语言学第一章测试题Chapter 1

Chapter 1 Introductions to Linguistics

I Choose the best answer. (20%)

1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________

A. contact

B. communication

C. relation

D. community

2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?

A. tree

B. typewriter

C. crash

D. bang

3. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.”is_________.

A. interrogative

B. directive

C. informative

D. performative

4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say

“碎碎（岁岁）平安”as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?

A. Interpersonal

B. Emotive

C. Performative

D. Recreational

5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused

by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?

A. Transferability

B. Duality

C. Displacement

D. Arbitrariness

6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language?

— A nice day, isn’t it?

— Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.

A. Emotive

B. Phatic

C. Performative

D. Interpersonal

7. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of

his language in utterances.

A. Performance

B. Competence

C. Langue

D. Parole

8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and

now. It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design feature of _____.

A. cultural transmission

B. productivity

C. displacement

D. duality

9. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.

A. Psycholinguistics

B.Anthropological linguistics

C. Sociolinguistics

D. Applied linguistics

10. __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.

A. Linguistic theory

B. Practical linguistics

C. Applied linguistics

D. Comparative linguistics II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)

11. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute

is not language.

12. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.

13. Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication systems.

14. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages.

15. We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details of any language system

can be genetically transmitted.

16. Only human beings are able to communicate.

17. F.de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was

a French linguist.

18. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is an example of the diachronic

study of language.

19. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history.

20. All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms.

III. Fill in the blanks. (10%)

21. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of __ verbal ________ communication.

22. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable

sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed ____ productivity / creativity。

23. Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is metalingual function __.

24. Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called

the ___ yo-he-ho _______ theory.

25. Linguistics is the __ scientific ________ study of language.

26. Modern linguistics is _ descriptive _________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.

27. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of _ speech _________ over writing.

28. The description of a language as it changes through time is a __ diachronic linguistic ________ study.

29. Saussure put forward two important concepts. __ langue ________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.

30. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s l angue and Chomsky’s _ competence _________.

IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)

31. Design feature 32. Displacement 33. Competence 34. Synchronic linguistics

V. Answer the following questions. (20%)

35. Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language? Can you tell

us what language will be if it has no such design feature? （南开大学，2004）

36. Why is it difficult to define language? （北京第二外国语大学，2004）

VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)

37. How can a linguist make his analysis scientific? （青岛海洋大学，1999）

Key:

[In the reference keys, I won’t give examples or further analysis. That seems too much work for me. Therefore, this key is only for reference. In order to answer this kind of question, you need more examples. So you should read the textbook carefully.]

I. 1-5 BACCC 6-10 BACAC II.11-15 FFTFF 16-20 FFFFF

III. 21. verbal 22. productivity / creativity 23. metalingual function 24. yo-he-ho

25. scientific 26. descriptive 27. speech 28. diachronic linguistic

29. langue 30. competence

IV. 31. Design feature: It refers to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication.

32. Displacement: It means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts, which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.

33. Competence: It is an essential part of performance. It is the speaker’s knowledge of his or her language; that is, of its sound structure, its words, and its grammatical rules. Competence is, in a way, an encyclopedia of language. Moreover, the knowledge involved in competence is generally unconscious.

A transformational-generative grammar is a model of competence.

34. Synchronic linguistics: It refers to the study of a language at a given point in time. The time studied may be either the present or a particular point in the past; synchronic analyses can also be made of dead languages, such as Latin. Synchronic linguistics is contrasted with diachronic linguistics, the study of a language over a period of time.

V. 35. Duality makes our language productive. A large number of different units can be formed out of a small number of elements – for instance, tens of thousands of words out of a small set of sounds, around 48 in the case of the English language. And out of the huge number of words, there can be astronomical number of possible sentences and phrases, which in turn can combine to form unlimited number of texts. Most animal communication systems do not have this design feature of human language.

If language has no such design feature, then it will be like animal communicational system which will be highly limited. It cannot produce a very large number of sound combinations, e.g. words, which are distinct in meaning.

