任务型阅读练习题(有答案) 百度文库(1)

一、高中英语任务型阅读

1．Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.

Today, in most of the theatres in Britain, the stages are situated behind a sort of arch (拱门), called the proscenium (幕布前的舞台部分)arch. The arch runs across the building with the stage on one side of it and the auditorium, housing the audience, on the other. The audience is kept to the area from which it can get a clear view of the stage. This type of theatre has been is use for three hundred years. ________ The actor can ignore them until the end, when they applaud the performance. If an actor wants to speak to the audience he tends to step out of the picture, as it were—down to the edge of the stage.

________ Stage furniture or properties—"props", as they are referred to in the business – are now as few as possible. Elaborate scenery is used only when it is going to last throughout the play, or when it is so constructed that it can be changed quickly. Modern theatres are built with the stage extending far in front of the proscenium arch, if indeed they have a proscenium arch at all, electricity, already long in use, has recently had a revolutionary effect. A change of lighting is as good as a change of scenery, and simpler and quicker; it can light one part of the stage in place of another. Footlights have been found unnecessary. Curtains also are hardly necessary, since the stage can be darkened to signify the end of a scene.

The modern idea of having the stage in front of the proscenium arch is not really modern, of course. It makes our stages much like Shakespeare's. ________ The famous speeches of Hamlet, for instance, can be delivered more quietly and naturally than they were in the las century. The actors no longer have to worry much about not being heard, or about turning their backs to the auditorium. They can get closer to the audience, while a larger audience can see them at work.

Moreover, nowadays, people are finding that modern theatres are built to sit in comfortably for two or three hours at a stretch. ________ The result of these improvements is that, in spite of the high price of seats, perhaps more people than ever before are keen on theatre-going.

A. Over the last few decades, since the Second World War, theatrical customs have altered.

B. It makes people feel, as they watch a play or a show, that they are seeing a living and moving picture.

C. All these innovations have quickened up the pace of the drama.

D. This is an advantage both for actors and audience.

E. Today the theatres are much more comfortable because of the many improvements.

F. Often they can meet and eat in the restaurants attached to the theatres.

【答案】 B；D；A；E

【解析】【分析】本文介绍了英国戏剧的发展以及剧院的布局特点。

（1）根据本空前的“The arch runs across the building with the stage on one side of it and the auditorium, housing the audience, on the other. The audience is kept to the area from which it can get a clear view of the stage”可知，拱门穿过整个建筑，一边是舞台，另一边是容纳观众的礼堂，观众被限制在能清楚地看到舞台的地方，此处是说这样布局的原因，B项（它让

人们觉得，当他们看一出戏剧或表演时，他们看到的是一幅活生生的动态画面）符合语境，故答案为B。

（2）此处为本段主题句，根据本段内容可知，本段从演员和观众两个角度说明了这样布局的好处，D项（这对演员和观众来说都是一个好处）符合语境。故答案为D。

（3）根据本空后的“The famous speeches of Hamlet, for instance, can be delivered more quietly and naturally than they we re in the last century.”可知，例如，哈姆雷特的著名演讲可以比上个世纪更安静、更自然地进行，这说明戏剧习俗发生了变化，A项（在过去的几十年里，自第二次世界大战以来，戏剧习俗已经发生了变化）符合语境。故答案为A。

（4）根据本空后的“The result of these improvements is that, in spite of the high price of seats, perhaps more people than ever before are keen on theatre-going.”可知，这些改进的结果是，尽管票价很高，但可能比以往任何时候都有更多的人热衷于看戏，E项（由于许多改进，现在的剧院舒服多了）符合语境。故答案为E。

【点评】考查任务型阅读。通读全文，掌握主旨；分析设题位置，结合上下文语境，再回填核对答案。

2．阅读短文，按照题目要求用英语回答问题。

Why not carry on her good work？

I enjoyed English, biology, and chemistry at school, but which one should I choose to study at university？I did not know the answer until one evening when I sat down at the computer to do some research on great women of China.

By chance I came across an article about a doctor called Lin Qiaozhi, a specialist in women's diseases. She lived from 1901 to 1983. It seemed that she had been very busy in her chosen career, traveling abroad to study as well as writing books and articles. One of them caught my eye. It was a small book explaining how to cut the death rate from having and caring for babies. She gave some simple rules to follow for keeping babies clean, healthy and free from sicknees. Why did she write that？Who were the women that Lin Qiaozhi thought needed this advice？I looked carefully at the text and realized that it was intended for women in the countryside. Perhaps if they had an emergency they could not reach a doctor.

Suddenly it hit me how difficult it was for a woman to get medical training at that time. That was a generation when girls' education was always placed second to boys. Was she so much cleverer than anyone else? Further reading made me realize that it was hard work and determination as well as her gentle nature that got her into medical school. What made her succeed later on was the kindness and consideration she showed to all her patients. There was story after story of how Lin Qiaozhi, tired after a day's work, went late at night to deliver a baby for a poor family who could not pay her.

By now I could not wait to find out more about her. I discovered that Lin Qiaozhi had devoted her whole life to her patients and had chosen not to have a family of her own. Instead she made sure that about 50,000 babies were safely delivered. By this time I was very excited. Why not study at a medical college like Lin Qiaozhi and carry on her good work？It was still not too late for me to improve my studies, prepare for the university entrance examinations, and ……

（1）When and where did the author read the article about Lin Qiaozhi？（no more than 5 words）

（2）For what purpose did Lin Qiao zhi write a little book about how to look after babies？（no more than 20 words）

（3）What does the underlined sentence in the third paragraph mean？（no more than 10 words）

（4）What does the author think are the most important qualities that a successful doctor should have？（no more than 5 words）

（5）Do you think the author will study at a medical college？Why or why not？（no more than 20 words）

【答案】（1）On the Internet/computer one evening.

（2）To help the women in the countryside who could not reach a doctor if they had an emergency.

（3）Girls' education wasn't attached importance to compared with boys'.

OR: Boys always receive better education than girls.

（4）Kindness and consideration.

（5）Open.

