英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解(DOC)

英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解(DOC)

一、英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解：

（一）句子成分

1.主语（subject）: 句子说明的人或事物。

主语可以由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、分词、主语从句和短语等来担任。

The sun rises in the east.（名词） He likes dancing. （代词）

Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词)

Seeing is believing. （动名词）

To see is to believe. （不定式） What he needs is a book. （主语从句）

It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.

（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）

找出下列句中的主语：

Jane is good at playing the piano.（名词） She went out in a hurry.（代词）

Four plus four is eight.（数词） To see is to believe.（不定式）

Smoking is bad for health.（动名词） The young should respect the old.（名词化的形容词）

What he has said is true. （句子）

2.谓语（predicate）: 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。

简单谓语:由动词或动词词组组成

I saw the flag on the top of the hill?

He looked after two orphans.

复合谓语：由情态动词或助动词+动词;

He can speak English well.

She doesn’t seem to like dancing.

找出下列句中的谓语（注：只有动词才可作谓语。）：

1. We love China.

2. We have finished reading this book.

3. He can speak English.

4. She seems tired.

3.表语（predicative）: 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。

He is a teacher. （名词） Seventy-four! You don’t look it. （代词）

Five and five is ten. （数词） He is asleep. （形容词）

His father is in. （副词） The picture is on the wall. ( 介词短语)

My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的分词）

To wear a flower is to say “I’m poor, I can’t buy a ring. （不定式）

The question is whether they will come. （表语从句）

★（常见的系动词有: be, sound（听起来）, look（看起来）, feel(摸起来，smell（闻起来）, taste（尝、吃起来）, remain（保持，仍是）, feel（感觉） ...

It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange.

Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin.

The food smells delicious. The food tastes good.

The door remains open. Now I feel tired.

找出下列句中的表语。

1. I am a teacher.

2. They are on the playground.

3. My job is teaching English.

4. It gets cold.

5. It sounds interesting.

4.宾语：1）动作的承受者-----及物动词或介词的宾语

I like China. （名词） He hates you. （代词）

How many do you need? We need two. （数词）

We should help the old and the poor. I enjoy working with you. （动名词）

I hope to see you again. （不定式） Did you write down what he said? （宾语从句）

2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词-----介宾

Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks.

3）双宾语-----间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语.直接宾语指物或事,间接宾语指人或动物.

He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money.

指出下面句子的间接宾语和直接宾语：

please pass me the book.

He bought his girlfriend some flowers.

找出下列句子的宾语部分：

1. We often help him.

2. He likes to play basketball.

3. We enjoy listening to the music.

4. She said that he felt sick.

5. They are talking about the new student.

5.宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。有些及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足，使句子的意义完整。这类常用的及物动词有：

We elected him monitor. （名词）We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here. （名）

We will make them happy. （形容词） We found nobody in. ( 副词 )

Please make yourself at home. 介词短语）Don’t let him do that. （省to不定式）

His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （带to不定式）

Don’t keep the lights burning. （现在分词）I’ll have my bike repaired. （过去分词）

6.主补：对主语的补充，全称为主语补足语。

He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room.

He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.

7.定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。

Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词） He is our friend. （代词）

We belong to the third world. （数词）

He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）

The man over there is my old friend.(副词)

The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词)

The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词）

The trees planted last year are growing well now. （过去分词）

I have an idea to do it well. （不定式）

You should do everything that I do. （定语从句）

定语后置：

如果定语是由一个单词表示时，通常要前置。而由一个词组或一个句子表示时，通常则后置

The girl in red is his sister.

We have a lot of work to do.

The girl standing under the tree is his daughter.

Do you know the man who spoke just now?

8.状语：用来修饰v., adj., adv., 或句子。表示时间、地点、原因、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。（以下例句按上述顺序排列）

I will go there tomorrow.

The meeting will be held in the meeting-room.

The meat went bad because of the hot weather.

He studies hard to learn English well.

He didn’t study hard so that he failed in the exam. I like some of you very much.

If you study hard, you will pass the exam. He goes to school by bike.

Though he is young, he can do it well.

（二）句子结构简单句的五个基本句型

1.主语＋不及物动词 She came．/ My head aches.

2.主语＋及物动词＋宾语 She likes English.

3.主语＋系动词＋表语 She is happy．

4.主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语 She gave John a book.

5.主语＋宾补动词＋宾语＋宾语补语 She makes her mother angry．

The teacher asked me to read the passage.

★ There +be 句型

There are some books on the desk.

There lies a book on the desk.

Exercises ：

分析下列句子成分

1. Our school is not far from my home.

2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you

3. All of us considered him honest.

4. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.

5. He broke a piece of glass.

6. He made it clear that he would leave the city．翻译练习：

主谓结构（主语＋不及物动词）

1、你应该努力学习 You should study hard.

2、他昨天晚上很晚回家 She went home very late yesterday evening.

练习：

1、This box weighs five kilos. 这个盒子重五公斤。

2、I lived in Beijing five years ago. 五年前我住在北京。

主谓宾结构（主语＋及物动词＋宾语）

1、我昨晚写了一封信 I wrote a letter last night.

2、我今天下午想和你谈谈 I want to talk with you this afternoon.

练习：

1、All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. 我们大家都相信Jack 是一个诚实男孩。

2、He did not know what to say. 他不知道说什麽好。

主系表结构（主语＋系动词＋表语）

1.我的弟弟都是大学生 My brothers are all college students.