36. It is difficult to define language, as it is such a general term that covers too many things. Thus, definitions for it all have their own special emphasis, and are not totally free from limitations. VI. 37. It should be guided by the four principles of science: exhaustiveness, consistency, economy and objectivity and follow the scientific procedure: form hypothesis – collect data – check against the observable facts – come to a conclusion.

语言学概论复习题及参考答案

语言学概论一、填空题： 1.双唇、浊、鼻音的国际音标是，舌面前、高、圆唇元音的国际音标是，舌面前、半高、不圆唇元音的国际音标是，舌面后、半高、圆唇元音的国际音标是。 2.舌面后、半高、圆唇元音的国际音标是，齿间、浊、擦音的国际音标是__________，双唇、不送气、浊、塞音的国际音标是__________，舌尖中、送气、清、塞音的国际音标是。 3.根据发音特征描述，写出下列元音：舌面后半高圆唇元音是，舌面前低不圆唇元音是，舌面前高圆唇元音是。 4.汉语的七大方言是、、、、、、，其中是现代汉民族共同语的基础方言。 5.根据语素在词中的不同作用，把词根和词缀叫作语素，而把词尾叫作语素。 6.世界上的语言从语法结构角度来划分，一般可以分为四种类型，即：、、和复综语，汉语属于。 7. 是由两个或两个以上构词语素组成的词。 8. 和是语言发展的两个突出的特点。 9.研究通常以词为界，词以上的规则叫，词以下的规则叫。 10.语言系统中的所有符号，既可以同别的符号组合，又可以被别的符号替换，符号之间的这两种关系是和。 11.语言符号的和是它的两大特点。 12.每个元音的音质是由、、三个方面的因素决定的。舌位的高低，舌位的前后，嘴唇的圆展 13.以音素为材料进行分析的音位是，具有区别意义作用的音高、音重、音长这类音位叫做。 14.一般说来，地域方言间的差别主要表现在上。 15.根据发音特点，音素可以分为和两类，例如汉语音节中的声母，主要就是由充当的。 16.用什么样的语音形式代表什么样的意义，完全是由使用这种语言的社会成员。 17.人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的半球控制语言活动，右半球掌管不需要语言的感性。 18.几种句子格式表示相同或相近的结构意义，称为。同一个句子表示几种不同的结构意义，称为。 19.语音的、、三个环节，分别对应于语音的生理、物理、心理三个方面的属性。 20.句子按其语气可以分为陈述、疑问、祈使、感叹等不同的类型，例如“什么书他都喜欢看” 是。二、单项选择题： 1.从自然属性角度划分出来的最小语音单位是（）。 A.元音 B.辅音 C.音素 D.音位 2.汉语拼音方案是以（）字母为基础制订的。 A.英语 B.法语 C.拉丁 D.希腊 3.下列说法中，（）是正确的。 A.音高具有区别意义的作用。 B.妇女的声带比男子要厚。 C.汉语中音长具有区别意义的作用 D.汉语“天”、“空”两个音节的音高不同 4.下列说法，只有（）正确。

《语言学概论》模拟试题含答案

试卷代号：1093 语言学概论(本) 模拟试题一、举例解释下列名词(每词5分，共10分) 1. 音位变体 2．借词二、单项选择(每小题2分。共10分) 3．下列说法只有( )是正确的。 A．语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字也是人类最重要的交际工具 B．不同的阶级使用语言具有不同的特点，说明语言具有阶级性 C．人类多种多样的语言说明语言具有任意性特点 D．语言是一种纯自然的现象 4. 下列说法只有( )是正确的。 A．语法的组合规则是潜在的 B．语法的聚合规则是潜在的 C．语法的组合规则存在于书面语言中 D.语法的聚合规则存在于口头语言中 5．单纯词就是由一个( )构成的词。 A．词根 B．词干 C．词缀 D．词尾6．下列各种说法只有( )是正确的。 A．词义的模糊性说明词义是不可捉摸的 B．多义词使用不当会产生歧义，如“门没有锁” C．“glass”的本义是玻璃，派生义指玻璃杯，这是隐喻 D．同义词在修辞上具有对比作用，可以利用来突出对立面 7．下列说法只有( )是错误的。 A．语法的规则可以类推，但也有例外，如“wife”的复数不是“wifes” B．}昆合语又叫克里奥尔语，它可以被孩子们作为母语来学习 C．混合语只限于某社会集团使用，缺乏广泛性 D．“墨水”原指黑墨水，现指各种颜色的墨水，这种变化是词义的扩大