【解析】【分析】短文大意：文章主要讲了正在作者不知道如何选择大学专业时，偶然读到了一篇关于林巧稚的文章。作者深受感动和影响，决定继续林巧稚医生伟大的事业。（1）细节理解题。根据第一段I did not know the answer until one evening when I sat down at the computer to do some research on great women of China. （直到一天晚上，我坐在电脑前研究中国伟大的女性时，我才知道答案。）由此可知一天晚上，在电脑上，作者读到了一篇关于林巧稚的文章，所以填On the Internet/computer one evening。

（2）细节理解题。根据第二段I looked carefully at the text and realized that it was intended for women in the countryside. Perhaps if they had an emergency they could not reach a doctor. （我仔细看了这篇文章，意识到这是写给农村妇女的。可能如果她们遇到紧急情况，却找不到医生。）由此可知林巧稚写《怎样照顾婴儿》一书的目的是帮助有紧急情况不能去看医生的农村妇女，所以填To help the women in the countryside who could not reach a doctor if they had an emergency。

（3）推理判断题。根据第三段Suddenly it hit me how difficult it was for a woman to get medical training at that time. 意思是突然，我意识到当时一个女人接受医学培训是多么困难。由此推断出That was a generation when girls' education was always placed second to boys. 的意思是在那个年代，女孩的教育总是排在男孩之后，所以填Girls' education wasn't attached importance to compared with boys'. OR: Boys always receive better education than girls。

（4）细节理解题。根据第三段What made her succeed later on was the kindness and consideration she showed to all her patients. 可知作者认为一位成功医生应该具有的最重要的品质是善良和关心，所以填Kindness and consideration。

（5）题干询问你认为作者会在医学院学习吗?为什么或为什么不呢?该空答案开放，同学们可以按照自己的观点回答。

【点评】考查阅读理解。涉及细节理解题和推理判断题，细节理解题要注意从文中寻找答案；推理判断题要注意联系上下文推断出所需信息。本题没有选项，须由考生自己组织语言作答，考生要注意根据题目要求组织语言，既要言之有理，又要准确精炼。

3．Directions: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.

Traffic Regulation and Accident Prevention

We live in a remarkable time, and many of the once fatal diseases can now be cured with modern medicine and surgery. It is almost certain that one day a cure will be found for the rest of the diseases. Expectations of life have greatly increased. But though the possibility of living a long and happy life is greater than ever before, every day we witness the incredible killing of men, women and children on the roads. Man fights against the motor-car. It is a never-ending battle which man is losing. ________

Nothing can seriously increase your risk of potentially fatal car accidents other than speeding and failing to pay due attention to weather conditions. ________ There is no doubt that the motor-car often brings out a man's very worst qualities. Usually quiet and pleasant people, when they are behind the steering wheel, will become unrecognizable. They are impolite, aggressive, self-willed like two-year-old, completely selfish. All their hidden frustrations, disappointments, and jealousy seem to be caused by driving.

________ It's all for his own convenience. Due to a serious tragedy, the city is almost uninhabitable and the huge parking lot makes the town ugly. The destruction of rural areas and the annual mass killings are just a statistic, easily forgotten. With regard to driving, the laws of some countries are not strict and even the strictest are not strict enough.

Traffic rules are for everyone to follow under any circumstances, and no one can make an exception unless you make a joke of your own life. Universally accepted standards can only have a significant beneficial on the incidence of accidents. Governments should develop safety codes for manufacturers. ________ These measures may sound cruel. However, if these measures result in a reduction in the loss of life every year, they should certainly not be considered serious. After all, the world belongs to humans, not cars.

A. There are five reason for the accident and you are guilty.

B. Every year thousands of people are horribly killed, and we sit still and let it happen.

C. Surprisingly, society should smile at the driver and forgive him.

D. Someone has rightly said that when a person is sitting behind the steering wheel, his car becomes an extension of his personality.

E. All advertisements that emphasize power and performance should be banned.

F. It is time to develop a universal norm to reduce this senseless waste of human life.

【答案】 B；D；C；E

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一些关于交通管制与事故预防措施，从而减少交通事故的发生。

（1）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前“Man fights against the motor-car. It is a never-ending battle which man is losing.” 人与汽车搏斗，这是一场人类正在输掉的永无休止的战斗，因此可知每年都有成千上万的人惨死，我们却坐视不理，听之任之。故选B。（2）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空后“There is no doubt that th e motor-car often brings out a man's very worst qualities.”毫无疑问，汽车经常暴露出一个人最坏的品质，可知，汽车是一个人个性的延伸。故选D。

（3）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空后“It's all for his own convenience.”一切都是为了他自己的方便，可知，社会对司机微笑并原谅是令人惊讶的。故选C。

（4）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前“Governments should develop safet y codes for manufacturers”.政府应该为制造商制定安全守则；再根据空后“These measures may sound cruel.”这些措施听起来可能很残酷，可知，作者建议所有强调汽车力量和性能的广告都应该被禁止。故选E。

【点评】本题要求在理解细节信息的基础上，着重考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。

4．根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出最佳选项。选项有两项为多余选项。

Although most parents don't like doing it after a long and exhausting workday, reading bedtime stories does make a positive influence on your child's emotional and mental health. ________

It helps to develop children's imagination.

Reading bedtime stories can develop your children's ability to form pictures or ideas in their mind.

A healthy imagination makes their minds work well and teaches them to think quickly yet effectively. ________

It improves children's language.

Reading also improves your children's language. ________They'll most likely use those words in the stories you read right after they hear them. Listening to many stories helps kids to express their opinions better.

________

Reading books makes people more learned. When children hear the stories you tell, they learn grammar and vocabulary, for example. It helps them be successful in school as they already know a lot from your stories. What's more, every story has its moral aspect and tells them what's good and what's bad.

These reasons leave no chances of doubting whether to read bedtime stories to your children or not. ________They will thank you in future, I promise.

