介词、代词和数词
一、介词
介词表示它后面的名词或相当于名词的其他结构与句中其他成分的关系。
(一)表示地点位置的介词
1.at，in，on，to at表示在小地方，指“在……附近，旁边”;in表示在大地方’指“在……范围之内”;on表示毗邻，接壤;to表示“在……范围外”，不强调是否接壤。
练习一：
(用at，in，on或to填空)
(1) He arrived～the station at ten
(2) He is sitting__ the desk
(3) He arrived～Shanghai yesterday.
(4) Jiangsu lies～the east of China
(5) Russia lies～the north of China
(6) Fujian is～the south of Jiangsu Provinc
2.a bove，over，on在……上a bove指“在……上方”，不强调是否垂直，与below 相对;over指垂直的上方，与under相对，与物体有一定的空间，不直接接触;on表示在某物体上面并与之接触a
(用above, over或on填空)
(7) There is a bridge____the river.
(8) He put his watch____ the desk
(9) The bird is flying____my head.
3 below, under在……下面under表示“在……正下方”;below表示“在……下”，不一定在正下方。
(用below或under填空)
(lO)There is a cat____the table.
(ll)Please write your name____ the line.
(二)表示时间的介词
1.in, on, at在……时
in表示较长时间，如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般(非特指)的早、中、晚等。
如in the 20th centuU, in the 1950s, in 1989, in summer, in January, in the morning, in the night, in one's life, in one's thirties等。
on表示具体某一天及其早、中、晚。
如onMay lst, on Monday, on New Year's Day, ona coldnigbt in January, on a fine rnoming, on &mday aftemoon等。
at表示某一肘刻或较短暂的时间，或泛指圣诞节、复活节等。
如at 3:20, at this time of year. at the beginning of,at the end of.一at the age of...at Christmas, at night, at noon, at this moment等。
注意：在last，next，this，that，some，every等词之
前一律不用介词。如：We meet every day.
2.in，after在……之后
“in+-段时间”作时间状语时，谓语动词用将来时，如My mother will come back in three or four days.
“after+-段时间”作时间状语时，谓语动词用过去时，如 He arrived after five months.
“after+将来点时间”表示将来的某一时刻以后，如She will appear after five o'clock this afternoon.
3.from，smce自从……
from仅说明什么时候开始，不说明某动作或情况持续多久，如He studied the piano from the age of three
since表示某动作或情况持续至说话时刻，通常与完成时连用，如They have lived here since 1978.
4.after, behind在……之后
after主要用于表示时间，如We shall leave after lunch behind主要用于表示位置，如Lucy is hiding behind an oldhouse.
练习二：介词填空 .
(1)____the 1860s
(2)～Tuesday
(3) I.iu Mei will retum my book____three days.
(4)-__my twenties
(5)____the age of 17
(6)____next week
(7)____Sunday morning
(三)表运动方向的介词
across, through通过，穿过
across表示横过，即从物体表面通过，与on有关，如
She swam across the river.
through表示穿过，即从物体内部穿过，与in有关，如
He walked through the forest.
(四)表示“在……之间”的介词：between, among between指在两者之间，如There is a football match between Class ()ne and Class Two on the playground.
among指在三者或三者以上之间，如The teacher is standing among the students.
(五)表示其他意义的介词
1.on, about关于
on表示这本书，这篇文章或演说是严肃的，或学术性的，可供专门研究这一问题的人阅读，如There will be a lecture on economics this afternoon He is writing a book on cooking.
about表示内容较为普通，不那么正式，如He told me a lot about his life in the summer vacation.
2 by, with, in表示方法，手段，工具
by表示以……方法、手段或泛指某种交通工具，如
He makes a living by selling newspapers.
with表示用……工具、手段，一般接具体的工具和手段，如He broke the window with a stone.
in表示用……方式，用……语言(语调，笔墨，颜色)等，如The foreigner spoke to us in English.
3.except, besides除了
except表示除……之外，不包括在内，如Except Mr.Wang, we went to see the film(王先生没去)
besides表示除……之外，包括在内，如Besides Mr.Wang, we also went to see the film(王先生也去了)，but常与except互换，强调不在其中，except for 强调整体中的细节，前后实物不属于同类。But for “要不是”往往用在虚拟语气的含蓄条件句中。
练习三：选择括号中的介词填空
(1)WS also learn other six subjects____English in the middle school. (besi\des, except)
(2)The young man spoke to us____French He made a living____helping foreigners.( by, in)
(3) Do you know any differences____American English and British English? (among, between)
(4) Every day more than ten trains go____the tunnel. (across, through)
参考答案
练习一：(l)at (2)at (3)in (4)in (5)on (6)to(7)over (8)on (9)above (10)under (ll)below练习二：(l)in (2) on (3) in (4) in (5) at(6)不填(7) on 练习三：(1) besides (2)in, by (3)between(4) through
2014高中英语语法大全：代词和数词
代词
一. 人称代词
1. 主格和宾格
1) 通常，人称代词主格用做主语或表语;宾格用做动词或介词的宾语。
2) 人称代词宾格可用在比较状语从句一类的结构中代替主格。例如：
He is taller than me / I (am). I don't swim so well as her / she (does).
2. 两种所有格
人称代词所有格称为物主代词。物主代词分为两类：
①形容词性的，如my, her, your, their等;
②名词性的，如mine，hers，yours，theirs等。由于受汉语影响，我们常犯以下两种错误：
1) 漏用代词，主要是形容词性的物主代词，因为汉语中常常将它省略。例如：
I have done my homework.(不能说* I have done homework.)
We clean our classroom every day.(不能说* We clean classroom every day.)
2) 误用代词，混淆两种类型的物主代词，因为汉语中无此区别。例如：
That dictionary is not mine.(不能说* That dictionary is not my.)
Mine is here.(不能说* My is here.)
