers to James Weldon Johnson’s works to

[A] point out relations between Rosenblatt’s analysis and earlier criticism.

[B] clarify the point about expressionistic style made earlier in the text.

[C] qualify the assessment of Rosenblatt’s book made in parag raph 1.

[D] give an example of one of the accomplishments of Rosenblatt’s work.

20. The text intends to tell us

[A] the soundness of a work of criticism.

[B] various critical approaches to a subject.

[C] the limitations of a particular kind of criticism.

[D] the major points made in a work of criticism.

Part B

Directions: The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 21-25,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list [A]—[G] to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in boxes.

[A] A number of small cotton mills soon followed, but most of them failed by the turn of the

century because their promoters did not aim to a wide market. Not until the “Embargo Act”

of 1807 and the consequent scarcity of English textiles that stimulated demand for domestic manufactures did spinning millers become numerous in the United States. Between 1805 and 1815, 94 new cotton mills were built in New England, and the mounting competition led Almy and Brown to push their markets south and west. Only two decades after Arkwright machinery was introduced into this country, the market for yarn was becoming national and the spinning process was becoming a true factory operation as it was in England.

[B] It was as an enterpriser, however, that Francis Lowell made a more significant contribution.

He persuaded other men of means to participate with him in establishing a firm at Waltham that had all the essential characteristics of factory production. Specializing in coarse sheetings, the Waltham factory sold its product all over America. Consolidating all the steps of textile manufacture in a single plant lowered production costs. A large number of

specialized workers were organized into departments and directed by executives who were not necessarily technical supervisor. The factory, by using power-driven machinery, produced standardized commodities in quantity.

[C] In the United States, the factory developed first in the cotton textile industry. Due to the

unusual nature of its founding, the mill of Almy, Brown, and Salter, in operation by 1793, are considered as the first American factories. Like many other American enterprisers, they had tried and failed to duplicate English spinning machinery. In 1789 there came to Rhode Island a young mechanical wizard, Samuel Slater, who had worked for years in the firm of Arkwright and Strutt in Milford, England. Having memorized the minutest details of the water frames Slater immigrated to the United States, where he joined with Almy and Brown and agreed to reproduce the equipment for a mechanized spinning mill.

[D] How one industry could adopt new methods as a consequence of process in another industry is

shown by the fact that as the sewing machine was produced on a quantity basis, the boot and shoe industry developed factory characteristics. Carriages, wagons, and even farm implants were eventually produced in large numbers. Gradually, where markets were more extensive, where there was substantial investment in fixed plant, and where workers were subjected to formal discipline, some firms in the traditional mill industries other than the textile and iron industries achieved factory status.

[E] Two events propelled these changes. One was the successful introduction of the power loom

into American manufacture; the other was the organization of production so that all four states of the manufacture of cotton cloth could occur within one establishment. These states were spinning, weaving, dying, and cutting.

[F] In most other industries as well, the decade of the 1830s was one of expansion and

experimentation with new methods. In the primary iron industry, establishments by the 1840s dwarfed those of a quarter century earlier. By 1845, for instance, the Brady’s Bend Iron Company in western Pennsylvania owned nearly 6,000 acres of mineral land. It mined its own coal, ore, limestone and owned 14 miles of railway to serve its works. This company, with an actual investment of $1,000,000 was among the largest in America before the Civil War.

[G] After closely observing the workings of textile machinery in Great Britain, Francis Lowell, a

New England merchant, gained sufficient knowledge of the secrets of mechanized weaving to enable hi m, with the help of a gifted technician, to construct a power loom superior to any that had been built to date.

Order:

C →21. →22. →23. →24. →25. → D

Part C

Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.

There is a saying in the scientific world “all research lead to biomedical advances”. The fact that research in one discipline contributes to another is well understood by the scientific community. It is not, however, so clear to the public or to public policy-makers. 26)Because public support for funding of biomedical research is strong, the scientific community could build a more

effective case for public support of all science by articulating how research in other disciplines benefits biological medicine.

The time is ripe to improve public appreciation of science. A recent National Science Foundation survey suggested that Americans continue to support research expenditures. In addition, public opinion polls indicate that scientists and science leaders enjoy enviably high public esteems. 27)Instead of lamenting the lack of public understanding of science, we can work to enhance public appreciation of scientific research by showing how investigations in many areas intertwine and contribute to biomedical advances. A crucial task is to convey to the public, in easily understood terms, the specific benefits and the overall good that result from research in all areas of science.