A. It fosters children's affection for reading.

B. It makes children knowledgeable.

C. Take a look at the best benefits of it and you'll never be lazy to do that.

D. So however tired you are, find time to read bedtime stories to your children.

E. Bedtime stories create just unforgettable moments.

F. They remember most words you say and enlarge their vocabulary.

G. They'll be successful in many aspects thanks to a wonderful imagination.

【答案】 C；G；F；B；D

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章叙述的是“读睡前故事的好处”。不管你有多累，找时间给你的孩子读睡前故事。

（1）上文提示“尽管大多数父母不喜欢在漫长而疲惫的工作日之后做这件事，但阅读睡前故事确实会对孩子的情绪和心理健康产生积极的影响。”承接上文，C项Take a look at the best benefits of it and you'll never be lazy to do that.（看一看它的好处，你就不会偷懒了。）切题。该项中的benefits和上文中的a positive influence相吻合。故选C。

（2）上文提示“健康的想象力使他们的头脑运转良好，并教会他们快速而有效地思考。”承接上文，G项They'll be successful in many aspects thanks to a wonderful imagination.（他们将在许多方面取得成功，这要归功于出色的想象力。）切题。此处关键词imagination（想象力），故选G。

（3）上文提示“阅读也能提高你孩子的语言能力。”再根据下文提示“他们很可能会在你听到的故事中使用这些词。”承接上下文，F项They remember most words you say and enlarge their vocabulary.（他们记得你说的大多数单词，并扩大他们的词汇量。）切题。该项中的enlarge their vocabulary与上文中的improves your children's language和下文中的use those words相吻合。故选F。

（4）此空是一个小标题。根据上面两个小标题的结构，可知在A/B中选。根据第四段第一句Reading books makes people more learned.（读书使人们更有学问。）可知，B项It makes children knowledgeable.（它使孩子们知识渊博。）切题。该项中的knowledgeable与本段第一句的more learned相吻合。故选B。

（5）上文提示“这些理由不让你怀疑是否给你的孩子读睡前故事。”再根据下文提示“我保证，他们将来会感谢你的。”承接上下文，D项So however tired you are, find time to read bedtime stories to your children.（不管你有多累，找时间给你的孩子读睡前故事。）切题。此处关键词read bedtime stories to your children，故选D。

【点评】阅读理解七选五解题步骤

1）分析选项，串联主题：了解文章的主题、大意，会让解题的方向更明确。 2）研究空格前后，对比选项，选择答案。3）复读短文，核对答案：为了保证答案的正确性，一定要把答案代入原文，进行核对检查。

5．Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.

Screen Time: How Much Is Too Much?

Many children spend a lot of time watching or playing with electronic media—from televisions to video games, computers and other devices. ________ Perhaps parents now should ease up on their concerns about screen time, at least for older boys and girls.

Until last year, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) suggested that children and teenagers have no more than two hours of screen time a day. It also suggests that parents balance a child's screen time with other activities.

________ Christopher Ferguson, who teaches psychology at Stetson University in Florida, notes a lack of evidence supporting reports that too many hours spent playing video games or watching TV is truly harmful.

Ferguson seems interested in one idea: the link between video games and violent or risky behavior. When he saw results from a recent British survey on screen time, he wanted to know more. The British study found a small negative effect—about a one percent increase—in aggression and depression among children who had six or more hours of screen time a day. ________ So, Ferguson and his team examined answers from a survey on risky behaviors. The study involved about 6,000 boys and girls in Florida, whose average age was 16.

Data from this survey found that American children are also fairly resistant to the negative effects of electronic media. Among those who used screens up to six hours a day, the survey found: a 0.5 percent increase in criminal behavior; a 1.7 percent increase in signs of depression; and a 1.2 percent negative effect on school grades. ________ To further argue his point that screen time is not harmful, Ferguson adds that children should become familiar with screen technology. Electronic devices, he says, are a part of our everyday lives.

A. Some negative experiences on social media can and do affect some children.

B. However, some experts question claims that too much screen time is harmful.

C. He wanted to see if there was a similar effect among young people in the United States.

D. So, it is natural that parents should wonder about all the time children spend looking at a screen.

E. The researchers found no increase in risky sex or driving behaviors, use of illegal substances or eating disorders.

F. The researchers suggested that for those children, technology use might get in the way of taking part in other important activities.

【答案】 D；B；C；E

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，许多孩子花很多时间看或玩电子媒体——从电视到电子游戏、电脑和其他设备。美国儿科学会建议儿童和青少年每天看屏幕的时间不超过两个小时。一些专家质疑过多的屏幕时间是有害的，Stetson 大学心理学教授Christopher Ferguson指出，没有证据支持长时间玩电子游戏或看电视确实有害的说法。

（1）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前“Many c hildren spend a lot of time watching or playing with electronic media—from televisions to video games, computers and other devices.”可知许多孩子花很多时间看或玩电子媒体——从电视到电子游戏、电脑和其他设备。再根据空后“parents now should ease up on their concerns about screen time, at least for olde r boys and girls.”提到了父母对孩子长时间看电子产品的看法，可知本空是提出父母对孩子花在看屏幕上的时间感到好奇是很自然的。故选D。

（2）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空后“Christopher Ferguson, who teaches psychology at Stetson University in Florida, notes a lack of evidence supporting reports that too many hours spent playing video games or watching TV is truly harmful.”Stetson 大学心理学教授Christopher Ferguson指出，没有证据支持长时间玩电子游戏或看电视确实有害的说法。因此可推测上文是提出"一些专家质疑过多的屏幕时间是有害的"，故选B。

（3）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前“The British study found a small

negative effect—about a one percent increase—in aggression and depression among children who had six or more hours of screen time a day.”提到一项英国研究发现，在每天看电视时间超过6小时的儿童中，攻击性和抑郁会有一个小的负面影响——大约增加1%。因此他想看看在美国的年轻人中是否也有类似的影响。故选C。

（4）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前“Among those who used screens up to six hours a day, the survey found: a 0.5 percent increase in criminal behavior; a 1.7 percent increase in signs of depression; and a 1.2 percent negative effect on school grades. ”调查发现，在每天使用屏幕长达6小时的人群中，犯罪行为增加了0.5%；抑郁症的症状增加了1.7%;以及1.2%对学习成绩的负面影响。即下文继续列举长时间看屏幕对其他犯罪行为的影响，故E选项：研究人员发现，危险的性行为、驾驶行为、使用非法药物或饮食失调的情况没有增加。符合题意，故选E。

【点评】本题要求在理解细节信息的基础上，着重考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。

6．阅读下列短文并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入最恰当的单词，每空格1词。

A 2014 study found that readers of a short mystery story on a Kindle were significantly worse at remembering the order of events than those who read the same story in paperback.