三、综合分析题(共40分) 8．描写下列音素的发音特点。（8分） ① [u]： ② Ea]： ③ [m]： ④ [x]： 9．分析下面词语中各个构词语素的类别，是词根、词缀还是词尾。（12分） ① going ②老乡 ⑧绿化 10．指出下列词组的结构类型。(10分) ①学生和老师 ②空气新鲜 ③热烈欢呼 ④摆放整齐 ⑤阅读报纸 11．指出下列句子中画线词语的词尾所表示的语法意义和语法范畴。(10分) He buys many books．四、问答题(每小题10分，共40分) 12．为什么说语言是一种特殊的社会现象? 13．语言符号是一种分层装置，这种分层的核。g,是ffA?其上层由哪些要素构成? 各要素在数量上有何特点? 14．举例说明基本词汇的特点，并简要说明这些特点之间的相互影响。 15．什么是双语现象?双语现象随着社会的发展会出现怎样的结果?

语言学题库

语言学题库： Chapter 1 1. Read the following passage carefully and then state your own position concerning the use of knowing some linguistics. ( 2007, 中国人民大学研究生入学试题) One famous scholar says that language is an interesting subject to study on its own right, for the simple reason that everybody uses it every day. It is unbelievable that we know very little about something we are so familiar with. Just a few questions will arouse our interest in language. Why should we call the thing we sit on chair? Can’t we call chair table and table chair? How is ti that children don’t seem to make a big effort in learning their first language while we adults have to word very hard to learn a second language? Why can we talk about yesterday and last year while cats and dogs never seem to make noises about their past experience? Do you think we can think as clearly without language as with language? Does language determine what we think or thought determines what we say? These questions make us curious about language and linguistics can satisfy our curiosity. To seek the answer to any of these questions is a good reason for studying linguistics. I. Please disambiguate each of the following ambiguous sentences by means of tree diagrams. 1. She showed her baby pictures. 2. The old man was drinking in the open air. 3. John left directions for Tom to follow. 4. The young bachelor hit the color ball. 5. Leave the book on the shelf. 6. John saw a girl with a telescope. 7. more beautiful flowers 8. I went to the bank. (? Polysemy/ homonymy)

语言学试卷1

1. We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _______. A. the conceptualist view意念论 B. contextualism语境主义 C. the naming theory命名论 D. behaviorism行为主义 2. Which of the following is NOT true? A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form. C. Sense is abstract and decontextualized.脱离语境的 D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in. 3. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components called semantic features. A. Predication analysis述谓结构分析 B. Componential analysis成分分析 C. Phonemic analysis 音位分析 D. Grammatical analysis语法分析 4.Alive” and“dead” are ___________. A. gradable antonyms B. relational antonyms C. complementary antonyms 互补反义词 D. None of the above 5. ________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. A. Reference B. Concept C. Semantics D. Sense 6. _________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form. A. Polysemy一词多义 B. Synonymy同义词 C. Homonymy同音异义 D. Hyponymy下义关系 7. Words that are close in meaning are called ___________. A. homonyms同音异义词 B. polysemies一词多义 C. hyponyms下义词 D. synonyms同义词 8. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______. A. grammatical rules B. selectional restrictions选择限制，选限结构 C. semantic rules D. semantic features 9. The pai r of words “lend” and “borrow” are ___ A. gradable opposites B. relational opposites关系反义词 C. co-hyponyms并列下义词 D. synonyms同义词 10.The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __. A. +animate，+male，+human，-adult B. +animate，+male，+human，+adult C. +animate，-male，+human，-adult D. +animate，-male，+human，+adult 11. Cold and hot are called ____ antonyms. A. complementary B. gradable 可分类的 C. reversal D. converse 12. “I bought some roses” ____ “I bought some flowers”. A. entails B. presupposes假定，预料，以…为先决条件 C. is inconsistent with与…不一致 D. is synonymous with和…同义 13. Of the following linguists, ____ should be grouped into Prague School.布拉格学派 A. Bloomfield布罗姆菲尔德 B. Saussure索绪尔