注意：形容词性的物主代词只能用作定语，必须与名词连用。例如What's her name?
I am your friend. 名词性的物主代词则可充当名词所能充当的各种句子成分。如：
Your pen is black;mine is blue.(作主语)
You haven't got a bike?You may use mine.(作宾语)
但是its一般不能单独使用。需要时可以用its own。如：
That's the cat's basket. It's its own.
3. 代词做短语动词宾语时的位置
当短语动词由“动词+副词”构成时，代词作宾语必须放在动词和副词中间，名词则不受此限制。如：
He looked up the word in the dictionary. He looked the word up in the dictionary. He looked it up in the dictionary.
但如果是由“动词+介词”构成的介词动词，代词作宾语还是要放在介词之后。例如：He's been looking for them all this morning.
二. 反身代词
1. “反身”用法
反身代词作句中宾语时，表示动作返回到主语本身。或者说，句子的主语和宾语是同一个人或物。例如：
He hurt himself.(作动词宾语)
Dick bought himself a new coat.(作间接宾语)
I heard Jane talk to herself.(作介词宾语)
2. 强调用法
反身代词用作同位语时，在句中起强调作用，其位置也比较灵活。例如：
I went to see the mayor myself.(强调主语)
We spoke to the mayor himself.(强调宾语)
The mayor himself met us at the door.(紧随主语之后)
The mayor met us at the door himself.(在句末)
3. 使用反身代词时的常见错误
反身代词一般不可用作句子中的主语、表语或定语。如：
* Ourselves can do it.(误作主语)
We can do it ourselves. 我们自己能干。
* I could hardly imagine that the car was himself.(误作表语)
I could hardly imagine that the car was his own. 简直难以想象那汽车是他自己的。
* That's myself problem.(误作定语)
That's a problem of my own.那是我自己的问题。
注意：在少数习惯表达中反身代词可不受语法限制。
I'm not myself today. (我今天不在状态/感觉不好。)
In office myself, I helped her get a job.
(我帮她在我自己的办公室找了一份工作。)
三. 不定代词
1. 用some还是用any
1) 一般说来，some用于肯定;any用于否定，例如：
There are some letters for you. There aren't any letters for me.
some。试比较：
Have you any apples? (I can't see any.)
Could I have some of those apples? (which I can see.)
3) 注意其它方式的否定因素也可决定应该用any，如：
I don't think there are any letters.(主句动词否定转移，从句中用any。) The boy solved the problem without any difficulty. (介词without含否定意味。) Oh! Any book will do;I just want something to read on the train.
Some boys haven't done their homework.(肯定有人没做，尽管不一定知道是多少人。)
2) 疑问句中，一般用any，如问话人心中已经有“数”，或认为对方会做出肯定回答时，用4) any在表示“任何(人或物)”时，可用于肯定句中：5) 当说话人心中有“数”(尽管可能不是具体数字)时，否定句中也用some，如：
6) any可用条件从句中，表示情况不明或未定，如：
Let me know if you need any help.(不知道对方是否需要帮助。)
试比较：Let me know if you need some help.(知道能如何提供帮助。
6. other, the other和another
1) other表示“另外的(人或物)”，“其他的(人或物)”，其复数形式为others。例如：There are other ways of doing this exercise.
Lei Feng was always ready to he1p others.
2) the other表示两者之中的“另一个(人或物)”，其复数形式为the others，例如：
He has a pen in one hand and a book in the other.。
Only three of the students were in the classroom;the others were all on the playground.
当other泛指“别人”时，前面不加定冠词：
We must always be ready to help others.
3) another表示不定数目中的“另一个或类似的下个(人或物)”，还可与数词连用，表示“再，
又”的意思。例如：
How about another cup of tea?
The strike may last another two weeks.
7. one
1) one只可用于指代可数名词，其复数形式是ones。例如：
If you can't find your pen，use the one on the table.
What nice shirts!which one/ones shall we buy?
词所有格后面。例如：
His knife seems sharper than mine.(不能用my one代替mine)
They don't like this town;they want very much to go back to their own.(不能用* their own one代替their own 或their own country)
但是，当one/ones前面还带有形容词时，则例外。如：
Have you any knives?I need a sharp one.
My old dictionary isn't as good as John's new one.
3) the/this/that one与that：
that可以指代不可数名词，而one不能。如：
The weather in Wuhan is much warmer than that in Tianjing. (that不能用the one取代) that后面常接of短语，例如：
This dictionary is more expensive than that one.(that one=that dictionary. one一般不省略)
The window of your room is much bigger than that of mine.(that=the window，它后面有of短语，一般不用the one替代)
有时候the one和that可以互相取代，如：
The gold ring is in that box --- the one(=that)with the key in the lock.
4) one可以泛指人，相当于you，we，people，其所有格为one's。例如：
One should do one's/his duty. 2) one/ones通常不能直接用在their，my，his等物主代词以及a(n)，own，several和名词
( 3)other, the other, another, others, the others的区Zil。
代名词形容词
用法
单数复数单数复数
不定
another
另一个 others
别人，其他人
another (boy)
另一个（男孩）
other (boys)
其他（男孩）
特定
the other
另一个the others
其余那些人、物
the other( boy)
另一个（男孩）
the other (boys)
其余那些（男孩）
①other可以作形容词用，后面可以跟单数或复数名词，意思是“其他的，别的”。
Where are his other books?
I haven't any other books except this one
②oth er也可以用代词，与冠词the连用构成“the other”，表示两个人或物中的“另一个”。常与one搭配构成“one.the other.”句型。
He has two brothers. ()ne is ten years old, the other is five years old.
She held a ruler in one hand and an exercise-book in the other.
③other作代词用时，可以有复数形式“others”，泛指“另外的人或物”。常与some 搭配构成“some..others..”句型。
Some went to the cinema, others went swimming.