The brain reads by constructing a mental representation of the text based on the placement of the page in the book and the word on the page. The tactile (触觉的) experience of a book aids this process, from the thickness of the pages in your hands as you progress through the story to the placement of a word on the page.

Surveys about the use of e-readers suggests that this affects a reader's sense of control. The inability to turn back to previous pages or control the text physically, either through making written notes or bending pages, limits one's sensory experience and thus reduces long-term memory of the text.

Before the Internet, the brain read in a linear (线状的) fashion, taking advantage of sensory details to remember where key information was in the book by layout.

As we increasingly read on screens, our reading habits have adapted to skim a text rather than really absorb its meaning. A 2006 study found that people read on screens in a "F" pattern, reading the entire top line but then only scanning through the text along the left side of the page. This sort of nonlinear reading reduces comprehension and actually makes it more difficult to focus the next time you sit down with a longer piece of text.

Tufts University neuroscientist Maryanne Wolf worries that "the superficial way we read during the day is affecting us when we have to read with more in-depth processing." Individuals are increasingly finding it difficult to sit down and involve themselves deeply in a novel. As a result, some researchers and literature-lovers have started a "slow reading" movement, as a way to counteract their difficulty making it through a book.

Slow-reading advocates recommend at least 30 to 45 minutes of daily reading away from the distractions of modern technology. By doing so, the brain can reengage with linear reading. The benefits of making slow reading a regular habit are numerous, reducing stress and improving your ability to concentrate.

Reading an old-fashioned novel is also linked to improving sleep. When many of us spend our days in front of screens, it can be hard to signal to our body that it's time to sleep. By reading a paper book about an hour before bed, your brain enters a new zone, distinct from that enacted by reading on an e-reader.

miss；easy /easier；stressed /anxious /worried；sleep

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了阅读纸质书籍有助于对书内容的理解，对比了阅读纸质书籍和电子书籍这两种阅读习惯，说明了慢读和阅读纸质书籍的好处。

（1）考查信息归纳。根据第一段"A 2014 study found that readers of a short mystery story on a Kindle were significantly worse at remembering the order of events than those who read the same story in paperback.”；以及第二段“ The brain reads by constructing a mental representation of the text based on the placement of the page in the book and the word on the page. The tactile (触觉的) experience of a book aids this process, from the thickness of the pages in your hands as you progress through the story to the placement of a word on the page"可知，2014年的一项研究发现，在Kindle上阅读一篇短篇侦探小说的读者，相比读平装书上同一篇小说的读者，在记忆情节顺序方面明显逊色很多。大脑在阅读时会根据书页在书中的位置以及单词在书页上的位置构建文本的心理表征。在阅读过程中，你手中逐渐变厚的书页，还是一个单词在页面上所处的位置，纸质书的这类触觉体验都促进了大脑的上述运作过程。所以前两段在主要说明阅读纸质书籍有助于对书内容的理解。故填print。

（2）考查同义转换。根据第二段中的“The tactile (触觉的) experience of a book aids this

process”可知，纸质书的这类触觉体验都促进了大脑的上述运作过程。aid可以用contribute to替换，都表示“有助于”。故填contributes。

（3）考查信息归纳。根据第三段中的"Surveys about the use of e-readers suggests that this affects a reader's sense of control。The inability to turn back to previous pages or control the text physically."可知，关于电子阅读器使用情况的调查显示，这影响了读者的控制感。读者不能翻回到之前的页面，也不能用有形的方式控制文本。所以电子阅读器的使用会影响读者用有形的方式控制文本的能力。故填ability。

（4）考查同义转换。根据第三段中的"…thus reduces long-term memory of the text."可知，因此降低了对文本的长期记忆。所以通过"reduce"可以判断出，unable /fail to do“未能做某事”符合句意。故填unable /fail。

（5）考查归纳概括。根据第四段"Before the Internet, the brain read in a linear (线状的) fashion, taking advantage of sensory details to remember where key information was in the book by layout. ”；以及第五段中的“As we increasingly read on screens, our reading habits have adapted to skim a text rather than really absorb its meaning."可知，没有互联网的时候，大脑以线状的方式阅读，利用感官细节按版面编排记住书中的关键信息。随着我们越来越多地在屏幕上阅读，我们的阅读习惯已经适应了略读文本而不是真正吸收其含义。所以第四段，第五段在对比两种阅读习惯。故填Explanations /Comparisons。

（6）考查同义转换。根据第四段"Before the Internet, the brain read in a linear (线状的) fashion, taking advantage of sensory details to remember where key information was in the book by layout."可知，没有互联网的时候，大脑以线状的方式阅读，利用感官细节按版面编排记住书中的关键信息。"layout"可用location替换，都表示“位置”。故填location。

（7）考查归纳概括。根据第五段中的"As we increasingly read on screens, our reading habits have adapted to skim a text rather than really absorb its meaning."可知，随着我们越来越多地在屏幕上阅读，我们的阅读习惯已经适应了略读文本而不是真正吸收其含义。所以通过"rather than really absorb its meaning"可知，用miss“错过”概括。故填miss。

（8）考查同义转换。根据第六段中的"As a result, some researchers and literature-lovers have started a "slow reading" movement, as a way to counteract their difficulty making it through a book."可知，因此，一些研究人员和文学爱好者开始了一场“慢读”运动，以抵消他们阅读时的困难。所以通过"counteract their difficulty"可知，用easy /easier“容易的”替换。故填easy /easier。

（9）考查同义转换。根据第七段中的"The benefits of making slow reading a regular habit are numerous, reducing stress and improving your ability to concentrate."可知，养成慢速阅读的习惯有很多好处，可以减轻压力，提高注意力。所以通过"stress"可以判断出，stressed /anxious /worried“焦虑的”可以替换。故填stressed /anxious /worried。

（10）考查信息归纳。根据第八段中的"Reading an old-fashioned novel is also linked to improving sleep"可知，读一本老式小说也有助于改善睡眠。故填sleep。

【点评】本题考点涉及信息归纳，同义转换和归纳概括三个题型的考查，是一篇文化类阅读，要求考生准确掌握所给材料，根据上下文的逻辑关系，结合相关的语法知识和词汇知识，做出正确答案。

7．阅读下列短文，按照要求用英文回答问题。

After we all came to the conclusion that our family could responsibly care for dog; my husband and I started our search at a local animal shelter.