Take, for example, agricultural research. 28)On the surface, it may appear to have made few significant contributions to biomedical advances, except those directly related to human nutrition. This view is incorrect, however. In the case of nutrition, the connections between agricultural and biomedical research are best exemplified by the vitamin discoveries. 29)At the turn of the century, when the concept of vitamins had not yet surfaced and nutrition as a scientific discipline did not exist, it was in a department of agricultural chemistry that the first true demonstration of vitamins was made. Single-grain feeding experiments documented the roles of vitamins A and B. The essential role of some minerals (iron and copper) was shown later, and these discoveries provided the basis of modern human nutrition research.

30)Despite such direct links, however, it is the latest discoveries that have been made in agricultural research that reveal its true importance to biomedicine. Life-saving antibiotics such as streptomycin were discovered in soil microorganisms. The first embryo transplant was made in a dairy cow, and related research led to advances in the understanding of human reproduction.

做题点拨与全文翻译

Part A

Text 1

语境词汇

1.endeavor /n.努力，尽力v.努力，尽力，尝试

2.reinforcement n.强化

3.realm n.界，邻域，范围；王国，国度

4.trash n.拙劣的文学(或艺术)作品；社会渣滓，败类；垃圾vt.捣毁，破坏

5.plug away刻苦，苦干

6.calculous n. 微积分

7.incentive n.动机，刺激a.刺激性的，诱发性的

8.undermine vt.暗中破坏，逐渐削弱；侵蚀…的基础

9.diminish v.减少，变小；降低；削弱

10.paradox n.似乎矛盾而（可能）正确的说法；自相矛盾的人（或事物）

11.treat n.宴请，款待vt.对待；治疗

难句突破

1. (A steady stream of) research has found that rather encouraging motivation and productivity, rewards actually can undermine genuine interest and diminish performance.

【分析】复合句。句子的主干为...research has found that ...；that引导宾语从句，其主语为rewards，rather encouraging ...为插入语。

【译文】一系列的研究发现，奖赏非但不能激发人们的动机，提高生产率，实际上它还会降低人们的真正兴趣，影响人们的表现。

2. Yet study after study shows that people tend to perform worse, to give up more easily and to lose interest more quickly [when a reward is involved].

【分析】复合句。句子的主干为study after study shows that...；that 此处所引导的宾语从句是一个主从复合句：从句为when引导的时间状语从句，主句的主语为the people，谓语为tend，宾语为三个并列的动词不定式短语。

【译文】然而，一次又一次的研究表明，一旦涉及到奖赏，人们往往会表现得更差，更容易放弃，更快地丧失兴趣。

解析与译文

本文为一篇“假设——真实型”论述文。主要从人的行为动机问题出发讨论了在美国社会影响很大的行为主义理论。文章第一段指出对于人的行为动机，不同的科学家有不同的看法；第二段指出统治美国半个世纪之久的一种思想是奖赏会激励人的行为；第三段和第四段反驳了第二段的思想，指出尽管奖赏会激励人的行为，但更会让人丧失行为兴趣，使效率更低。

Text 2

语境词汇

1.withdraw vt.收回，撤消；提取

2.clarify v.澄清，阐明

3.instant access account 快速存取账户

4.lose out on损失，错过

5.bonus n.奖金，红利；额外给予的东西

6.switch v.转变，改变，转换n.开关，电闸；转变，改变

7.entitle vt.给（书、文章等）题名；给…

8. circulate v.（使）传播，（使）循环

9.obfuscate vt.使模糊，使迷乱

10.banlance n.余额，收支差额；平衡；天平vt.使…平衡

11.deputy n.代表，代理人；副职，副手

12.intervene v.干涉，干预;干扰，阻挠

难句突破

1. Lloyds TSB, {the UK’s biggest high street bank},is being forced to withdraw a memo (which orders its branch staff not to switch customers into accounts (that would pay them higher rates of interest)).