This coat is too large Show me some others, please
④“the others'’表示特指某范围内的“其他的人或物”。
We got home by four o'clock, but the others didn't get back until eight o'clock In our class only Tom is Canadian, and the others are Chinese.
⑤another可以作形容词用，修饰后面的名词，意为“另一个”，还可以跟代词one。
You can see another ship in the sea, can't you?
Mary doesn't want to buy this skirt. Would you please show her another one?
⑥another也可以作代词用，表示“另一个”。
l'm still hungry after I've had this cake. Please give me another.
You can see another ship in the sea, can't you?
Mary doesn't want to buy this skirt. Would you please show her another one?
⑥another也可以作代词用，表示“另一个”。
l'm still hungry after I've had this cake. Please give me another.
3. either与neither
either指“两者之中任何一个”，neither指“两者都不”通常与单数动词连用。但在非正式英语中也可与复数动词连用。例如：
You've got two answers. Either is correct. Neither is wrong.
There are trees on either/each side of the street.
Neither of the books is worth reading.(=Neither of the books are worth reading)
4. nobody, no one, nothing和none
nobody和no one指人，作单数，后面不能接of 短语,例如：
Nobody/No one knows why she was late again.
Nobody was hurt in the match，were they?(反意疑问句中，可用复数代词they来代替。) nothing指物，作单数;none指人或物，作单救或复数均可。none既可用于可数名词，也可用于不可数名词, 例如：
None of the money on the table is mine.
None of his reasons was/were true.
There's nothing on the table but a blue cap.
Of all my classmates，none likes dancing.
5. every与each
every强调的是“全体”;each则强调的是具体“每一个”。例如：
On every/each side of the square there were soldiers.
(The square has more than two sides。every side = each side =all sides表示“每边、各边”。) 试比较：
On either/each side of the road there were soldiers.
(The road has only two sides. either side= each side = both sides，表示二者之中“每一边”。) 此外，each可作名词性代词，如：
Each has two books.(each作主语)
We each are satisfied with our own rooms.
(each作同位语，常位于主语和谓语动词之间，谓语动词及代词等应与主语一致。
4) every与each的区别。
each every
①可单独使用①不可单独使用
②可作代名词、形容词②仅作形容词
③着重“个别”③着重“全体”，毫无例外
④用于两者或两者以上中的每一个人或物④用于三者或三者以上每一个人或物
The teacher gave a toy to each child.
Each ball has a different colour.
当我们说each child，each student或each teacher时，我们想到的是一个人的情况;而当我们说every child和every student时，我们想到的是全体的情况。every的意思与all接近，表示“(他们)都如此”。
Every student loves the English teacher. - All studentslove the English teacher.
Every child likes playing. =All children like playing.
(5)all和both的用法。
①all指三者或三者以上，可数或不可数的人、物。谓语动词既可以用单数，也可以用复数。在句中作主语、表语、宾语、同位语和定语。
All of us like Mr. Pope,-,我们都喜欢蒲柏先生。(作主语)=We all like Mr. Pope.(作同位语)All the water has been used up.(作主语)That's all for today.(作表语)Why
not eat all (of) the fish?(作宾语)All the leaders are here.(作定语)
②both作代词。
与其他名词或代词并列出现，表示“两者都”，谓语动词用复数。
Lucy and Lily both agree with us.
They both passed on their sticks at the same time.
How are your parents? They're both fine.
与“of+代词(或名词)”连用，表示“两者都”。
Both of them came to see Mary.
Both of the books are very interesting.
单独使用，表示“两者(都)”。
Michael has two sons. Both are clever.
I don't know which book is the better.I shall read both
③both可用作形容词，放在名词之前修饰该名词，表示“两者都”。
Both his younger sisters are our classmates.
There are tall trees on both sides of the street.
6.相互代词表示相互关系的代词叫做相互代词。相互代词有each other和one another 两种形式。在现代英语中，each other和one another没有什么区别。相互代词可在句中作宾语、定语，作定语用时相互代词要用所有格形式。
We should leam from each other/one another.(作宾语)Do you often write to each other/one another?(作宾语)We often borrow each other's/one another's books. (作定语)The student is corrected each other's/one another's mistakes in their homework(作定语)
三.数词表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。
1.基数词
(1)基数词写法和读法：345 three hundred and forty-five。
(2)基数词一般是单数形式，但下列情况，常用复数：
①与of短语连用，表示概数，不能与具体数目连用，如scores of people指许多人。
②在一些表示“一排”或“一组”的词组里，如Theyarrived in twos and threes.他们三三两两地到达了。
③表示“几十岁”。
④表示“年代”，用in+the+数词复数。
⑤在乘法运算的一种表示法里，如：3×5-15Three fives is (are) fifteen2.序数词基数词变为序数词时可以借助以下口诀来记忆变化规律：
一二三要全变，其他后面th添;八去t九去e，以y结尾改ie;five，twelve两兄弟，ve要用f替;若是遇到几十几，只变个位就可以。
序数词的缩写形式：first-lst;second-2nd; thirty-first-31st3.数词的用法(1)倍数表示法①主语十谓语十倍数(或分数)+as+adj. +asl have three times as many as you 我有你三倍那么多。
②主语十谓语十倍数(分数)+the size (amount,length..)of...The earth js 49 times the size of the moon地球是月球的49倍大。
③主语十谓语十倍数(分数)+形容词(副词)比较级+than..The grain output is eight percent higher this yearthan that of last year.今年’比去年粮食产量增加8%。
④还可以用by+倍数，表示增加多少倍The production of grain has been increased by fourtimes this year.今年粮食产量增加了四倍。
(2)分数表示法构成：基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于1时，分子用单数，分母序数词用复数。
1/3 0ne-third; 3/37 three thirty-sevenths
数词
1. 拼法需要当心的序数词
在first，second和third之后的序数词都由基数词加-th构成，但要注意以下拼法略有变化：twentieth，thirtieth，
2. 序号的表示
1) 基数词放在名词之后，通常写作阿拉伯数，如：
page 4(P.4)读作page four Room301读作room three O [ou] one
Tel No.864412读作telephone number eight six double four one two
the Eighth Lesson(=Lesson Eight) the First Middle School(=Middle School No. 1) fortieth… fifth eighth ninth twelfth.. 2) 序数词放在名词之前，通常前面要加定冠词.如：
3. 数词后面的名词用单数还是用复数
表示计量时，基数词后面的名词用复数形式，但是在带有数字的复合名词(常用作定语)里，名词只用单数形式。试比较：
They baby is only six moths old.