We discovered a medium-sized male dog named Duke. This dog was a approximately only two years old and seemed to have the sweetest character. He looked at us through intelligent eyes and already knew how to fetch a ball. My husband and I immediately adopted him Duke quickly fit into our family's lifestyle. And he quickly learned the tricks like "sit", and "come".

But there was one skill that Duke could not seem to grasp---that of a watchdog. My husband was trying to teach him to remind us by giving a single warning bark when someone came into the yard. Duke would listen carefully to my husband's commands, but would cock （竖起）his head to one side in confusion and disappointment as if to tell his master that he just didn't understand what my husband was asking him to do. My husband would give his "watch" command. Duke would stand up---muscles tightened in readiness, but would not have a clue as to what he was in readiness for.

One morning we heard the garbage collectors come up the driveway to get our garbage.

My husband went to the open bedroom window so Duke could hear and see the men through the screen.

"Watch" my husband commanded. Duke rose in readiness, looked at my husband as sudden comprehension dawned on him, gave a quick tail wave, and leaped through the window screen jumping happily out to greet the garbage men.

Seeing that, I couldn't help laughing. My laughter did nothing for my husbands mood when he found what was happening and he just went away to repair the screen with no expression on his face.

Duke brought our family so much fun. We never scolded or beat him. He was one of our family members.

（1）What was Duke like when the author adopted him? (no more than 10 words)

（2）What did the author's husband expect Duke to do as a watchdog? (no more than 15 words) （3）What is the meaning of the underlined part in Paragraph 5? (no more than 10 words) （4）How did the author and her husband feel about Duke's leaping through the window? (no more than 10 words)

（5）How do you think people should treat their pets? (no more than 20 words)

【答案】（1）It was medium-sized, young, sweet and intelligent.

（2）To remind them by giving a single warning bark when someone came into the yard.

（3）Suddenly Duke understood his master's command/intention/thoughts.

（4）The author was amused while her husband feet calm about it.

（5）I think people should love their pets and have fun with them instead of abusing them.

Or: I think people should love their pets and treat them as the family members.

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，作者收养宠物狗Duke以后所发生的故事。

（1）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“We discovered a medium-sized male dog named Duke. This dog was approximately only two years old and seemed to have the sweetest character. He

looked at u s through intelligent eyes and already knew how to fetch a ball.”可知，当作者收养Duke时，他中等大小的身材、年轻、可爱且聪明。故答案为It was medium-sized，young， sweet and intelligent.

（2）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“And he quickly learned the tricks like ‘sit’，‘stay’，and ‘come’”.和第三段中的“But there was one skill that Duke could not seem to grasp — that of a watchdog.”可知，Duke被作者的家庭收养后学会了“sit”，“stay”，“come” 和“be a watchdog”，故答案为Duke learned how to “sit”，“stay”，“come” and “be a watchdog”.

（3）考查词义猜测。根据第五段中的“gave a quick tail wave, and leaped through the wi ndow screen, jumping happily out to greet the garbage men.”它很快地摇了摇尾巴，从窗玻璃里跳出来，高兴地跳出来迎接收垃圾的人。可知，Duke突然明白了主人的命令/意图/想法。故答案为Suddenly Duke understood his master's command/intention/thoughts.

（4）考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段中的“Seeing that, I couldn't help laughing. My laughte r did nothing for my husband's mood when he found what was happening and he just went away to repair the screen with no expression on his face.”看到这，我忍不住笑了。当我丈夫发现发生的事情时，我的笑声并没有影响他的情绪，他只是离开去修理屏幕，脸上没有任何表情。可知，Duke从窗户跳出来时作者被逗乐了，而她的丈夫对此却感到很平静。故答案为The author was amused while her husband felt calm about it.

（5）开放性试题。如何对待宠物？我认为人们应该爱他们的宠物，和他们一起玩，而不是虐待他们。

或者:我认为人们应该爱他们的宠物，把他们当作家庭成员。故答案为I think people should love their pets and have fun with them, instead of abusing them.Or: I think people should love their pets and treat them as the family members.

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断，词义猜测和开放试题四个题型的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，要求考生准确掌握所给材料，结合相关的语法知识和词汇知识，做出正确答案。

8．Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.

Meal kits(餐具)cut food waste but packaging is a problem

Home delivery meal kits can slash(大幅消减)food waste by more than two-thirds, but suppliers need to switch to reusable packaging to make them environmentally friendly.

________ That means leftovers are minimized. But while the delivery services score well on reducing food waste, buying the same ingredients from the supermarket almost always saves energy overall simply because meal kits use so much single-use packaging. The good news is that if you have meals that are tailored for consumption, people won't over-buy and you have less food waste. You fine-tune the portions to what people will actually eat.

Beyond the cost of the waste itself, thrown-away food generates methane(甲烷)that contributes to climate change. ________ A 2018 report from the Boston Consulting Group found that the waste was set to soar by a third by 2030 when global food waste was estimated to reach 2.1 bn tonnes.

Meal kits can reduce transport emissions if they mean people take fewer trips to the supermarket. If people only went to buy goods that are unlikely to decay such as soap and toilet paper, they might only have to visit the supermarket once every couple of months. That delivery truck can carry meals for you and dozens of neighbors. ________

The study found that even if delivered meal kits reduced food waste to zero, they would still use up more energy overall than buying the same food from the supermarket unless the energy used for the meal kit packaging was cut by a fifth. ________ All the environmental benefits are lost. But if the packaging can be reused, you can get some benefits.