【分析】复合句。本句的主干是Lloyds TSB...is being forced to withdraw a memo.其中“the UK’s．．．为主语的同位语；which引导定语从句，修饰memo；在这个定语从句中又包含一个由that 引导的定语从句，修饰名词accounts。

【译文】英国商业街上的最大银行劳合银行如今被迫收回它下发的一份便函，在这份便函中，银行要求自己的分支机构不要将客户的资金转到能够让客户得到更高利率的账户中去。2.The bank will [today] write to every one (of i ts 2600 branches) [to “clarify” the contents of an internal memo], (which tells staff it is “unacceptable” to inform current account customers that they could make better returns by shifting spare cash into accounts with higher returns).

【分析】复合句。后面的动词不定式作目的状语；which 引导非限制性定语从句，修饰an internal memo，同时在该从句中作主语，从句的谓语为tell，其后的宾语从句中it为形式主语，不定式结构to inform为真正的主语，该不定式结构中又包含that引导的宾语从句。【译文】劳合银行今天将写信给其下属的2600个分支机构，“澄清”其最近下发的一份内部便函的含义。这份内部便函通知其员工，告知活期储蓄账户的客户可以将活期账户中闲散的资金转移到另外一些能够获得更高回报的账户中去的做法是“不可取”的。

解析与译文

本文是一篇“信息传播型”论述文。主要讨论了劳埃德莱斯银行收回便函的事件及其原因。第一段首先提出劳埃德莱斯银行要收回其下发的一份便函；第二段介绍了便函的主要内容；第三、四段指出银行总行出面澄清此事，并认为便函的内容被曲解，但是职员们对此有不同的理解，他们认为便函的含义是命令他们不要维护客户的最高利益。最后指出总行决定重新写一份便函。

Text 3

语境词汇

1.manipulate v.操纵，控制，影响；操作

2.heath n.石楠丛

3.imposing a.给人深刻印象的；壮丽的

https://www.360docs.net/doc/d0975725.html,vish a.大方的，慷慨的

5.stumble v.绊倒，踌躇

6.metamorphosis n.变形

7.solace n.慰藉

8.poise n.镇定；姿势，姿态；平衡，平稳

9.retrospect n.回顾，回想

10.disillusion n.觉醒，幻灭vt.使醒悟，使幻想破灭

11.deposit vt.寄存；使沉淀；储蓄n.定金，押金；存款；沉积物

12.jarring a.刺耳的，不和谐的

难句突破

1. There is (a severe classic) tragedy [within major league baseball], {tragedy (that catches and manipulates the life of every athlete as surely [as forces beyond the heaths manipulated Hardy’s simple Wessex folk into creatures of imposing stature])}.

【分析】复合句。主句是There is a severe classic tragedy；逗号后的tragedy是classic tragedy 的同位语；that引导定语从句，修饰tragedy，定语从句中又包含了as引导的比较状语从句。

【译文】全美棒球协会中始终有一种典型的悲剧色彩，这种悲剧紧密伴随并操纵着每个运动员的生活，就像哈代的小说里石楠丛的神秘力量将淳朴的威塞克斯人变成让人永远无法从脑海中抹去的人一样。

2. It is (harsh, jarring) thing to have to shift dreams at thirty, and [if there is ever to be a major novel written about baseball], it will have to come to grips with this theme.

【分析】并列句。and连接两个并列分句；第一个分句是简单句，it是形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式to have to shift dreams；第二个分句是个复合句，主句是it will have to come to …，if引导件状语从句，其中written about baseball是过去分词短语做定语。

【译文】不知何故，首先他一度将自己所有的信念集中在这一点上，如果他真的加入了全美棒球协会，一切都将变得理想化。

解析与译文

本文是一篇“现象解释型”论述文。文章主要论述了棒球协会的悲剧。第一段摆出现象——棒球协会中存在一种典型的悲剧；第二段论述了为什么运动员从童年时候就有加入棒球协会的梦想；第三段指出运动员加入棒球协会后，他们的失望和梦想破灭才是真正的悲剧所在；第四段进一步指出悲剧的后果：转移或改变梦想是件很艰难、令人痛苦的事情。

Text 4

语境词汇

1.expound v.解释；详细讲解；论述

2.overtly adv.明显地

3.fare vi.进展n.（车、船、飞机等）费，票价

4.spring v.突然提出；涌现；跳n.弹簧；泉；跳，跃；春天

5.chronology n.编年表；年代学

6.thematic a.主题的，专题的

7.predominantly adv.由…主宰地；主要地

8.conform v.（to，with）遵守，适应，顺从；相似，一致

9.aesthetic a.美学的，美感的；美的，艺术的

10.appraise v. 评估，估量

11.diffuse v.扩散，弥漫；传播，散布a.（文章等)冗长的；弥漫的

12.omission n.遗漏；删节，省略；略去或漏掉的事或人

难句突破

1. (Addison Gayle’s recent) work, [for example],judges the value of Black fiction [by overtly political standards], [faring each work according to the notions of Black identity (which it put forward)].