I have five pounds. This is a six-moth-old baby. I have a five-pound note.
4. hundreds / thousands / millions of + 名词复数
hundred, thousand和million后加–s与of连用，表示“数百、数千、数百万”。
He has bought hundreds of books this year.
Thousands of seagulls arrived to help the farmers save their crops.
5. dozen和score
用法与hundred, thousand, million基本相似dozens of和scores of均表示“几十个”。但有以下几点区别：
1) 在接具体名词复数时dozen后不加of，而score常与of连用。如：
two dozen books two score (of)books
three dozen of them 2) 若名词被限定词限定，dozen后应加of，接宾格代词亦如此。three dozen of those (the, my, those) books
6. 表示不定数量的常用单词和词组
这些单词或词组与名词的搭配关系见下表
1) (a) few 和(a) little
a few和a little与some的意思较接近，表示“有几个;有一点”。few和little则表示“几乎没有(= almost none)”的意思。试比较：
She doesn’t seem very friendly; she has few friends。(not many friends)
Although she has been here only a short time, she has made a few friends. (some friends) I can’t make a pie because there is little sugar. (no t much sugar) There is a little sugar for your coffee. (some sugar) 2) 用fewer还是用less
从理论上讲few的比较级形式fewer用于复数名数前;little的比较级形式less用于不可数名词前，但是在现代英语中，尤其是在非正式场合下，也常用less代替fewer;例如：If on1y there were fewer/less holes in the roof? 3) many + a + 名词单数
many a后接可数名词单数形式，表示“好些;许多”，多用于书面语或演讲中。Many a young man has had such a chance. (动词用has) many a time则看作是固定词组，表示“多次”。That’s happened to me many a time.
四、关于倍数表达的一个问题
在英语学习中 及到倍数问题时, 常见以下三种倍数表达的基本句型:
(1) This street is four times the 1ength of that one.
这条街是那条街的四馆长。(这条街比那条街长三倍。)
(2) This box is three times as heavy as that one.
这个箱子是那个箱子的三倍重。(这个箱子比那个箱子重两倍。)
(3)The meeting room is three times bigger than our office.
会议室比我们的办公室大三倍。(会议室是我们办公桌的四倍大。)
句型(1)和句型(2)人们并不难以理解; 同学们也很容易接受,因为它们很符合汉语的翻译习惯。但是, 句型(3)笔者却认为汉语译文是错误的。
句型(3)的译法在我国英语界的一些书刊杂志上说法都不一致,似乎没有定论。有的译为"是...的三倍大";有的译为"比...大三倍"。甚至一些语法书、工具书和词典都相互矛盾,举几例如下:
A pen is three times more expensive than a pencil.
"钢笔比铅笔贵三倍"详见陈胥华的《英汉对译指导》P.366,湖北教育出版社1981年6月1版。Output of chemical fertilizer was more than 2.5 times greater. "化肥产量增长了
1.5倍(以上)" 详见张道真《实用英语语法》P.102, 1979年8月修订2版。
Our county's agricultural output is 11 per cent higher than that of last year.
"我县农业总产值比去年增长百分之十一。" 详见薄冰、赵德鑫合编的《英语语法手册》1978年6月修订2版(商务印书馆)。
其实,句型(1)、(2)、(3)的三种表达法都属同一种译法,没有任何区别。在使用句型(3)时, 产生翻译错误的原因不外乎人们认为句中含有"more than", 而根据汉语习惯去翻译, 但在英语国家里绝不会出现这种混淆现象。
费致德先生在《现代英语惯用法词典》(1981年7月1版,商务印书馆)中也强调句型(1)、
(2)、
(3)所表达的是相同的数量概念.。详见该词典第795页:
1. A比B差不多大三倍的表达方式有下列三种, 其中C项有些语法学家认为不对, 但现已广泛使用。
a. A is about three times as large/big as B.
b. A is about three times the size of B.
c. A is about three times larger than B.
费致德先生肯定了这三种句型是同一种意思。但遗憾的是他将"A是B的三倍"也误写为"比...大三倍"; 如果据此对照去译,便与句型(1) 和(2) 相矛盾。
为了进一步证明这一问题, 笔者又写信给上海外国语学院, 向《新编英语语法》主编章振邦教授请教了这一问题，章教授在回信中说：
按照英语国家的表达习惯，five times as... as/five times more /five times greater than所表达的是相同的数量概念,就拿你讨论的句子为例:
This street is four times the length of that one.
= This street is four times longer than that one.
= This street is four-fold longer than that one.
= This street is 300%longer than that one.