A. However, meal kits are likely heading for the mainstream.

B. If it's single-use and thrown away, the packaging is a killer.

C. In that case, you might replace dozens of car trips with one truck trip.

D. Meal knits arrive on your doorstep by truck filled with every ingredient you need.

E. Tailor-made meal kits save waste by providing precise quantities of fresh ingredients.

F. If food waste was a country, it would rank third in emissions behind the US and China.

【答案】 E；F；C；B

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。套餐可以减少食物浪费，但包装是个问题。家庭送餐包可以减少超过三分之二的食物浪费，但供应商需要改用可重复使用的包装，使其更加环保。

（1）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空后“ That means leftovers are minimized.”这意味着剩菜要尽量减少。承接下文，E.Tailor-made meal kits save waste by providing precise quantities of fresh ingredients.“特制的餐盒提供精确数量的新鲜食材，节省浪费。”切题。下文中的that指该项的内容。故选E。

（2）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空后“ A 2018 report from the Boston Consulting Group found that the waste was set to soar by a third by 2030 when global food waste was estimated to reach 2.1 bn tonnes.”"波士顿咨询集团2018年的一份报告发现，到2030年，全球食品浪费预计将达到21亿吨，预计垃圾将飙升三分之一。承接下文，F.If food waste was a country, it would rank third in emissions behind the US and China.“如果食品浪费是一个国家，它的排放量将排在美国和中国之后，位列第三。”切题。故选F。（3）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前“ That delivery truck can carry meals for you and dozens of neighbors.”那辆送货卡车可以为你和几十个邻居送饭。承接上文，C.In that case, you might replace dozens of car trips with one truck trip.“在这种情况下，你可以用一次卡车旅行来代替几十次汽车旅行。”切题。故选C。

（4）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空后“ All the environmental benefits are lost. But if the packaging can be reused, you can get some benefits.”所有的环境效益都丧失了。但是如果包装可以重复使用，您可以获得一些好处。承接下文，B.If it's single-use and thrown away, the packagi ng is a killer.“如果一次性使用并被丢弃，包装就是一个杀手。”切题。故选B。

【点评】本题要求在理解细节信息的基础上，着重考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。

9．阅读短文，并按照题目要求用英语回答问题。

Most of us probably dreamed about becoming an astronaut when we were little. But how many of us actually became one, or are at least working toward it?

The advice “Always follow your dreams” is something that is typically easier said than done.

But still, this is the one piece of advice that Alyssa Carson wants to share with her peers. This 17-year-old girl from the US has become one of the candidates for NASA's 2033 project to go to Mars. If everything goes well, Carson will be one of the first human beings to ever set foot on the red planet.

Carson has dreamed of going to Mars since she was only three years old. Watching an astronaut-themed cartoon and learning that humans have only been to the moon but not Mars, Carson decided that she wanted to be the first one to do so.

Since then, she has worked hard toward this goal. At the age of 12, Carson became the first person to attend all three NASA space camps, and she sat with real astronauts in a NASA panel(座谈会) to discuss the future of Mars missions.

Now 17, Carson is continuing with her space training while still taking on her high school work like a “normal” teenager, e xcept that she studies all her subjects in four languages –English, French, Spanish and Chinese.

“I don't think there's anything specific that makes it easier for me or makes it something that others can't do,” Carson said in an interview with Uproxx News. “I've just really focused myself on what I want to accomplish.”

And Carson is willing to make sacrifices for her dream. She's fully aware of the danger of the mission and the possibility that she might never be able to come back. She also accepts the fact that she can't get married and start a family because any loved ones left on Earth may be a distraction for her and for the mission. But Carson believes that it's all worth it, summarizing her view with this ancient Greek proverb she once quoted, “A society grows great when old men plant trees whose shade they know they'll never sit in.”

So after all the hard work that Carson has done and all the sacrifices she's made, everything still boils down to the simple phrase, “follow your dreams”. And while some people's dreams may sound out of this world, in Carson's case, they literally(毫不夸张地) are.

（1）What will happen to Carson in 2033 if everything goes well? (No more than 8 words) （2）Why did Carson decide to be the first one to go to Mars? (No more than 20 words)

（3）How does Carson differ from other students for the school work? (No more than 10 words) （4）How do you understand the underlined sentence? (No more than 20 words)

（5）What do you think of the girl? And why? (No more than 25 words)

【答案】（1）She will set foot on the Mars. / She will go to the Mars.

（2）Because of watching an astronaut-themed cartoon and learning that humans have only been to the moon but not Mars.

（3）She studies all her subjects in four languages.

（4）A society will make progress if people make contributions without considering personal benefits.

（5）She is brave and unselfish, because she may not return to the earth and is willing to make sacrifices for her dream.

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了一个勇敢无私的女孩Carson为了实现自己的梦想不惜牺牲自己的利益。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“This 17-year-old girl from the US has become one of the candidates for NASA's 2033 project to go to Mars. If everything goes well, Carson will be one of the first human beings to ever set foot on the red planet.”可知如果一切进展的顺利，Carson 在2033年会go to Mars/ set foot on the Mars。字数要求是不能超过八个字，所以本题的答案是：She will set foot on the Mars. / She will go to the Mars.

（2）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“Watching an astronaut-themed cartoon and learning that humans have only been to the moon but not Mars, Carson decided that she wanted to be the first one to do so.”可知Carson看了一部以宇航员为主题的卡通片，了解到人类只登上过月球，没有登上过火星，于是她决定成为第一个登上月球的人。字数要求是不能超过二十个字，所以本题的答案是：Because of watching an astronaut-themed cartoon and learning that humans have only been to the moon but not Mars.

（3）考查细节理解。根据第六段中的“Now 17, Carson is continuing with her space training while still taking on her high school work like a “normal” teenager, except that she studies all her subjects in four languages –English, French, Spanish and Chinese.”可知Carson用四门语言学习课程，这是她不同于其他学生的地方。字数要求是不能超过十个字，所以本题的答案是：She studies all her subjects in four languages.

（4）考查语句理解。A society grows great when old men plant trees whose shade they know they'll never sit in.这句话的字面意思是：当老人知道不能在自己种的树下乘凉却还坚持种树时，这个社会就发展了。再结合这段内容：这段主要讲了Carson为了为自己的梦想牺牲自己个人的利益。所以这句话引申为：当人们不考虑个人利益而为社会做贡献时，这个社会就发展了。字数要求是不能超过二十个字，所以本题的答案是：A society will make progress if people make contributions without considering personal benefits.