【分析】复合句。for example 此处为插入语，by引导方式状语，faring ...是现在分词短语作伴随状语，它的逻辑主语与句子主干的主语一致；在这个分词短语中according to …作状语，修饰动词fare, 而which 引导定语从句，修饰notions，从句中的it 指代的是Black identity.

【译文】比如，在埃迪逊·盖勒最近的作品中，作者就明显地以政治标准来衡量黑人小说的价值，依据黑人文学所表现的黑人身份的特有概念分析每一部作品。

2．[Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstance], its authors react to those circumstances [in ways other than ideological], and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology limits much of the fictional enterprise.

【分析】复合句。Although 引导一个让步状语从句，主句为一个由and连接的并列句；在这个并列句中，前一个分句的主干为authors react to those circumstances；后一个分句的主语为动名词词组talking about ...of ideology。

【译文】尽管小说毫无疑问是产生于某一个特定的政治环境，这些小说的作者却用意识形态以外的方式对这种政治环境做出反应，而如果将小说和故事当作宣扬意识形态的工具来谈论，无疑限制了小说的发展。

解析与译文

本文是一篇“观点论证型”论述文。主要讨论了罗森布赖特所写的黑人小说评论是以文学为标准的，他改变了以往人们研究小说的方法；并且分析了他的方法。第一段指出《黑人小说》的作者罗森布赖特用文学的标准来衡量黑人文学作品，成功地改变了以往人们研究文学的方法；第二、三段作者把罗森布赖特的文学评论与单纯政治研究相比较，指出政治研究

的缺点所在；第四、五段指出罗森布赖特评论黑人小说的不足之处：留下了许多没有得到解决的美学问题；第六段指出尽管罗森布赖特的书不够尽善尽美，但是仍然有很大的研究价值。

Part B

语境词汇

1.scarcity n.不足，缺乏

2.spin vt.纺(纱)，旋转n.旋转，自转

3.yarn n.纺纱，纱

4.means n.财富，收入；方法

5.duplicate v.①复制，复印②重复

6.wizard n.奇才，能手

7.substantial a.可观的，大量的

8.propel vt.推进，推动

9.loom n.织布机vi.隐约出现

10.dwarf v.阻碍发育，使变矮小

难句突破

1. How one industry could adopt new methods as a consequence of process in another industry is shown by the fact {that as the sewing machine was produced on a quantity basis, the boot and shoe industry developed factory characteristics}.

【分析】复合句。How引导主语从句；that引导同位语从句，具体说明fact的内容，该同位语从句中又包含一个由as引导的原因状语从句。

【译文】在认真观察了英国纺织机械的操作过程后，一位名叫弗朗西斯·洛厄尔的新英格兰

商人掌握了机械化纺织方面的大量秘诀。于是在一位天才技师的帮助下，他造了一台当时最高级的动力纺织机。

2. [After closely observing the workings of textile machinery in Great Britain], Francis Lowell, {a New England merchant}, gained (sufficient) knowledge (of the secrets of mechanized weaving) [to enable him, with the help of a gifted technician, to construct a power loom superior to any (that had been built to date)].

【分析】复合句。介词短语after…作句首状语；a New England merchant为主语的同位语；to enable him…作目的状语，而其中的to construct…则作him的宾补；该宾补结构中又包含一个that引导的定语从句，修饰any（loom）；句中的with the help…作插入语。

【译文】一个产业如何能够受另一个产业技术进步的带动而采用新工艺可以通过这样一个事实证明：由于缝纫机的大批量生产，鞋类行业的生产也具备了工厂化特征。

解析与译文

Part C

语境词汇

1.articulate v.明确有力地表达a.善于表达的，口齿清晰的

https://www.360docs.net/doc/d0975725.html,ment v.悲叹；哀悼

3.nutrition n.营养

4.antibiotic n.抗生素

5.microorganism n.微生物

6.embryo n.胚胎

7. streptomycin n.链霉素