(这条街比那条街长三倍/百分之三百。)
这就是说, 表达倍数若用...times或fold则不论何种句型中都表示包括基数100%在内, 所以"four times longer than/as long as/the length of" 都只表示"长三倍"; 但若在"more/greater than"结构中用百分比则表示净增数(见上例中最后一句)。所以: "A is three times bigger than B" 译成汉语时应该是"A是B的三倍大" 或者"A比B大两倍"。
名词、代词、冠词、数词综合练习题
名词、代词、冠词、数词综合练习题 1 There are ___ days in a year. A. three hundreds sixty-five B. three hundreds and sixty-five C. three hundred and sixty-five D. three hundred and sixty five 2 There are____ students in this school. A. eight hundreds and forty-six B. eight hundred and forty six C. eight hundred and forty-six D. eight hundred forty-six 3.______people visit this museum every day. A. Hundred B. Hundreds C. Hundred of D. Hundreds of 4.There are two___ people in the meeting room. A. hundred B. hundreds C. hundreds of D. hundred of 5.Every year ___ watch NBA on TV. A. million people B. millions of people C. millions people D. million of people 6.____ trees have been planted in our school in the past 10 years. A. Thousands of B. Two thousands C. Thousand of D. Two thousand of 7.Look! There are ___ in the sky. A. thousand stars B. thousand of stars C. thousands of stars D. thousands of star 8. My brother is in____. A. Three Class, One Grade B. Class Three, Grade One C. Grade One, Class Three D. class three, grade one 9. We are going to learn___ this term. A. book six B. six book C. the book six D. Book Six 10. Please turn to___. Let's read the text aloud. A. Page Two B. the page two C. second page D. page second 11. We can say the number 78, 645 in English like this____. A. seventy-eight thousand and six hundred and forty-five B. seventy-eight thousand six hundred and forty five C. seventy-eight thousand six hundred and forty-five
名词冠词数词代词介词
名词名词的数 1、可数名词与不可数名词 A、不可数名词，初中阶段常见的不可数名词有：water ; meat ; rice ; bread ; milk ; tea ; orange(桔汁) ; fruit ; air ; snow ; chalk; work ; paper(纸) ; time(时间); music ; weather ; grass ; news ; food ; fish(鱼肉); coke ; porridge ; cake(可数或不可数). 不可数名词应注意以下几点： 1)前无数、冠，后无复数；作主语为三单. 2)表量用约数some /any ; much ; a lot of 或用of短语 eg. There is ____ bread on the table. [C] A. a B. one C. a piece of D. many There is some_______ on the plate. [B] A. apple B. fish C. milks D. deer 2、可数名词的复数 A、不规则变化： man—men ; woman—women ;child—children policeman—policemen Englishman—Englishmen Frenchman—Frenchmen foot—feet ; tooth—teeth mouse(鼠)—mice B、规则变化 1）s; sh; ch; x 结尾加 es 读 [iz] 2) ce; se; ze; (d)ge 结尾加 s eg. boxes [b ksiz] blouses [blauziz] 3)f (fe) 结尾则变f(fe)为v加es---读[vz] eg. knives [naivz] 4) “辅+y”结尾变y为i加es 清就清[s] 5)一般加s 浊就浊[z] eg. books[buks] pens[penz] babies[beibiz] 但注意以下几点： ① potato—potatoes ; tomato—tomatoes ②单复同形: fish ; sheep ; deer ; Chinese ; Japanese ③由man , woman在词首构成的复合名词应将两部分都变成复数 man doctor — men doctors ④ reef—reefs ⑤“某国人”的复数：中日不变英法变，其余s加后面. eg. German—Germans ⑥ people , police 常用单数形式表示复数概念 The police are looking for the missing boy. 3、名词所有格：名词’s (意思是“……的”) A.有生命的名词所有格，一般在后加“’s”但注意： 1)表两者共有则在后者加“’s” Lucy and Lily’s father 露西和莉莉的父亲 Lucy’s and Lily’s fathers露西的父亲和莉莉的父亲.
名词、代词、数词专项训练测试题
名词、代词、数词专项训练测试题 一、用所给词的适当形式填空： 1、Who works , Jack or John? (carefully) 2、Mr. Black lives on the floor. (six) 3、Jack will come back on the of next month. (twenty-three) 4、Different people may have different . (idea) 5、That cat is too young to look after . (it) 6、Chinese is one of the most important in the world. (language) 7、People often mistake for each other. (we) 8、I often go to work on . (foot) 9、Is bike red or black? (he) 10、Autumn is the season of the year. (three) 11、I know one of the . (boy) 12、Meimei learnt to speak English by . (she) 13、Mr. Brown is wearing a pair of . (glass) 14、The boy is very strong. (seven) 15、You can do it all by . (you) 16、It’s time for to have supper. (we) 17、Please give them their . (photo) 18、Are there any in the box? (watch) 19、Could you show the way on the map? (she) 20、There are twelve in a year. (month) 21、He put on the new coat and then looked at in mirror. (he) 22、Would you like some ? (tomato) 23、Look at those in the boats! (people) 24、Mr. Green lives on the floor. (twelve) 25、She can swim very well. She taught (she). 26、Look! The are singing. (woman) 27、I’ve lived here all life. (I) 28、My radio is not so good as . (he) 29、Summer is the season of the year. (two) 30、September 10th is Day. (teacher) 31、My sister has two . (pen) 32、He lives on the floor. (four) 33、My mother is a . (teach) 34、Could you pass a piece of paper, please? (I) 35、The story is very interesting. (one) 36、Jim has some . (knife)
英语之中名词 代词 动词 形容词 冠词 数词 副词 介词 连词 感叹词