（5）考查推理判断。文章主要讲述了一个勇敢无私的女孩Carson为了实现自己的梦想不惜牺牲自己的利益。字数要求是不能超过二十五个字，所以本题的答案是：She is brave and unselfish, because she may not return to the earth and is willing to make sacrifices for her dream.

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，语句理解和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，要求考生准确捕捉细节信息根据上下文的逻辑关系，结合相关的词汇知识，从而做出正确答案。

10．阅读短文，按照题目要求用英语回答问题。

One out of many important things for the whole family to do is to have dinner together. Researchers began reporting the benefits of family dinner about a decade ago, focusing mainly on how it affects children. Studies show that those families who eat dinner at least 3 or 4 times a week together, benefit in many ways.

Eating together helps families achieve open communication and build stronger and healthier relationships. Children have better grades at school and are better adjusted as teens and adults, and the entire family enjoys healthier nutrition. For many families, eating dinner together proves to be a good and effective way to reduce the risk of youth rates of addiction, and helps to nurture healthier children. It is also a great time to share the events of the day, discuss news and ideas and just be together and enjoy each other's company.

During dinner time parents have better opportunity to show that they are the prior to their children. Sitting at the same table and sharing meals is where and when parents can find out more about their children's school performance, daily activities and attitudes toward life. When parents have all this information they can better direct their kids toward positive things in life. They also have better chance to reduce the possibility that children will get involved with alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drugs.

However, family researchers say that the benefits of family dinner by no means can be considered as automatic. Parents can sit down to dinner with their kids every day and achieve nothing. Family dinner may not benefit if there is too much arguing going on, if there is no meaningful conversation or, what is even worse, if there is just plain silence during gathering.（1）What may be the best title for this passage? (no more than 8 words)

（2）What benefits can children get from eating together? (no more than 15 words)

（3）How do you explain the underlined word "nurture" in Paragraph 2? (no more than 2 words) （4）What information can parents probably get about their children at family dinner? (no more than 15 words)

（5）What should be avoided at the dinner table according to the author? And why? (no more than 15 words)

【答案】（1）The Benefits of Eating Together/ The Benefits of Family Dinner/ Family Dinner Brings Lots of Benefits.

（2）They have better grades at school and are better adjusted when they are older. /Children can communicate with their parents and enjoy their company.

（3）Raise. /Bing up. /Educate.

（4）They can learn more about their children's school performance, daily activities and attitudes toward life.

（5）Silence. Because without communication no one can get any benefit at the dinner table. /Quarreling. Because it brings about a bad atmosphere that benefits no one. /Meaningless conversation. Because it does not bring any benefit to anyone.

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，论述了父母和孩子一起吃饭的好处，一起吃饭有助于家庭实现开放交流，建立更紧密和更良好的关系，父母通过一起吃饭可以更加了解孩子

的变化。但同时沉默、争吵以及无意义的谈话应当在聚餐时避免。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“Studies show that those families who eat dinner at least 3 or 4 times a week together, benefit in many ways.”以及文章内容可知主要为讲述家人聚在一起吃饭的各种好处。故答案为The Benefits of Eating Together/ The Benefits of Family Dinner/ Family Dinner Brings Lots of Benefits.

（2）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Children have better grades at school and are better adjusted as teens and adults”可知在一起吃饭的孩子们在学校有更好的成绩，在青少年和成年人中更容易适应；以及“It is also a great time to share the events of the day, discuss news and ideas and just be together and enjoy each other's company.”可知孩子们在一起吃饭更能交流分享新闻和想法，享受彼此的陪伴。故答案为They have better grades at school and are better adjusted when they are older.或Children can communicate with their parents and enjoy their company.

（3）考查词义猜测。根据上文“For many families, eating dinner together proves to be a good and effective way to reduce the risk of youth rates of addiction, and helps to”对许多家庭来说，一起吃晚餐被证明是一个很好的和有效的方法来降低青少年上瘾的风险可知，一起吃晚餐有助于抚养教育出健康的孩子们。故划线部分单词意思为“抚养；教育”故案为Raise. /Bing up. /Educate.

（4）考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段中的“Sitting at the same table and sharing meals is where and when parents can find out more about their children's school performance, daily activities and attit udes toward life.”可知一起吃饭时父母可以了解孩子学习成绩、日常活动和生活态度。故答案为They can learn more about their children's school performance, daily activities and attitudes toward life.

（5）考查概括归纳。根据最后一段中的“Family dinner may not benefit if there is too much arguing going on, if there is no meaningful conversation or, what is even worse, if there is just plain silence during gathering.”可知如果有太多的争论，如果没有有意义的谈话，或者更糟糕的是，如果在聚会期间只有简单的沉默，家庭聚餐可能没有什么好处。即作者认为聚餐时应当避免沉默、争吵或是无意义的谈话。理由并不唯一，言之有理即可。故答案为Silence. Because without communication no one can get any benefit at the dinner table. 或是Quarreling. Because it brings about a bad atmosphere that benefits no one.或是Meaningless conversation. Because it does not bring any benefit to anyone.

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断，词义猜测和概括归纳四个题型的考查，是一篇教育类阅读，要求考生准确掌握所给材料，结合相关的语法知识和词汇知识，做出正确答案。

11．任务型阅读

Radar（雷达）is an electronic device that detects planes, ships, coastlines, landmarks, and even storm clouds. The name radar comes from the first letters of the words radio direction and ranging. As the human eye uses light wav es to see, radar “sees” with radio waves. Without radar, planes could not land safely in bad weather and ships could not move safely in thick fog________ In the 1800s it was discovered that radio waves could be reflected from objects. But scientists

did not make great advances in radar research until the 1930s, when the world was threatened by war________It has been used widely in almost every conflict since then.

Echoes make it possible for radar to work. When a beam of radio waves is sent out, it strikes on an object and returns an echo. This echo is picked up by radar and recorded on a screen similar to television screen. On the screen an observer sees a flash, or a blip, that shows the direction and distance of the object________

Airport control towers use radar to guide planes in for safe landings. Almost all large ships depend on radar to prevent collisions with icebergs or other ships________Weather forecasters “see” the size, direction, and speed of storms on radar screens. Astronomers can even use radar to measure accurately the distance to the moon. Thus, the device has generated major advancements.