语言学概论课后练习汇总

语言学概论课后练习汇总第一章总论本章思考题： 1.“在现代科学体系中语言学是领先和关键的学科。”怎样理解这句话的含义？ 2.你怎样理解应用语言学这一术语？ 3.有人说转换生成语言学是语言学的革命，有人则说它是“毒蛇蛋”；有人说它不断改变看法是理论上的不一贯，有人则说它是理论上的发展。你认为应该怎样正确看待转换生成语言学？ 4.张三和李幺妹刚给2岁的孩子过完两周岁的生日，两人就为小孩的培养问题争吵了起来。张三说：“应该教儿子识字了。”李幺妹说：“应该教儿子学音乐。”请从语言学的角度给他们一点建议。练习题名词解 1.语言学 2.小学 3.专语语言学 4.共时语言学 5.历时语言学二、填空题 1.语言学的三大发源地是______、______、______。 2.我国传统的语文学统称“小学”，包括______、______、______三方面。 3.研究语言的结构，主要包括______、______、______、______四个部分。 4.语言是传递信息的过程，主要包括______、______、______、______、______五个阶段。 5.专语语言学可以从______和______两个方向研究语言，分别被称为______语言学和______语言学。 6.______语言学的建立，标志着语言学开始走上独立发展的道路。 7.布龙菲尔德的代表性著作______是美国结构主义语言学的奠基性著作，对美国结构主义语言学的形成、发展有重要的作用。 8.______被称为现代语言学之父，其代表作《普通语言学教程》在语言学史上具有十分重要的地位。三、问答题 1.古代的语言研究和今天的语言研究有哪些不同之处？ 2.语言交际过程分为哪几个阶段？请举例说明。(可结合分析任举一个句子作说明.) 3.“语言学既是一门古老的学科,又是一门年轻的学科;既与社会科学有密切的联系,又与自然科学有密切的联系。”怎样理解这句话的含义？ 4.语言学有哪些作用？请结合实际加以说明。(结合实际部分可以根据自己的学习,工作或生活经历举例) 5.简述语言学的分类。

英语语言学试题库

英语语言学 Ⅰ.Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully，Decide which of the four choices completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets. 1.There are ( )main areas of phonetic study. A.2 B.3 C.4 D.5 ANSWER:B 2.The term( )linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages. A.synchronic B.diachronic https://www.360docs.net/doc/d26943260.html,parative D.historical comparative ANSWER:B 3.Foreign language learning always contain ( ) A language historical process learning B.input and language learning C inter language in language learning D.grammar and language learning ANSWER:BCD 4.The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+ last name, ( )and kin term. A title+ first name B title+ title

语言学教程测试题及答案

Chapter 1 Introductions to Linguistics I. Choose the best answer. (20%) 1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________ A. contact B. communication C. relation D. community 2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary？ A. tree B. typewriter C. crash D. bang 3. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.” is __________. A. interrogative（疑问） B. directive C. informative D. performative 4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say“碎碎（岁岁）平安”as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform？ A. Interpersonal B. Emotive C. Performative√ D. Recreational 5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation？ A. Transferability B. Duality C. Displacement D. Arbitrariness 6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language？ —A nice day, isn’t it？ — Right! I really enjoy the sunlight. A. Emotive B. Phatic C. Performative D. Interpersonal 7. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances. A. Performance B. Competence C. Langue D. Parole 8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now. It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design feature of __________. A. cultural transmission B. productivity C. displacement D. duality 9. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language. A. Psycholinguistics linguistics C. Sociolinguistics D. Applied linguistics 10. __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education. A. Linguistic theory B. Practical linguistics C. Applied linguistics D. Comparative linguistics II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%) 11. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not 12. Language change is universal, ongoing and ？ 13. Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication ？ 14. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all

语言学概论习题

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I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. 3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. 4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. 5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole. 6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. 7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. 8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences. 9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology. 10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences. 11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics. 12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. 13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context. 14. Social changes can often bring about language changes. 15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society. 16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. 17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar. 18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time. 19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the spoken language.

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