（一） 1、名词名词(Nouns）是词性的一种，也是实词的一种，是指待人、物、事、时、地、情感、概念等实体或抽象事物的词。名词可以独立成句。在短语或句子中通常可以用代词来替代。 2、代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、自身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。 3、动词，就是用来形容或表示各类动作的词汇。基本上每个完整的子句都有一个动词，要表示第二个动作时可使用不定词、动名词、对等连接词、从属连接词或增加子句等方法连结。根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类。 4、形容词 形容词【adjective】很多语言中均有的主要词类中的一种。主要用来修饰名词的词,表示事物的特征 5、冠词的定义冠词是置于名词之前，对名词起限制作用的一种虚词。冠词可以说是名词的一种标志，它不能离开名词而独立存在。冠词的分类冠词分为不定冠词"a，an"、定冠词"the"和零冠词三种 6、数词表示"多少"和"第几"的词,叫数词。其用法相当于名词或者形容词。数词分为基数词和序数词两种。表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。 7、副词(Adverb)副词的定义: 副词是一种用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或全句的词,说明时间,地点,程度,方式等概念。
8、介词的定义和特征介词是一种用来表示词与词, 词与句之间的关系的词。在句中不能单独作句字成分。介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。 （二） 1、名词，人或事物的名称 3、代词，代替名词或者数词（比如some就是代替数目） 3、动词，动作或状态 4、数词，表示数目或顺序（比如序数词，5th就是表示顺序） 5、形容词，人或事物的性质或状态（因为形容词一般修饰名词） 6、副词，动作的特征或性状特征（因为副词一般修饰动词或形容词） 7、冠词，表示名词的泛指或特指 8、介词，表示名词或代词与其他词的关系（因为介词后面一半紧跟 名词，代词或其他名词性结构） 9、连词，连接词与词，短语与短语，句子与句子 10、感叹词，表示说话时的感情或语气
高考题名词代词 冠词介词集锦
1.(2010全国卷一) I’ll spend half of my holiday practicing English and _____ half learning drawing. A another B the other C other’s D other 2. (2010北京卷) Would you mind not picking the flowers in the garden? They are ____ everyone’s enjoyment. A in B at C for D to 3. (2010北京卷) First impressions are the most lasting. After all, you never get ____ second chance to make _____ first impression. A a ; the B the ;the C a ; a D the ; a 4. (2010 重庆卷) The dictionary is what I want, but I don’t have enough money ____ me. A by B for C in D with 5. (2010 重庆卷) He had lost his temper and his health in the war and never found _____ of them again. A neither B either C each D all 6. (2010 重庆卷) Everything comes with _____ price; there is no such ____ thing as a free lunch in the world. A a, a B the , / C the , a D a , / 7. (2010 湖北卷) This restaurant has become popular for its wide _____ of foods that suit all tastes and pockets. A division B area C range D circle 8. (2010 湖北卷) After the earthquake, the first thing the local government did was to provide _____ for the homeless families. A accommodation B occupation C equipment D furniture 9. (2010 湖北卷) It is illegal for a public official to ask people for gifts or money ______ favors to them. A in preference to B in place of C in agreement with D in exchange for 10. (2010 天津卷) He telephones the travel agency to ____ three air tickets to London. A order B arrange C take D book 11. (2010 天津卷) James took the magazines off the little table to make _____ for the television. A room B area C field D position 12. (2010 天津卷) ______ in my life impressed my so deeply as my first visit to the Palace Museum. A Anything B Nothing C Everything D Something 13. (2010 天津卷) My father warned me _____ going to the West Coast because it was crowded with tourists. A by B on C for D against 14. (2010 四川卷) In ____ most countries, a university degree can give you ______ flying start in life. A the; a B the; 不填 C 不填; 不填 D 不填; a 15. (2010 四川卷) On my desk is a photo that my father took of _____ when I was a baby. A him B his C me D mine 16. (2010 山东卷) If we sit near _____ front of the bus, we’ll have _____ better view. A / ; the B / ; a C the ; a D the ; the 17 . (2010 山东卷) Those who suffer from headache will find they get _____ from this medicine.
冠词名词。代词形容词副词、介词的知识点
冠词 不定冠词的用法及语法说明 1. 用a 还是用an： 一般说来，在辅音或半元音开头的词前用a, 而在元音开头的词前用an。 注意： 有些以元音字母开头的单词，由于第一个音不是元音而是辅音，其前仍用a而不用an： a one-eyed man 一个独眼人 a European country 一个欧洲国家 2. 单数可数名词若泛指，其前需加a ，an, 不要从汉语习惯出发，漏掉此不定冠词： He is a famous film star. 他是着名影星。 3. 专有名词转化为普通名词，其前可用a (an)，表示某某人或某某人的一部作品、艺术品等： a Mr Smith 一位名叫史密斯先生的人 4. 物质名词转化为普通名词，其前可以使用a (an)，有时表示相应产品或种类，有时表示数量关系： a good wine 一种好酒 5. 在序数词之前使用a (an)，可以表示数量或序数的增加： Soon I saw a second plane. 不久我又看到了一架飞机。 6. 与形容词的最高级连用，表示“非常”、“很”等： This is a almost interesting story. 这是一个非常有趣的故事。 7. 用于修饰名词的定语前，表示某种状态。此时的不定冠词含有类似a kind of 的意思：climate 气候→a mild climate 温和的气候 have breakfast 吃早餐→have a quick breakfast吃快餐 8. 不定冠词a (an) 与数词one 都可表示“一”，但是两者有差别： 不定冠词a (an) 表示“类别”概念，而数词one 表示“数量”概念 9. 两个单数可数名词连用表示一个整体时，只用一个冠词： He is a teacher and poet. 他既是老师又是诗人。 10. 与副词quite / rather 连用时，a (an) 一般要后置，但若其后的名词前有形容词修饰，则a (an) 放在quite rather 之前或之后均可以： He is rather a fool. 他是个大傻瓜。 It is quite a good book. 那是本很好的书。 It is a quite good book. 那是本很好的书。 11. 当too, so, as, how 等词之后接有“形容词＋单数可数名词”时，不定冠词a (an) 应放在形容词和单数可数名词之间 It is too difficult a book for us beginners. She is as good a cook as her mother. 12. 不定冠词可用来表示“类属”，这是其基本用法，它表明的是某一类属中的每一个人和东西都能说明该类属的整体情况。此时也可用定冠词或名词复数形式来表示。 正：A horse is a useful animal. 正：Horses are useful animals.