________ Huge radar antennas have been installed all over the United States. They guard us against possible enemy attacks. We have ballistic—missiles (战略导弹)warning systems that can alert us to attacks when missiles are more than 1,000 miles away. Other radar systems warn us against enemy aircraft and even spying space satellites.

A. Police track speeders in radar-equipped cars.

B. These measurements are now highly accurate.

C. The device can be used in a wide range of fields.

D. During World War II many countries used radar effectively.

E. It is therefore especially valuable to shippers and travelers.

F. Today radar is used by commercial airliners and weather forecasters.

G. Strengthening national defense is one of radar's most important functions.

【答案】E；D；B；A；G

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要讲了雷达的发展历史以及雷达在各个领域的用途。

(1)根据前一句Without radar, planes could not land safely in bad weather and ships could not move safely in thick fog.可知，雷达在飞机和航海中起着巨大的作用，因此，雷达对运货商和旅行者特别有价值，选E。

(2)在上文内容But scientists did not make great advances in radar research until the 1930s, when the world was threatened by war.中捕捉到关键词war，所以空格处的内容会涉及到war，故D项“在第二次世界大战期间，许多国家有效地使用雷达”符合本段内容，选D。(3)根据前一句On the screen an observer sees a flash, or a blip, that shows the direction and distance of the object.可知，在屏幕上，观察者看到显示物体的方向和距离的闪光或光点，而现在这些测量值已经高度精确了。故选B。

(4)根据全段Almost all large ships depend on radar to prevent collisions with icebergs or other ships. ___4___Weather forecasters “see” the size, direction, and speed of storms on radar screens. Astronomers can even use radar to measure accurately the distance to the moon.可知，这一段主要讲了雷达在各个领域的用途，故选A。

(5)根据后文Huge radar antennas have been installed all over the United States. They guard us against possible enemy attacks. We have ballistic—missiles (战略导弹)warning systems that can

alert us to attacks when missiles are more than 1,000 miles away. Other radar systems warn us against enemy aircraft and even spying space satellites.可知，这一段主要讲了雷达在国防领域的重要作用，故选G。

【点评】文章介绍了雷达的起源和它的应用领域。通篇来看，文章首段说明雷达名称的由来并总述它的应用领域；再分别叙述雷达的历史起源，作用原理以及在不同领域的应用。文章出题考查了一道段首题、两道段中题、两道段尾题。考查学生获取段落主旨、辨别段落内部关联性、对段落分析总结的能力。

12．任务型阅读Pleasure and Enjoyment

When considering the kind of experience that makes life better, most people first think that happiness consists in experiencing pleasure: good food, all the comforts that money can buy. We imagine the satisfaction of traveling to exciting places or being surrounded by expensive devices. If we cannot afford those goals, then we are happy to settle for a quiet evening in front of the television set with a drink close by.

Pleasure is a feeling of contentment that one achieves whenever expectations set by biological programs or by social conditioning have been met. The taste of food when we are hungry is pleasant because it reduces a physiological (生理的) imbalance. Resting in the evening while passively absorbing information from TV, with alcohol or drugs to dull the mind overexcited by the demands of work, is pleasantly relaxing. Traveling to Acapulco is pleasant because the exciting novelty (新奇) restores our sensations (感觉) exhausted by the repetitive routines of everyday life.

When people think further about what makes their lives rewarding, they tend to move beyond pleasant memories and begin to remember other events, other experiences that overlap(重叠) with pleasurable ones but fall into a category that deserves a separate name: enjoyment. Enjoyable events occur when a person has not only met some expectation or satisfied a need or a desire but also gone beyond what he or she has been programmed to do and achieved something unexpected, perhaps something even unimagined before.

Enjoyment is characterized by this forward movement: by a sense of novelty, of accomplishment. Playing a close game of tennis that stretches one's ability is enjoyable, as is reading a book that reveals things in a new light, as is having a conversation that leads us to express ideas we didn't know we had. Closing a contested business deal, or any piece of work well done, is enjoyable. None of these experiences may be particularly pleasurable at the time they are taking place, but afterward we think back on them and say, “That really was fun” and wish they would happen again. After an enjoyable event we know that we have changed, that our self has grown: in some respect, we have become more complex as a result of it.

Experiences that give pleasure can also give enjoyment, but the two sensations are quite different. For instance, everybody takes pleasure in eating. To enjoy food, however, is more difficult. A gourmet (美食家) enjoys eating, as does anyone who pays enough attention to a meal so as to discriminate the various sensations provided by it. As this example suggests, we can experience pleasure without any investment of psychic energy, whereas enjoyment happens only as a result of unusual investments of attention. A person can feel pleasure without any effort, but

it is impossible to enjoy a tennis game, a book, or a conversation unless attention is fully concentrated on the activity.

Pleasure and Enjoyment

afterward(s)/later；effort(s)/attention；concentration/focus；higher

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，论述了娱乐和愉快的特点，并对两者进行了比较。

(1)考查细节理解。根据第二段“Pleasure is a feeling of contentment that one achieves whenever expectations set by biological pr ograms or by social conditioning have been met. “娱乐是一种满足的感觉，当你的期望被生物程序或社会条件所满足时，你就能达到。故填expected。

(2)考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Resting in the evening while passively absorbing information from TV, with alcohol or drugs to dull the mind overexcited by the demands of work, is pleasantly relaxing“在晚上休息的时候，被动地从电视中吸收信息，用酒精或毒品来让大脑从因工作的需要而感到的过度兴奋中平复下来，这是一种令人愉快的放松。可知是工作压力，故填work。

(3)考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“Enjoyable events occur when a person has not only met some expectation or satisfied a need or a desire but also gone beyond what he or she has been programmed to do and achieved something unexpected, perhaps something even unimagined before. “当一个人不仅满足了一些期望或满足了一种需求或欲望，而且超越了他或她所计划的去做的事情，并取得了一些意想不到的东西，也许是以前从未想过的事情，快乐的事