2.在冬天，白天很短夜晚很长 In winter, the days are short and the nights are long.

3. 布朗女士看上去很健康 Mrs Brown looks very healthy.

4.在他15岁那年他成为了著名的画家 At the age of fifteen he became a famous pianist. 练习：

1、树叶已经变黄了。The leaves have turned yellow.

2、这个报告听起来很有意思。The report sounds interesting.

双宾语结构（主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语）

1.强森先生去年叫我们德语 Mr Johnson taught us German last year.

2.祖父昨晚给我讲了一个有趣的故事 Grandma told me an interesting story last night. 练习：

1、请你给我弄一本新的，好吗？ Will you please get me a new copy?

2、我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？ Shall I call you a taxi?

复合宾语结构（主语＋动词＋宾语＋宾语补足语）

1.我们叫她爱丽丝 We call her Alice.

2.他父母叫他约翰 His parents named him John.

练习：

1、学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。

The school made it a rule that the students should stand up when class begins.

2、我认为与那个人谈话是无益的。 I thought it no use talking with that man

There be 句型

1.今晚不会开会There isn’t going to be a meetin g tonight.

2.这个村庄里只有一口井 There was only a well in the village.

练习：

1、铃响了。There goes the bell

2、一周有七天。There are seven days a week

二、英语句子种类讲解：

按照句子的用途，英语句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。按照句子的结构，英语句子可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。中考对句子的考查主要集中在以下几个方面：

1. 陈述句的构成形式及基本用法；

2. 祈使句的构成形式及基本用法；

3. 一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句的构成形式及基本用法；

4. 由what, how引导的感叹句的构成形式、用法及区别

对于各种从句的用法我们在后面分别论述。

(一.) 陈述句的构成形式及基本用法

1. 陈述句：陈述句是用来陈述一个事实或表达说话人看法（包括肯定和否定）的句子。通常用降调，句末用句号“.”。

Tom has a new car. The flower isn’t beautiful.

2. 陈述句否定式的构成

(1) 如果肯定陈述句的谓语部分含有助动词、情态动词或连系动词be，则只需在这些动词后加not即可构成否定式。

He is playing the guitar.（肯定） He is not playing the guitar.（否定）

We can get there before dark.（肯定）We can’t get thee before dark.（否定）

(2) 如果陈述句的谓语动词是实义动词，而其中又没有情态动词或助动词时，则需根据人称和时态在该实义动词前加don’t, doesn’t或didn’t。同时把该实义动词变为原形。

He plays the violin well.（肯定）He doesn’t play the violin well.（否定）

She won the game.（肯定）She didn’t win the game.（否定）

(3) 如果句子是there be结构或谓语动词是have（有），除了be和have之后加not之外，句中如果有some要变为any。例如：

The re is some water in the cup. →There is not any water in the cup.

He has some books. →He has not any books.

(4) 除not以外，否定词no, never, nothing, nobody, few等也可构成否定句。例如：

There is something wrong with his bike. →There is nothing wrong with his bike.

I have seen the film. →I have never seen the film.

(二.) 祈使句的构成形式及基本用法

祈使句是用来表示命令、请求、建议、号召等的句子，谓语动词用原形，句末用感叹号“！”或句号“.”。朗读时一般用降调。

1.肯定的祈使句：

（1）祈使句主语是you时，you常省略，但如果要特别强调对方或表达某种强烈的情绪时可以有主语或称呼语。

Be quiet. You be quiet!

（2）“Do+祈使句”表示一种强烈的感情或请求，do起强调作用。

Do come back at once! Do be careful.

（3）please用在祈使句中可以表示一种客气的语气，但please用在句末时，必须用逗号与其余部分分开。

Open the window, please.

（4）Let引导祈使句时，后面需跟上人称代词或称呼语，人称代词一般只用第一、第三人称。

Let Jack wait a minute. Let’s go to school.

（5）在祈使句中，Let’s和 Let us是有区别的。Let’s包括说话者，而Let us不包括听话者在内。这点从反意疑问句时可明显看出。

Let’s go skating, shall we?（表示内部的建议）

Let us try again, will you?（表示向别人发出请求）

2. 否定祈使句通常以Don’t或Never开头。其结构通常是：“Don’t(Never)+动词原形+其他成分” 例如：

Don’t do that again!Never leave today’s work for tomorrow!

Don’t be lat e next time!

(三.) 一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句的构成形式及基本用法

1. 一般疑问句：

（1）一般疑问句的肯定形式

一般疑问句一般是指以助动词、情态动词、be动词或have（有）开始，通常要求以yes，或no来回答的疑问句，一般疑问句读时通常用升调。

Do you know Mr. Smith Can you swim?

（2）一般疑问句的否定结构

① 在一般疑问句的否定结构中，把副词not放在一般疑问句的主语之后。但如果用not的简略形式-n’t，则须将-n’t与一般疑问句句首的be, have，助动词或情态动词写在一起。在实际运用中，一般都采用简略式。

Are you not a football fan? Aren’t you a football fan?

Will she not like it? Won’t she like it?

② 与汉语不同的是，英语一般疑问句否定结构的答语是否定还是肯定，全由答语的否定或肯定来决定。若答语是肯定的，则用yes加肯定结构；若答语是否定的，则用no加否定结构。

Aren’t you a football fan? 你不是足球迷吗？ Yes, I am.\ No, I am not.

Won’t she like it? Yes, she will. \ No, she won’t.