中考代词数词动词副词冠词名词连词形容词介词专项练习及答案
中考代词数词动词副词冠词名词连词形容词介词专项练习 ( ) 1. Students are usually interested in sports. Some like running, some like swimming, _______ like ball games. A. the others B. others C. the other D. other ( ) 2. _______ of the two girls is from Beijing. A. All B. Both C. None D. Neither ( ) 3. The weather in summer here is like _______ in Beijing. A. this B. that C. it D. its ( ) 4. The room on the right is _______. A. her B. she C. Lucy’s D. Lucy ( ) 5. Where are the students? Are they in _______? A. the Room 406 B. Room 406 C. the 406 Room D. 406 Room ( ) 6. There are ________ people in the factory now. A. thousand of B. two thousands C. thousands of D. thousand ( ) 7. The man over there is my brother. _______ is a doctor. A. She B. He C. Hers D. His ( ) 8. I have two cats. One is black, and _______ is white. A. another B. some C. other D. the other ( ) 9. I’m looking for a babysister (保姆). She must be ________ too old ________ too young. A. neither; nor B. both; and C. either; or D. not only; but also ( ) 10. –What’s in your car? -- _______. A. No one B. Nothing C. Nobody D. None ( ) 11. There are quite a few old books on the shelf, but _______ of them is useful to him. A. both B. all C. neither D. none ( ) 12. –I’ve had enough bread. Would you like ________? --No, thanks. A. a few more B. one more C. another more D. some more ( ) 13. The film star is going to spend ________ dollars on a new dress for the coming party. A. three thousands B. thousands of C. thousand of D. three thousands of ( ) 14. –Did Eric buy any vegetables in the market? -- No, he didn’t, but he thought _______ fish. A. no B. any C. some D. both ( ) 15. It is said that SARS has killed more than ________ people worldwide. A. three hundreds B. three hundreds’ C. three hundred’s D. three hundred ( ) 16. If you want a ticket for a round-trip, sir, you’ll have to pay ________ $8o. A. another B. other C. each D. more ( ) 17. The place is not interesting at all. ________ of us wants to go there. A. Neither B. Both C. All D. Some ( ) 18. Both of the two rulers are broken. I want to buy a ________one. A. three B. third C. forth D. / ( ) 19. I heard the sports meeting has been put off until _______, hasn’t it? A. the 3 and 4 B. the 3th and 4th C. the 3 rd and 4th D. four and five ( ) 20. _______ of the earth _______ made up of oceans. A. Two-third; is B. Two-thirds; is C. Two-third; are D. Two-thirds; are ( ) 21. Most of us don’t know _______ about how life is formed. A. many B. little C. few D. much ( ) 22. –Is this short-wave radio _______? --No. it belongs to _______. A. yours; me B. yours; his C. her; him D. yours; her ( ) 23. –Have you got any books on music? I want to borrow _______. --Yes. You can find them on the top shelf of the second bookcase. A. it B. any C. one D. them ( ) 24. –Have you read the paper?
专项强化1 名词、代词、数词和冠词(附答案)
专项强化1 名词、代词、数词和冠词 A组 1. It is perhaps human nature to love beautiful things, and universe contains many things of beauty, flowers being one of the most outstanding. A. the; the B. /; the C. the; / D. /; / 2. Most air pollution is caused by the burning of like coal, gas and oil. A. fuels B. articles C. goods D. products 3. The top leaders of the two countries are holding talks in a friendly . A. atmosphere B. state C. situation D. phenomenon 4. experiment took us five months and turned out great success. A. The; / B. /; a C. The; a D. The; the 5. As to the development, our country is working hard for a , from speed over quality to quality over speed. A. departure B. limit C. switch D. link 6. My morning includes jogging in the park and reading newspapers over breakfast. A. drill B. action C. regulation D. routine 7. I can’t say which wine is the best—it’s a(n) of personal taste. A. affair B. event C. matter D. variety 8. It’s reported that the students who are addicted to playing computer games are all driven by at first. A. curiosity B. benefit C. surprise D. satisfaction 9. East Coast fever kills cattle in eastern and central Africa every year. A. tens and thousands B. ten and thousands of C. hundreds and thousands D. hundreds of thousands of 10. One thousand dollars a month is not a fortune but would help cover my living . A. bills B. expenses C. prices D. charges 11. She went to the bookstore and bought . A. dozen books B. dozens books C. dozen of books D. dozens of books 12. It was hard for him to learn English in a family, in which of the parents spoke the language. A. none B. neither C. both D. each 13. To know more about the British Museum, you can use the Internet or go to the library, or . A. neither B. some C. all D. both 14. — What about the services in this hotel? — They are at least as good as, if not superior to, in yours. A. it B. those C. that D. the one 15. Catherine bought a postcard of the place she was visiting, addressed to and then posted it at the nearby post office. A. it: her B. it; herself C. herself; her D. herself; herself
2020年高考英语二轮复习：名词代词、数词(含答案)
第三讲名词、代词、数词 考点一名词的构词法 在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式： https://www.360docs.net/doc/d416564000.html,pared with the traditional trade mode, they don't have to spend money in renting a house. However, there are still some_______(advantage) in online shopping. 【答案】disadvantages 【解析】句意：与传统的贸易模式相比，他们不必花钱租赁房屋。然而，网上购物仍然有一些缺点。由However 可知，这里与上一句形成转折，介绍网购的缺点disadvantage是可数名词，和some搭配，应用复数形式。 2 . China's industrial output is expected to rise by around 6.5 percent this year , marking the best______(perform)since 2010,because the Made in China 2025 strategy(策略）helps to raise productivity and revenue(税收）. 【答案】performance 【解析】句意：预计今年中国的工业产出将增长6.5%左右，这是自2010年以来的最佳表现，因为中国制造2025战略有助于提高生产率和税收。mark为及物动词，其后缺少宾语，空前又有形容词最高级修饰，故此处应填perform的名词形式performance。 2.Three factors have greatly contributed to the ______(grow): the depth of the story,traditional Chinese elements and emotions of the characters. 【答案】growth 【解析】空格处作介词to的宾语，空前又有定冠词the,故填grow的名词形式growth。 3.The online books will be renewed and enriched gradually according to readers' borrowing habits and ________(prefer). 【答案】preference(s) 【解析】句意：根据读者的借阅习惯和偏好，网上图书将会逐渐更新和充实。空格处与and前的borrowing habits并列，都由readers'修饰，指读者的借阅习惯和偏好，故填名词。preference在此处既可作可数名词，也可作不可数名词。 5. When his mom couldn't afford to buy him a toy panda he badly wanted, he wrote a pitiful note on the toy's box begging other _______(stop) not to buy it . 【答案】shoppers
名词,冠词,数词,代词,介词
名词 名词的数 1、可数名词与不可数名词 A、不可数名词，初中阶段常见的不可数名词有：water ; meat ; rice ; bread ; milk ; tea ; orange(桔汁) ; fruit ; air ; snow ; chalk; work ; paper(纸) ; time(时间); music ; weather ; grass ; news ; food ; fish(鱼肉); coke ; porridge ; cake(可数或不可数). 不可数名词应注意以下几点： 1)前无数、冠，后无复数；作主语为三单. 2)表量用约数some /any ; much ; a lot of 或用of短语 eg. There is ____ bread on the table. [C] A. a B. one C. a piece of D. many There is some_______ on the plate. [B] A. apple B. fish C. milks D. deer 2、可数名词的复数 A、不规则变化： man—men ; woman—women ;child—children policeman—policemen Englishman—Englishmen Frenchman—Frenchmen foot—feet ; tooth—teeth mouse(鼠)—mice B、规则变化 1）s; sh; ch; x 结尾加 es 读 [iz] 2) ce; se; ze; (d)ge 结尾加 s eg. boxes [b ksiz] blouses [blauziz] 3)f (fe) 结尾则变f(fe)为v加es---读[vz] eg. knives [naivz] 4) “辅+y”结尾变y为i加es 清就清[s] 5)一般加s 浊就浊[z] eg. books[buks] pens[penz] babies[beibiz] 但注意以下几点： ① potato—potatoes ; tomato—tomatoes ②单复同形: fish ; sheep ; deer ; Chinese ; Japanese ③由man , woman在词首构成的复合名词应将两部分都变成复数 man doctor — men doctors ④ reef—reefs ⑤“某国人”的复数：中日不变英法变，其余s加后面. eg. German—Germans ⑥ people , police 常用单数形式表示复数概念 The police are looking for the missing boy. 3、名词所有格：名词’s (意思是“……的”) A.有生命的名词所有格，一般在后加“’s”但注意： 1)表两者共有则在后者加“’s” Lucy and Lily’s father 露西和莉莉的父亲 Lucy’s and Lily’s fathers露西的父亲和莉莉的父亲.
代词 数词
Unit 2 代词 this that , those, these指示代词在句中作主语, 宾语, 表语, 等等比如That is a red car.那是一辆红色汽车。Which do you like? I like this.，你喜欢哪一个? 我喜欢这个 疑问代词：表示“谁(who),谁 (whom),谁的(whose),什么(what), 哪个或哪些 (which)”等词叫疑问代词。 疑问代词的用法:疑问代词用于特殊疑问句中，疑问代词一般放在句子的最前面。例子： Who is that in blue dress? 穿着蓝色裙子的那个人是谁? Whom are you looking for? 你在找谁。。 all, any, another, both, each, every, either, every, few, little, many, much, no, none, either, one, other, some以及由 some, any, no, every 和 body, one, thing 构成的复合词。 比如说That's all I know. 这就是我知道的。some any的主要用法 Do you have any books? 你有书吗? I have some books。 You can come at any time. 你什么时候都可以来。sometimes some time sometime ? 这几个词是什么意思呢？？ do you want some coffee? 喝点咖啡吗？或would you please give me some bread? 复合代词 5. The maths problem ______ is wrong. A. himself B. ourselves C. itself D. herself 6. “Who‘s that at the door?” “ _____ is John.” A. it B. he C. this D. she 4.Won’t you have _____ tea? A. any B. a C. some D. every 5. Here are trees on ____ sides of road. A. both B. either C. each D. every 16. ___ of us would agree with you. A. Someone B. No one C. Nobody D. None 19. ____ is knocking at the door. A. One B. Someone C. Anyone D. Something 17. Don't eat ____ food. A. too many B. too much C. much too D. many too 18. _____ of them is on the team. A. neither B. nobody C. both D. all
小学英语-冠词介词代词总结
一．冠词 不定冠词： 不定冠词有a 和an 两个 常考用法： （1）当第一次提到某人或某物时 例：---What is this ---it’s a new bus stop. (2) 指某人或某物， # 例： A man is waiting for you outside. (3) 用在序数词前， 例：Tom’s son was born in 2000. (4) 用于可视为一体的两个名词前 例：a knife and fork (5) 用在某些固定词组中 例：a lot (of) 许多 a few 一些 have a cold a number of — have a good time have a swim=swim have a look=look 定冠词the：既表示“这个”，“那个”，又表示“这些”，“那些”;既可用在单数名词前，也可用于单数名词前。 常考用法： （1）特指某（些） 例：The lovely girl is my best friend. （2）表示世界上独一无二的事物 例：the sun太阳the moon 月亮the sky 天空 { （3）在序数词、形容词最高级前 例：Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China. （4）习惯用法. 例：in the morning in the afternoon in the evening
不使用冠词的特殊情况 （1）国名，人名前通常不用冠词 例: I’m from England and my name is Mary. （2）表示交通工具、 例: I usually go to school on foot, but sometimes I go to school by bike. ` （3）季节、月份、节日 例：We go to school from Monday to Friday. （4）在三餐、球类运动 例：have breakfast play chess 玩象棋 play basketball